North-humbrians, and miserably terrified the people; these were excessive whirlwinds and lightnings, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the air. A great famine soon followed these tokens; and a little after that, in the same year, on the 6th of the ides of January [8th Jan.], the ravaging of heathen men lamentably destroyed God's church at Lindisfarne, through rapine and slaughter. 'And Siga died, on the 8th of the kalends of March [22d Feb.].

A.D. 794. This year pope Adrian' and king Offa' died; and Aethelred, king of the North-humbrians, was slain by his own people, on the 13th of the kalends of May [19th April]; and bishop Ceolwulf and bishop Eadbald' went away from the land. And Egferth succeeded to the kingdom of the Mercians, and died the same year. And Eadbyrht, who by a second name was named Praen, obtained the kingdom of Kent. And Aethelheard, the ealdorman, died on the kalends of August [1st Aug.]; and the heathens ravaged among the North-humbrians, and plundered Ecgferth's monastery, at Donemouth; and there one of their leaders was slain, and also some of their ships were wrecked by a tempest; and many of them were there drowned, and some came on shore alive, and they were soon slain at the river's mouth.

A.D. 795. "This year the moon was eclipsed, between cock-crowing and dawn, on the 5th of the kalends of April [28th March]; and Eardwulf succeeded to the kingdom of the North-humbrians, on the 2d of the ides of May [14th May]; and he was afterwards consecrated king, and raised to his throne on the 8th of the kalends of June [26th May],' at York, by archbishop Eanbald, and bishop Aethelberht, and Higbald, and Badwulf, bishops.

A.D. 796. This year Cynulf, king of the Mercians, laid waste Kent, as far as the marshes, and took Praen, their king, and led him bound into Mercia, "and let his eyes be picked out, and his hands be cut off. And Athelhard, archbishop of Canterbury, appointed a synod," and confirmed and ratified, by the command of pope Leo, all the things respecting God's ministers which were appointed in Wihtgar's days, and in other kings' days, and thus sayeth :

"I, Athelard, the humble archbishop of Canterbury, by the unanimous counsel of the whole synod, and with... of all . . . to the congregation of all the ministers to which in old days immunity was given by faithful men, in the name of God, and by his awful doom, I command, as I have the command of pope Leo, that henceforth none dare to choose for themselves lords over God's heritage

1 Not in F. See A.D. 789.

2 Pope Adrian I. died 25th Dec. 795. Jaffé, p. 215. 3 See again under A.D. 796.

This date is from D. E.

Eadbald's see is unknown; Ceolwulf was bishop of Lindsey. 6 D. E. 7 D. E. F.

This is the festival of St. Augustine of Canterbury. He was consecrated by the archbishop of York, and the bishops of Hexham, Lindisfarne, and Whithern. 9 So B. C, but A. D. E. F. G. read "Ceolwulf."

10 B. C. D. E. read, "and the inhabitants of the marsh." The clause is not in F. 11 F. supplies the passage as far as "rood-token."

12 The council of Cloveshoe, held A.D. 803.

from amongst laymen. But even as it stands in the writ which the pope has given, or those holy men have appointed, who are our fathers and instructors concerning holy minsters, thus let them continue inviolate, without any kind of gainsaying. If there be any man who will not observe this ordinance of God, and of our pope, and ours, and who despiseth and holdeth it for nought, let him know that he shall give account before the judgment-seat of God. And I, Athelhard, archbishop, with twelve bishops, and three-andtwenty abbats, do confirm and ratify this same with Christ's roodtoken."

'And archbishop Eanbald died, on the 4th of the ides of August [10th Aug.] of the same year, and his body lies at York; and the same year died bishop Ceolwulf; and a second Eanbald was consecrated in the place of the other, on the 19th of the kalends of September [14th Augt.]'

A.D. 796. This year Offa, king of the Mercians, died, on the 4th of the kalends of August [29th July]: he reigned forty years.

A.D. $797. This year the Romans cut out the tongue of pope Leo," and put out his eyes, and drove him from his see; and soon afterwards, God helping, he was able to see and speak, and again was pope as he before was. 'And Eanbald received his pall on the 6th of the ides of September [8th Sept.]; and bishop Aethelberht' died, on the 17th of the kalends of November [16th Oct.]; and Heardred was consecrated bishop in his place on the 3d" of the kalends of November [30th Oct.]; "and bishop Alfhun died at Sudbury, and he was buried in Dunwich, and Tidfrith was chosen after him; and Siric," king of the East-Saxons, went to Rome. In this same year the body of Wihtburg" was found at Deorham, all whole and uncorrupted, five-and-fifty years after she had departed from this life.

A.D. 798. This year there was a great fight at Hwealleage [Whalley], in the land of the North-humbrians, during Lent, on the 4th of the nones of April [2d April], and there Alric, the son of Heardbearht, was slain, and many others with him.

A.D. 799. This year archbishop Aethelheard, and Cynebryht, bishop of the West-Saxons, went to Rome.

