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object-glass of 5 inches by Alvan Clark, now in my possession), I have invariably felt convinced that neither in size, form, or depth, are those two craters any longer precisely similar, but that, on the contrary, under suitable angles of illumination, such as must have repeatedly occurred during the 300 examinations by Beer and Mädler, the difference between them is obviously so great as to indicate some permanent alteration in the surface during the space of twenty years.

May 12, 1859.

Sur la Variation Séculaire du Moyen Mouvement de la Lune. Par M. de Pontécoulant.

(Communicated by the President.)

*

"Dans la théorie de la Lune qui forme le quatrième volume de ma Théorie Analytique du Système du Monde, j'avais adopté pour l'expression analytique du coefficient de l'inégalité séculaire de la longitude de la Lune, la formule trouvée par M. Plana dans son important ouvrage sur la même Théorie, mais depuis cette époque j'ai refait moi-même le calcul des différents termes qui composent cette expression, et j'ai trouvé, en négligeant les quantités dépendantes de l'excentricité et de l'inclinaison, pour déterminer l'inégalité dont il s'agit, l'équation suivante:

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"Cette valeur coincide avec celle de M. Plana jusqu'aux termes de l'ordre m3 inclusivement et les différences que l'on remarque dans les coefficients des termes dépendants des puissances de m' et m7, tiennent sans doute à quelques incorrections qui se seront glissées dans la suite de ces longs calculs et qu'il sera facile de faire disparaître en les soumettant à une nouvelle révision. Mais si l'on compare l'expression précédente à celle donnée par M. Adams dans le No. du Compte-Rendu Mensuel des Travaux de la Société Royale Astronomique du 8 Avril, 1859 (p. 207), on voit que la discordance se fait sentir dès les termes de l'ordre m4, ce qui provient de la considération de nouveaux termes que M. Adams a cru devoir introduire dans les formules analytiques d'où cette expression est déduite et auxquels on n'avait point en égard jusqu'ici. Or l'influence de ces termes est considérable puis qu'elle ne va à rien moins qu'à réduire à 5"-7, l'accélération du moyen mouvement lunaire dans un siècle, c'est à dire, à la moitié de la valeur à-peu-près

* Théorie Analytique du Système du Monde, vol. iv. p. 645.

qu'on était habitué à lui attribuer jusqu'à présent et à détruire, par conséquent, l'admirable accord qui semblait exister sur ce point entre la théorie et l'observation. Cette conséquence seule paraîtrait déjà rendre très problématique l'existence des nouveaux termes introduits par M. Adams, et il est, en effet, facile de démontrer, par une analyse très simple, que l'intégration des formules différentielles du mouvement lunaire ne produit dans l'expression de l'inégalité séculaire du mouvement moyen aucun terme différent de ceux qu'on a été accoutumé à y considérer jusqu'ici. J'aurai l'honneur d'adresser prochainement à l'Académie une note détaillée sur cet objet, et j'ose espérer qu'elle voudra bien, attendu l'importance de la question, lui donner une place dans le précieux recueil de ses mémoires, mais j'ai cru qu'il était indispensable de ne pas laisser passer, sans en faire l'objet d'une réclamation immédiate, une assertion qui aurait pour conséquence de jeter du doute sur l'un des plus remarquables résultats de la théorie du système du monde. "Paris, May 28, 1859."

Extract of a Letter from Prof. Hansen to the Astronomer Royal, dated Gotha, May 31, 1859.

"Delaunay's Säcularänderung der mittleren Mondlänge muss ich entschieden für unrichtig halten. Ich habe folgende drei Resultate durch die Theorie erhalten :

(1)

(2)

(3)

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+ 12 120, in den Mondtafeln angewandt.

"Die Bestimmungen (1) und (3) sind durch zwei total von einander verschiedene Methoden erlangt, die ich in der Explication der Berechnung der Mondstörungen, die ich jetzt in Arbeit habe, erklären werde. Die nahe Uebereinstimmung verbürgt die Richtigkeit meiner Methoden und Rechnung. Die Differenz ist nur o" 25.

