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A.D. 189. Here Severus' obtained the empire, and reigned seven years. He begirt Britain with a ditch from sea to sea, 'and then ended his days at York; and Bassianus his son succeeded to the empire.

A.D. 190-198.

A.D. 199. In this year the holy rood was found.

A.D. 200. Two hundred years.

A.D. 201-285.

A.D. 286. This year St. Alban the martyr suffered.
A.D. 287-299.

A.D. 300. Three hundred years.

A.D. 301-342.

A.D. 343. This year St. Nicolas died.
A.D. 344-378.

A.D. 379. 'This year Gratian succeeded to the empire.
A.D. 380.

A.D. 381. This year Maximus the emperor obtained the empire; he was born in the land of Britain, and went thence into Gaul. 'And he there slew the emperor Gratian, and drove his brother, who was called Valentinian, out of the country. And Valentinian afterwards gathered an army and slew Maximus, and obtained the empire. In these days the heresy of Pelagius arose throughout

the world.

A.D. 382-408.

A.D. '409. This year the Goths took the city of Rome by storm, and after this the Romans never ruled in Britain; "and this was about eleven hundred and ten years after it had been built. "Altogether they ruled in Britain four hundred and seventy years since Caius Julius first sought the land.

A.D. 409. This year the city of Rome was taken by storm by the Goths, about eleven hundred and ten years after it had been built. After this the Roman kings ruled no longer in Britain.

A.D. 410-417.

A.D. 418. 13This year the Romans collected all the treasures that were in Britain, and some they hid in the earth, so that no one has since been able to find them; and some they carried with them into Gaul.

A.D. 419-422.

A.D. 423. "This year Theodosius the younger succeeded to the empire.

A.D. 424-429.

A.D. 430. "This year Palladius the bishop was sent to the Scots by pope Celestinus, that he might confirm their faith.

A.D. 430. 16 This yoar Patrick was sent by pope Celestine to preach baptism to the Scots.

A.D. 431-442.

1 See Beda, I. v.

Inserted in A.

3 F.

See Beda's Six Ages, p. 635. From E. F. and inserted in A. under A.D. 283.

S E. F.

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A.D. 443. 'This year the Britons sent over sea to Rome,' and begged of them for help against the Picts; but they had none, because they were themselves warring against Attila, king of the Huns. And then they sent to the Angles, and entreated the like of the ethelings of the Angles.

A.D. 444. This year St. Martin died.

A.D. 445-448.

A.D. 448. This year John the Baptist revealed his head to two monks, who came from the east to offer up their prayers at Jerusalem, on the spot which was formerly Herod's residence. At the same time Martianus and Valentinianus reigned; and in that time the Angles came to this country, invited by king Wyrtgeorne to assist him in overcoming his foes. They came to this country with three long ships, and their leaders were Hengest and Horsa. First of all they slew and expelled the king's enemies, and afterwards they turned against the king and against the Britons, and destroyed them by fire and the edge of the sword.

A.D. 449. This year Martianus and Valentinus' succeeded to the empire, and reigned seven years. And in their days Hengest and Horsa, invited by Wyrtgeorne, king of the Britons, landed in Britain on the shore which is called Ypwinesfleet; at first in aid of the Britons, but afterwards they fought against them. 'King Wyrtgeorn gave them land in the south-east of this country, on condition that they should fight against the Picts. Then they fought against the Picts, and had the victory wheresoever they came. They then sent to Anglen; desired a larger force to be sent, and caused them to be told the worthlessness of the Britons, and the excellencies of the land. Then they soon sent thither a larger force in aid of the others. At that time there came men from three tribes in Germany; from the Old-Saxons, from the Angles, from the Jutes. From the Jutes came the inhabitants of Kent, and of Wight; that is, the race which now dwells in Wight, and that race among the West-Saxons which is still called the race of Jutes. From the Old-Saxons came the men of Essex, and Sussex, and Wessex. From Anglen (which has ever since remained waste betwixt the Jutes and Saxons) came the men of East Anglia, Middle Anglia, Mercia, and all North-humbria. Their leaders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa: they were the sons of Wihtgils; Wihtgils son of Witta, Witta of Wecta, Wecta of Woden: from this Woden sprang all our" royal families, and those of the South-humbrians also.

A.D. 449. "And in their days Wyrtgeorn invited the Angles thither, and they came to Britain in three ceols, at the place called Heopwins-fleet. A.D. 450-454.

