his wife from Bruges, and they went back again with six ships. And the others landed in Sussex at Eadulf's-ness, and there did harm, and went again to their ships: and then a strong wind came against them, so that they were all destroyed, except four, whose crews were slain beyond sea. While Godwin the earl and Beorn the earl lay at Peyensea, then came Swein the earl, and begged Beorn the earl, with fraud, who was his uncle's son, that he would be his companion to the king at Sandwich, and better his affairs with him. He went then, on account of the relationship, with three companions, with him; and he led him then towards Bosham, where his ships lay: and then they bound him, and led him on ship-board. Then went he thence with him to Dartmouth, and there ordered him to be slain, and deeply buried. Afterwards he was found, and borne to Winchester, and buried with king Cnut his uncle. A little before that, the men of Hastings and thereabout, fought two of his ships with their ships; and slew all the men, and brought the ships to Sandwich to the king. Eight ships he had before he betrayed Beorn; after that all forsook him except two. In the same year arrived in the Welsh Axa, from Ireland, thirty-six ships, and thereabout did harm, with the help of Griffin the Welsh king. The people were gathered together against them; bishop Ealdred' was also there with them; but they had too little power. And they came unawares upon them at very early morn; and there they slew many good men, and the others escaped with the bishop: this was done on the fourth of the kalends of August [29th July]. This year died, in Oxfordshire, Oswi, abbat of Thorney, and Wulfnoth, abbat of Westminster; and Ulf the priest was appointed as pastor to the bishopric which Eadnoth had held; but he was after that driven away; because he did nothing bishop-like therein: so that it shameth us now to tell more about it. And bishop Sigward died; he lieth at Abingdon. And this year was hallowed the great minster at Rheims: there was pope Leo [IX.] and the emperor; and there they held a great synod concerning God's service. St. Leo the pope presided at the synod: it is difficult to have a knowledge of the bishops who came there, and how many abbats: and hence, from this land were sent two-from St. Augustine's and from Ramsey.

4

A.D. 1051. In this year came archbishop Rodbeard hither over sea with his pall. And in this same year were banished Godwine the earl, and all his sons, from England: and he went to Bruges, and his wife, and his three sons, Swegen, and Tostig, and Gyrth: and Harold and Leofwine went to Ireland, and there dwelt during the winter. And in this same year died the old lady, king Edward's mother, and Harthacnut's, who was called Imme, on the 2d of the ides of March [14th March, 1052]; and her body lies in the Oldminster, with king Cnut.

A.D. 1051. In this year died Eadsie,' archbishop of Canterbury; and the king gave to Rotbeard the Frenchman, who before had been bishop of London, the archbishopric. And Spearhafoc, abbat of Abingdon, succeeded to the bishopric of London; and it was afterwards taken from him before he was consecrated. And bishop Hereman and bishop Ealdred went to Rome.

A.D. 1052. This year came Harold the earl from Ireland, with his ships, to the mouth of the Severn, nigh the boundaries of Somerset and Devonshire, and there greatly ravaged; and the people of the land drew together against him, as well from

1 This is a mistake for Essex.

2 The Welsh river, the Usk, is probably here meant to be indicated.

3 Bishop of Worcester.

5 From C.

7 From D. See A.D. 1050.

Namely, Henry the Third.

That is, of Winchester.
C. D., the latter in transposition.