A.D. 16800. This year, on the 17th of the kalends of February [16th Jan.], the moon was eclipsed, at the second hour of the night. And king Beorhtric, and Worr the ealdorman, died, and Ecgbryht succeeded to the kingdom of the West-Saxons. And the same day Aethelmund, ealdorman, rode over from the Wiccians, at Cynemaeresford.' 17 Then Weoxtan, the ealdorman, with the men of 2 Of Lindsey.

1 D. E. after notes.

3 The eleventh Sunday after Trinity.

4 D. E. erased in F.

Offa's death is here described a second time.

7 Pope Leo the Third.

5 See note on this page.

He was bishop of Hexham.

6 A.D. 799. F.
8 D. E. F.

10 We should probably read "the fourth," i.e. the nineteenth Sunday after

Trinity.

11 F.

13 She was daughter of Anna, king of East Anglia. A D. 800, F.

15

12 Sigeric. F. Lat.

16

14 D. E. A.D. 801, F.

17 Kempsford, in Gloucestershire, or Commerford, in Wiltshire, concerning the claims of which latter place see Camd. Brit. col. 106.

Wiltshire, met him. There was a great fight, and both the ealdormen were slain, and the men of Wiltshire got the victory.

A.D. 801.

A.D. 801. 'This year Beornmod was ordained bishop of Rochester.

A.D. 2802. This year, on the 13th of the kalends of January [20th Dec.] the moon was eclipsed at dawn; and Beornmod was ordained bishop of Rochester.

A.D. 803. This year died Higbald bishop of Lindisfarne on the 8th of the kalends of July [24th June], and Egbert was consecrated in his stead on the 3d of the ides of June [11th June]; and this year archbishop Aethelheard died in Kent, and Wulfred was ordained archbishop; and abbat Forthred died.

A.D. 804. This year archbishop Wulfred received his pall. A.D. '805. This year king Cuthred died among the Kentishmen, and Ceolburg, abbess, and Heabryht the ealdorman.

A.D. 806. This year the moon was eclipsed on the kalends of September [7th Sept.]: and Eardwulf king of the Northhumbrians was driven from his kingdom; and Eanberht bishop of Hexham died. Also in the same year, on the 2d of the nones of June [4th June], a cross appeared in the moon on a Wednesday 10 at dawn; and afterwards in this year, on the 3d of the kalends of September," a wonderful circle was seen about the sun.

A.D. 807, 808.

A.D. 809. "This year the sun was eclipsed at the beginning of the fifth hour of the day on the 17th of the kalends of August [16th July], the 2d day of the week, the 29th of the moon.

A.D. 810, 811.

A.D. 812. This year king Carl" died, and he reigned five-andforty years; and archbishop Wulfred and Wigbryht bishop of the West-Saxons both went to Rome.

A.D. "813. This year archbishop Wulfred, with the blessing of pope Leo, returned to his own bishopric; and the same year king Ecgbryht laid waste West-Wales from eastward to westward.

1 Here again in MS. D. the same event is twice described, under the years 801 and 802.-P.

2 A.D. 801, C. The numerals in this manuscript originally agreed with the text; but the rubricator having omitted 801, a later hand has altered the whole series down to 824, under the erroneous impression, as it would seem, that the defect should be thus supplied.-P.

The date does not occur in F; it is erroneous, the eclipse really occurred on the twelfth of the kalends of June [21st May].-P.

4 A.D. 802, C. The entry respecting Higbald is from D. E. His death should apparently be referred to the previous year, unless we read "June" instead of July." The 11th June, 803, being Sunday, would suit for his consecration.

5 Not in D. E.

6 A.D. 803, C.

8 Of Berkley.

9 D. E. F. as far as "died;" the rest of the year from F.

10 This entry apparently belongs to the preceding year, in which the 4th June fell on a Wednesday.

11 F. Lat. here adds that this was on a Sunday, which is correct.

12 F.

14 Bishop of Sherburn.

13 Charles the Great died 28th January, 814.

15

A.D. 812, C.; 815, F.

A.D. '814. This year the noble and holy pope Leo' died, and after him Stephen succeeded to the popedom.

A.D. 815.

A.D. 816. This year pope Stephen died, and after him Paschal was ordained pope; 'and the same year the English school [at Rome] was burned.

A.D. 817, 818.

A.D. 819. This year Cenwulf king of the Mercians died, and Ceolwulf succeeded to the kingdom; and Eadbryht the ealdorman died.

A.D. 820.

A.D. '821. This year Ceolwulf was deprived of his kingdom. A.D. '822. This year two ealdormen, Burghelm and Muca, were slain; and there was a synod at Cloveshoo.