1 E. and inserted in A.

3 Beda, I. xiv. • From F. See Beda, Eccl. Hist. I. xv.

7 An error for "Valentinianus."

2 Beda I. xiii.

From F. See Beda, i. 641.

The passage ending with the word "North-humbria" is derived from E. and inserted in A.

• On the origin of these three tribes of invaders the remarks of Dr. Latham in his book on "The English Language" are entitled to attention, more especially his criticism upon the Jutish portion of the immigrants, p. 10, seq.

10 Here we have an indication of a Northumbrian writer.

11 From E., which continues the passage as at note above.

A.D. 455. This year Hengest and Horsa fought against king Wyrtgeorn at the place which is called Aegels-threp [Aylesford], and his brother Horsa was there slain, and after that Hengest obtained the kingdom, and Aesc his son.

A.D. 456. This year Hengest and Aesc slew four troops of Britons with the edge of the sword, in the place which is called Creccanford [Crayford].

A.D. 457. This year Hengest and Aesc, his son, fought against the Britons at the place which is colled Crecganford [Crayford], and there slew four thousand men; and the Britons then forsook Kent, and in great terror fled to London.

A.D. 458-464.

A.D. 465. This year Hengest and Aesc fought against the Welsh near Wippedsfleet [Ebbesfleet?], and there slew twelve Welsh "ealdormen," and one of their own thanes was slain there, whose name was Wipped.

A.D. 466-472.

A.D. 473. This year Hengest and Aesc fought against the Welsh, and took spoils innumerable; and the Welsh fled from the Angles like fire.

A.D. 474-476.

A.D. 477. This year Aella, and his three sons, Cymen, and Wlencing, and Cissa, came to the land of Britain with three ships, at a place which is named Cymenes-ora,' and there slew many Welsh, and some they drove in flight into the wood that is named Andreds-lea.

A.D. 478-481.

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A.D. 482. This year the blessed abbat Benedict, by the glory of his miracles, shone in this world, as the blessed Gregory relates in his book of Dialogues.

A.D. 483, 484.

A.D. 485. This year Aella fought against the Welsh near the bank of Mearcraedsburn.

A.D. 486, 487.

A.D. 488. This year Aesc succeeded to the kingdom, and was king of the Kentish-men twenty-four years.'

A.D. 489, 490.

A.D. '491. This year Aella and Cissa besieged Andredscester, and slew all that dwelt therein, so that not a single Briton was there left.

A.D. 492-494.

A.D. 495. This year two " ealdormen" came to Britain, Cerdic

1 The positions usually assigned to various places mentioned n the earlier portion of the Chronicle, are often very uncertain, depending chiefly on a supposed or real similarity of names. Where these, however, appear sufficiently probable, they are placed between brackets, if otherwise, a quære is added.-P. 2 From F. A.D. 461, B. C.

3 A.D. 456, B. C. E.

Petrie here remarks that the place of his landing seems to have been near West-Wittering; and that the forest of Andred occupied the present Weald of Kent and Sussex. For its extent see A.D. 893.

• From F.

7 One copy, E., assigns him a reign of thirty-four years.

A.D. 490 G.

and Cynric, his son, with five ships, at the place which is called Cerdics-ore, and the same day they fought against the Welsh.' A.D. 496-500.

A.D. 501. This year Port, and his two sons Bieda and Mægla, came to Britain with two ships, at a place which is called Portsmouth, 'and they soon effected a landing, and they there slew a young British man of high nobility.

A.D. 502-507.

A.D. 508. This year Cerdic and Cynric slew a British king, whose name was Natan-leod, and five thousand men with him. After him the country was named Natan-lea, as far as Cerdicsford [Charford].

A.D. 509. This year St. Benedict the abbat, father of all monks, went to heaven.

A.D. 510-513.

A.D. 514. This year the West-Saxons came to Britain with three ships, at the place which is called Cerdic's-ore, and Stuf and Whitgar fought against the Britons, and put them to flight.

A.D. 515-518.

A.D. 519. This year Cerdic and Cynric obtained the kingdom of the West-Saxons; and the same year they fought against the Britons where it is now named Cerdicsford. And from that time forth the royal offspring of the West-Saxons reigned.

A.D. 520-526.

A.D. 527. This year Cerdic and Cynric fought against the Britons at the place which is called Cerdic's-lea.

A.D. 528, 529.

A.D. 530. This year Cerdic and Cynric conquered the island of Wight, and slew many men at Wiht-garas-byrg [Carisbrooke, in Wight].