Somerset as from Devonshire; and he put them to flight, and there slew more than thirty good thanes, besides other people: and soon after that he went about Penwithstart. And then king Edward caused forty vessels to be fitted out. They lay at Sandwich many weeks; they were to lie in wait for Godwine the earl, who had been at Bruges during the winter; and, notwithstanding, he came hither to land first, so that they knew it not. And during the time that he was here in the land, he enticed to him all the 'men of Kent, and all the "butsecarls" from Hastings and everywhere there by the sea-coast, and all the East-end, and Sussex, and Surrey, and much else in addition thereto, Then all declared that they would die and live with him. When the fleet which lay at Sandwich learned this concerning Godwine's voyage, then set they out after him. And he escaped them, and concealed himself wherever he then could; and the fleet went again to Sandwich, and so homeward to London. Then when Godwine learned that the fleet which lay at Sandwich was gone home, then went he once more to [the Isle of Wight, and lay thereabout by the sea-coast so long as until they came together, his son earl Harold, and he. And they did not much harm after they came together, except that they seized provisions: but they enticed to them all the land-folk by the sea-coast and also up the country; and they went towards Sandwich, and collected ever forth with them all the "butsecarls" which they met with, and then came to Sandwich, with an overflowing army. When king Edward learned that, then sent he up after more help; but they came very iate. And Godwine advanced ever towards London with his fleet until he came to Southwark, and there abode some time until the flood-tide came up. During that time he also treated with the townsmen, that they should do almost all that he would. When he had mustered all his host, then came the flood-tide; and they then soon drew their anchors, and held their way through the bridge by the south shore, and the land-force came from above, and arrayed themselves along the strand: and they then inclined with the ships towards the north shore, as if they would hem the king's ships about. The king also had a great land-force on his side, in addition to his shipmen; but it was loathful to almost all of them that they should fight against men of their own race; for there was little else there which was of much account except Englishmen, on either side; and moreover they were unwilling that this land should be still more exposed to outlandish men, by reason that they themselves destroyed each other. Then decreed they that wise men should be sent between them; and they settled a truce on either side. And Godwine landed, and Harold his son, and from their fleet as many as to them seemed fitting. Then there was a meeting of the witan: and they gave his earldom clean to Godwine, as full and as free as he before possessed it, and to his sons also all that they before possessed, and to his wife and his daughter as full and as free as they before possessed it. And they then established between them full friendship, and to all the people they promised

1 D. omits as far as "Sussex."

3

good law. And then they outlawed all the Frenchmen who before had instituted unjust law, and judged unjust judgments, and counselled il counsel in this land; except so many as they agreed upon, whom the king liked to have with him, who were true to him and to all his people. And bishop 'Rodbeard, and bishop William, and bishop Ulf, with difficulty escaped, with the Frenchmen who were with them, and thus got over sea. 'And Godwine the earl, and Harold, and the queen, sat down in their possessions. Swegen had gone before this to Jerusalem from Bruges; and he died on his way home at Constantinople on Michael's-mass [29th Sept.]. It was on the Monday after St. Mary's-mass [14th Sept.] that Godwine with his ships came to Southwark; and the morning after, on the Tuesday, they were reconciled, as it here before stands. Godwine then grew sick soon after he landed; and he afterwards departed: but he did all too little penance for the property of God which he held belonging to many holy places. And the same year came the strong wind, on Thomas's-mass night [21st Dec.], and did much harm in many parts. Moreover Hris, the Welsh king's brother, was slain.

A.D. 1052. This year died Aelfric, archbishop of York, a very pious man, and wise. And in the same year king Edward abolished the heregeld, which king Aethelred had before imposed: that was in the nine-andthirtieth year after he had begun it. That geld distressed all the English nation during so long a time, as it here above is written; that was ever before other gelds which were variously paid, and wherewith the people were manifoldly distressed. In the same year Eustace landed at Dover : he had king Edward's sister to wife. Then went his men inconsiderately after quarters, and they slew a certain man of the town; and their companions [slew] another man of the town: so that there lay [dead] seven of his companions. And much harm was there done on either side, by horse and also by weapons, until the people gathered together: and then they fled away until they came to the king at Gloucester; and he gave them protection. When Godwine the earl understood that such things should have happened in his earldom, then began he to gather together people over all his earldom, and Swein the earl, his son, over his, and Harold, his other son, over his earldom; and they all drew together in Gloucestershire, at Langtree, a great force and countless, all ready for battle against the king, unless Eustace were given up, and his men placed in their hands, and also the Frenchmen who were in the castle. This was done seven days before the latter mass of St. Mary [1st Sept.]. Then was king Edward sitting at Gloucester. Then sent he after Leofric' the earl, and north after Siward the earl, and begged their forces. And then they came to him; first with a moderate aid, but after they knew how it was there, in the south, then sent they north over all their earldoms, and caused to be ordered out a large force for the help of their lord; and Raulf, also, over his earldom: and then came they all to Gloucester to help the king, though it might be late. Then were they all so united in opinion with the king that they would have sought out Godwine's forces, if the king had so willed. Then thought some of them that it would be a great folly that they should join battle; because there was nearly all that was most noble in England in the two armies, and they thought that they should