A.D. '823. This year there was a battle between the Welsh and the men of Devon at Gafulford: and the same year Ecgbryht king of the West-Saxons and Beornwulf king of the Mercians fought at Ellendune, and Ecgbryht got the victory, and there was great slaughter made. He then sent from the army his son Æthelwulf, and Ealhstan his bishop," and Wulfheard his ealdorman, into Kent with a large force, and they drove Baldred the king northwards over the Thames. And the men of Kent, and the men of Surrey, and the South-Saxons, and the East-Saxons, submitted to him; for formerly they had been unjustly forced from his kin. And the same year the king of the East-Angles and the people sought the alliance and protection of king Ecbryht for dread of the Mercians; and the same year the East-Angles slew Beornwulf king of Mercia. A.D. 824.

A.D. 825. This year Ludeca king of the Mercians was slain, and his five ealdormen with him; and Wiglaf succeeded to the kingdom.

A.D. 826.

A.D. 827. This year the moon was eclipsed" on the mass-night of midwinter [25th Dec.] And the same year king Ecgbryht conquered the kingdom of the Mercians, and all that was south of the Humber; and he was the eighth king who was Bretwalda. Aelle king of the South-Saxons was the first who had thus much dominion; the second was Ceawlin king of the West-Saxons; the third was Aethelbryht king of the Kentish-men; the fourth was Raedwald king of the East-Angles; the fifth was Edwin king of the North-humbrians; the sixth was Oswald who reigned after him; the seventh was Oswio, Oswald's brother; the eighth was Ecgbryht

1 A.D. 813, C.; 816, F.; but referring to 814.

2 Leo the Third was buried 12th June, 816. A.D. 815, E.; 817, F.; mutilated in C.

3

Jaffé, p. 220.

4

Namely, in 817.

5 This clause does not occur in F. The Angle-School was a quarter near St. Peter's, where the English pilgrims at Rome resided. According to Anastasius, they called it their "Borough," (burgus). V. Anastas. Bibliothecar. de Vila Stephani IV.-P.

A.D. 822, F.; mutilated in C.

8 A.D. 821, C.

10 Namely, of Sherburn.

7 A.D. 820, C.

9 A.D. 822, C.

11 The eclipse happened on the 25th of December, 828.-P.

king of the West-Saxons. And Ecgbryht led an army to Dore against the North-humbrians, and they there offered him obedience and allegiance, and with that they separated.

A.D. 828. This year Wiglaf again obtained the kingdom of the Mercians, and bishop Aethelwald' died; and the same year king Ecgbryht led an army against the North-Welsh, and he forced them to obedient subjection.

A.D. 829. This year archbishop Wulfred' died, 'and after him abbat Felogild was chosen to the archbishopric, on the 7th of the kalends of May; and he was consecrated upon a Sunday, the 5th of the ides of June: and he died on the 3d of the kalends of September [30 Aug.].

A.D. 830. This year Ceolnoth was chosen bishop,' and ordained; and abbat Feologild died.

A.D. 831. This year archbishop Ceolnoth received his pall.

A.D 832. This year the heathen men ravaged Sheppey.

A.D. 833. This year king Ecgbryht fought against the men of thirty-five' ships at Carrum, and there was great slaughter made, and the Danish men maintained possession of the field of battle. And Hereferth and Wigthen, two bishops, died; and Dudda and Osmod, two ealdormen, died.

A.D. 834.

A.D. 835. This year a great hostile fleet came to the WestWelsh, and they united together, and made war upon Ecgbryht king of the West-Saxons. As soon as he heard of it he went thither with an army, and fought against them at Hengest-down, [Hengeston], and there he put to flight both the Welsh and the Danish-men.

A.D. 836. This year king Ecgbryht' died; before he was king, Offa king of the Mercians, and Beorhtric king of the West-Saxons, drove him out of England into France for three years; and Beorhtric assisted Offa, because he had his daughter for his queen. And Ecgbryht reigned thirty-seven years and seven months; and Aethelwulf the son of Ecgbryht succeeded to the kingdom of the West-Saxons; and he gave his son Ethelstan the kingdoms of the Kentish-men, and of the East-Saxons, and of the men of Surrey, and of the South-Saxons.

10

A.D. 836. "And Ethelstan his other son succeeded to the kingdom of the Kentish-men, and to Surrey, and to the kingdom of the South-Saxons.

1 Bishop of Lichfield.

To the end of the year from F.

2 Of Canterbury.

The date of his election, Sunday, 25th April, is correct; but not so that of his consecration, the 5th of the ides of June falling on a Wednesday. We should probably read "the 8th of the ides of June," i.e. Sunday, June 6th.

5 Of Canterbury.

Twenty-five, D. E. F.

6 A.D. 834, F.

Wigthen and Hereferth were successively bishops of Winchester; but as they both made profession of canonical obedience to archbishop Wulfred between the years 803 and 829, this was probably a different person.-P.

• Egberht's accession is invariably placed in the year 800; if, therefore, the length of his reign be rightly stated, his death could not have happened before 837.-P. 11 D. E. F. after 10 above.

10 See note "1.