A.D. 531-533.

A.D. 534. This year Cerdic, the first king of the West-Saxons, died, and Cynric his son succeeded to the kingdom, and reigned from that time twenty-six years; and they gave the whole island of Wight to their two nephews, Stuf and Wihtgar.

A.D. 535-537.

A.D. 538. This year, fourteen days before the kalends of March [15th Feb.], the sun was eclipsed from early morning till nine in the forenoon.

A.D. 539.

A.D. 540. This year the sun was eclipsed on the twelfth of the kalends of July [20th June], and the stars showed themselves fullnigh half an hour after nine in the forenoon.

A.D. 541-543.

A.D. 544. This year Wihtgar died, and they buried him in Wiht-gara-byrg [Carisbrooke].

The genealogy of the West-Saxon kings, which Gibson here inserted in his edition of the Chronicle, will be given in its proper place.

? The remainder of this year is from E.

From F. The true date of Benedict's death is A.D. 543.

To the end of the year inserted in A. from E.

5 B. C. F. xxvii.

See Beda's epitome.

7 Sec Beda's epitome.

A.D. 545, 546.

A.D. 547. This year Ida began to reign, from whom arose the royal race of North-humbria; and he reigned twelve years, and built Bambrough, which was at first enclosed by a hedge, and afterwards by a wall. Ida was the son of Eoppa, Eoppa of Esa, Esa of Ingwi, Ingwi of Angenwit, Angenwit of Aloc, Aloc of Benoc, Benoc of Brand, Brand of Baldaeg, Baldaeg of Woden, Woden of Freotholaf, Freotholaf of Freothowulf, Freothowulf of Finn, Finn of Godulf, Godulf of Geat.

A.D. 548-551.

A.D. 552. This year Cynric fought against the Britons at the place which is called Searo-byrig [Old Sarum], and he put the Bretwalas to flight. Cerdic was Cynric's father; Cerdic was the son of Elesa, Elesa of Esla, Esla of Gewis, Gewis of Wig, Wig of Freawin, Freawin of Frithogar, Frithogar of Brand, Brand of Baeldaeg, Baeldaeg of Woden. And Egelberht, the son of Eormenric, was born; and in the... tieth year of his reign he received baptism, the first of the kings in Britain.

A.D. 553-555.

A.D. 556. "This year Cynric and Ceawlin fought against the Britons at Beran-Byrig. [Banbury?]

A.D. 557-559.

'Aella

A.D. 560. This year Ceawlin succeeded to the kingdom of the West-Saxons, and Ida being dead, Aelle succeeded to the kingdom of North-humbria, 'each of whom reigned thirty years. was the son of Yffa, Yffa of Uxfrea, Uxfrea of Wilgils, Wilgils of Westerfalcna, Westerfalcna of Saefugl, Saefugl of Saebald, Saebald of Sigegeat, Sigegeat of Swabdaeg, Swabdaeg of Sigegar, Sigegar of Waegdaeg, Waegdaeg of Woden, Woden of Frithowulf. A.D. 561-564.

12

10

A.D. 565. This year Aethelbriht" succeeded to the kingdom of the Kentish-men, and held it fifty-three years. In his days the holy pope Gregory sent us baptism, that was in the two-andthirtieth year of his reign; and Columba, a mass-priest, came to the Picts, and converted them to the faith of Christ: they are dwellers by the northern mountains. And their king gave him the island which is called Ii [Iona]: therein are five hides of land, as men say. There Columba built a monastery; and he was abbat there thirty-two years; and there he died when he was seventy-seven years old. His successors still have the place. The 1 See Beda's epitome.

? The remainder of the year is inserted in A. from E. F.

3 B. C. G. to the end of the year.

• The following pedigree is not in E.

• Imperfect in the MS.

5 From F. 7 Not in F.

The duration of these reigns is from E. F., and is inserted in A.

• The following pedigree is from B. C. and G., excepting the name of Frithowulf, which occurs only in G. 10 E. F., and inserted in A.

11 All the MSS. now remaining place Ethelbert's accession in 565, Whelock in 560, which seems right, though apparently without MS. authority, for Beda (II. v.) says he died 23d Feb. 616, after a reign of fifty-six years, and MS. E. under the year 616, (seemingly from Beda,) also assigns him a reign of fifty-six years. The thirty-second year of his reign, noticed in MS. F. (see note 12) would of course be reckoned from 565. See Beda, III. iv.-P. 12 This date is from F.

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