1 These were the archbishop of Canterbury, and the bishops of London and Dorchester. 2 To the end of the year not in D.

3 Queen Eadgythe.

Therefore it had originated in A.D. 1012.

6 Eustace, earl of Boulogne.

From D. See A.D. 1050, 1051.

Leofric was earl of Mercia, and Siward of Northumbria.

expose the land to our foes, and cause great destruction among ourselves. Then counselled they that hostages should be given mutually; and they appointed a term at London, and thither the people were ordered out over all this north end, in Siward's earldom, and in Leofric's, and also elsewhere; and Godwine the earl, and his sons, were to come there with their defence. Then came they to Southwark, and a great multitude with them, from Wessex; but his band diminished ever the more the longer he stayed. And they exacted pledges for the king from all the thanes who were under Harold the earl, his son; and then they outlawed Swegen the earl, his other son. Then did it not suit him to come with a defence to meet the king, and to meet the army which was with him. Then went he by night away; and the king on the morrow held a meeting of the witan, and, together with all the army, declared him an outlaw, him and all his sons. And he went south to Thorney, and his wife, and Swegen his son, and Tostig and his wife, Baldwin's relation of Bruges, and Gerth his son. And Harold the earl, and Leofwine, went to Bristol in the ship which Swegen the earl had before got ready for himself, and provisioned. And the king sent bishop Ealdred' to London with a force; and they were to overtake him ere he came on ship-board: but they could not, or they would not. And he went out from Avonmouth, and met with such heavy weather that he with difficulty got away; and there he sustained much damage. Then went he forth to Ireland when fit weather came. Godwine and those who were with him, went from Thorney to Bruges, to Baldwine's land, in one ship, with as much treasure as they might therein best stow for each man. It would have seemed wondrous to every man who was in England if any one before that had said that it should end thus; for he had been erewhile exalted to that degree, as if he ruled the king and all England; and his sons were earls and the king's darlings, and his daughter wedded and united to the king: she was brought to Wherwell, and they delivered her to the abbess. Then soon came William3 the earl from beyond sea, with a great band of Frenchmen; and the king received him, and as many of his companions as it pleased him; and let him away again. This same year was given to William the priest, the bishopric of London, which before had been given to Spaerhafoc.

And

A.D. 1052. This year died Aelfgife, the lady, relict of king Aethelred and of king Cnut, on the second of the nones of March [6th March]. In the same year Griffin, the Welsh king, plundered in Herefordshire, until he came very nigh to Leominster; and they gathered against him, as well the landsmen as the Frenchmen of the castle, and there were slain of the English very many good men, and also of the Frenchmen; that was on the same day on which, thirteen years before, Eadwine had been slain by his companions.

A.D. 1052. In this year died Aelfgive Ymma, king Edward's mother and king Hardcnuta's. And in this same year the king decreed, and his witan, that ships should proceed to Sandwich; and they set Ralph the earl, and Odda the earl, as head-men thereto. Then Godwin the earl went out from Bruges with his ships to Ysera, and left it one day before Midsummer'smass eve [23d June], so that he came to Ness, which is south of Romney. "Then came it to the knowledge of the earls out at Sandwich; and they

He was bishop of Worcester.

2 Godwine's earldom consisted of Wessex, Sussex, and Kent: Sweyn's of Oxford, Gloucester, Hereford, Somerset, and Berkshire: and Harold's, of Essex, East Anglia, Huntingdon, and Cambridgeshire.-P.