"Die Bestimmung (2) ist nach derselben Methode wie (3) berechnet, aber ich hatte bei der Berechnung von (2) zu wenige Glieder hinzugezogen, daher rührt die grössere Differenz.

"Worin der Fehler von Delaunay liegt, kann ich in diesem Augenblick nicht sagen, aber man kann als nicht unwahrscheinlich annehmen, dass bei der Entwickelung der Mondstörungen nach den Potenzen von m, Glieder, die mit sehr hohen Potenzen multiplicirt sind merklich werden können.

Ueberhaupt hat man ja gar keinen Beweis von der Convergenz dieser Reihen, und sie müssen nothwendig bei ver

grössertem Werthe von m divergiren. Ich habe bekanntlich diese Art der Entwickelung gar nicht angewandt, sondern von Annäherung zu Annäherung die erhaltenen Störungen in die Gleichungen substituirt. Dieses Verfahren habe ich so lange fortgesetzt, bis das Resultat der letzten Annäherung bis auf kleine Bruchtheile von Secunden dem Resultat der vorletzten Annäherung gleich wurde. Ich habe dazu nur 12 oder 13 Annäherungen nöthig gehabt."

Results of the Observations of Small Planets, made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in the month of April, 1859.

(Communicated by the Astronomer Royal.)

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Observations of the Occultation of Saturn by the Moon, made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1859, May 8.

(Communicated by the Astronomer Royal.)

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Notes by Mr. Main [M.].-The instrument used was the Sheepshanks' equatoreal; for the disappearance the eye-piece used was No. 4 with a high power, probably about 300; for the reappearance No. I was used, power about 100. The only points of interest noticed were, first, that at the disappearance

when the moon's edge (unenlightened) was passing over the shadows lying on the apparently upper portion of the ring behind the ball, a curious flickering kind of light was produced as if disappearing and reappearing. Secondly, that at the reappearance of the planet, the faintness of its light as compared with that of the moon was very striking, and this might perhaps produce a trifling error in the observation of the first reappearance, which was however considered to be tolerably accurate. Mr. Main also observed the disappearance of a star of the 8th magnitude, which took place accurately at 9h 11m 36.9 Greenwich Mean Solar Time; it was afterwards ascertained to be identical with one which is numbered 17237-8 in Lalande's Catalogue.

By Mr. Glaisher [G.].-With the 39-inch achromatic telescope and a solar chronometer. The power was very low (only about 30) and the planet very faint; little confidence was felt in the observation of the first disappearance, and it was considered likely that it was fully a second too late. It was impossible with so low a power to detect the first reappearance at the bright limb. The observations of final disappearance and reappearance were considered good. The interval of time after emersion before the planet was distingnished with the naked eye was remarkable, and amounted to at least ten minutes.

By Mr. Dunkin [D].-With the 46-inch achromatic telescope in the Octagon Room, and a sidereal chronometer. At the disappearance the moon and Saturn were exceedingly tremulous, and it was found impossible to use more than a very low power (about 40); the observations were considered doubtful, particularly that of the disappearance of the ball, in consequence of the indistinctness of the planet. At the reappear

ance, Saturn was very faint, and the images were still unsteady; they were, however, much better than at the disappearance, so that it was found practicable to use a considerably higher power (about 150), the observations being all considered satisfactory.

By Mr. Ellis [E].-With the altazimuth, and a power of about 100. The observations were all considered satisfactory. By Mr. Criswick [C].-With the telescope formerly attached to the west equatoreal, placed in the Octagon Room, and a solar chronometer. The observations of the disappearance were considered satisfactory, but those of the reappearance rough, in consequence of the extreme faintness of the planet. The power used was about 70.

By Mr. Lynn [L]. With the north equatoreal, and a power of about 60. It unfortunately appeared that at the disappearance the moon was hidden behind one of the turrets of the observatory, and no observation therefore could be made. The planet at the reappearance was very faint, and the first reappearance was therefore not caught, nor could satisfactory

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