3 This was William, duke of Normandy, the future king of England.

This date is thus repeated in D. (from which MS. the following details under this year are taken), and the chronology thus agrees with C., although, by carrying on the year to Easter, that copy places Emma's death at the end of 1051.-P. Compare 1051, 1052. 5 See A.D. 1039.

• From E. F., the former of which, by leaving blank the years 1049, 1050, and 1051, here again agrees with C. and D.

7 The narrative, as far as the sentence beginning with the words " When they came to London," is from E.

then went out after the other ships, and a land force was ordered out against the ships. Then, during this, Godwin the earl was warned, and then he went to Pevensey; and the weather was very severe, so that the earls could not learn what was become of Godwin the earl. And then Godwin the earl went out again, until he came once more to Bruges; and the other ships returned again to Sandwich. And then it was decreed that the ships should return once more to London, and that other earls and commanders should be appointed to the ships. Then was it delayed so long that the ship-force all departed, and all of them went home. When Godwin the earl learned that, then drew he up his sail, and his fleet, and then went west direct to [the Isle of] Wight, and there landed, and ravaged so long there, until the people yielded them so much as they laid on them. And then they went westward until they came to Portland, and there they landed, and did whatsoever harm they were able to do. Then was Harold come out from Ireland with nine ships; and then landed at Porlock, and there much people was gathered against him; but he failed not to procure himself provisions. He proceeded further, and slew there a great number of the people, and took of cattle, and of men, and of property, as it suited him. He then went eastward to his father: and then they both went eastward until they came to [the Isle of] Wight, and there took that which was yet remaining for them. And then they went thence to Pevensey, and got away thence as many ships as were there fit for service, and so onwards until he came to Ness, and got all the ships which were in Romney, and in Hythe, and in Folkstone. And then they went east, to Dover, and there landed, and there took ships and hostages, as many as they would, and so went to Sandwich and did "hand " the same; and everywhere hostages were given them, and provisions wherever they desired. And then they went to North-mouth, and so toward London; and some of the ships went within Sheppey, and there did much harm, and went their way to King's Middleton, and that they all burned, and betook themselves then toward London, after the earls. When they came to London, there lay the king and all the earls there against them, with fifty ships. Then the earls sent to the king, and required of him, that they might be held worthy of each of those things which had been unjustly taken from them. Then the king, however, resisted some while; so long as until the people who were with the earl were much stirred against the king and against his people, so that the earl himself with difficulty stilled the people. Then bishop Stigand interposed, with God's help, and the wise men, as well within the town as without; and they decreed that hostages should be set forth on either side: and thus was it done.

When archbishop Robert and the Frenchmen learned that, they took their horses and went, some west, to Pentecost's castle; some north, to Robert's castle. And archbishop Robert and bishop Ulf went out at Eastgate, and their companions, and slew and otherwise injured many young men, and went their way direct to Eadulf's-ness; and he there put himself in a crazy ship, and went direct over sea, and left his pall and all Christendom here on land, so as God would have it, inasmuch as he had before obtained the dignity so as God would not have it. Then there was a great council proclaimed without London: and all the earls and the chief men who were in this land were at the council. There Godwine bore forth his defence, and justified himself, before king Edward, his lord, and before all people of the land, that he was guiltless of that which was laid against him, and against Harold his son, and all his children. And the king gave to the earl and his children his full friendship, and full earldom, and all that he before possessed, and to all the men who were with him. And the king gave to the lady' all that she before possessed. And they declared archbishop Robert utterly an outlaw, and all the Frenchmen, because they had made most of the difference between Godwine the earl, and the king. And bishop Stigand obtained the archbishopric of Canterbury. In this same time Arnwi, abbat of Peterborough, left the abbacy, in sound health, and gave it to Leofric the monk, by leave of the king and of the monks; and abbat Arnwi Namely, to Eadgytha.

1 The text is here apparently corrupt.