Arenicole, M.-Edw. Elem. Zool. ii. 224. f. 720. The Lug, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 34. The Common Lug, Drummond in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. 124. The large Sand-Lob or Lugg-worm, Stodart, Angl. Comp. 109. Hab. The littoral region, burrowing in sand, with a basis of dark soil formed of rotten sea-weed; preferring a station near low-water mark. The hole is about 2 feet in depth, and the presence of the worm is detected by the spiral rolls of sandy excrement coiled above the aperture for the tail; for these worms twist their "ropes of sand" with an ease which spirits might envy, and renew them after every reflux of every tide*. Desc. Arenicola piscatorum is about 10 inches long, contractile, cylindrical, the anterior and branchial portions thick and mutable in form, the posterior suddenly narrower, varying in colour from a yellowish to an umber-brown, sometimes glossed with purple, sometimes dusky or black, the whole surface rough with small granules. Mouth reddish, puckered, with a short proboscis closely covered with papillæ; above the upper margin of the mouth, which projects a little, there is a small smooth somewhat triangular spot with a furrow in its middle. Segments 19, between the mouth and the last pair of branchiæ, as long as their own diameter, each consisting of five granulose rings separated by an impressed line, their own divisions marked by an elevated band very obvious when the worm contracts; first segment conoid, each of them furnished with a pair of setigerous feet protruding near the band of separation, the first pairs small, gradually enlarged on the other segments; the seventh pair with a small branchial tuft at its base, and every foot behind this has a similar but larger tuft. Branchiæ red or purple, arborescent, consisting of several principal branches, which are much divided, the divisions spreading, papillary. Bristles yellow, not very numerous, unequal, slightly curved towards the sharp point: underneath this setigerous foot there is a transverse fold, armed with a series of crotchets shaped like the italic letter f; they are few under the first pairs, but become more numerous under the branchial pairs, forming a ridge which meets its opposite on the mesial line. The tail is equal to the rest of the body in length, the segments indistinct, but often constricted at intervals, and sometimes so regularly, that it might almost be described as moniliform. The intestine of the Lug-worm is always full of sand, from which it doubtless extracts the intermixed nutritive matter; and the colour of the body appears to depend on the nature of the ground the worm burrows in, and on which it feeds, being yellowish-brown when in pure sand, and very dark, or even coal-black, when the soil is miry * "The formation of ropes of sand, according to popular tradition, was a work of such difficulty, that it was assigned by Michael Scot to a number of spirits, for which it was necessary for him to find some interminable employment."-Minstrelsy of the Scot. Border, iii. p. 253. "They sifted the sand from the Nine-stane burn, But the ropes would neither twist nor twine, For Thomas true and his gramarye."—Ibid. p. 266. and equally dark-coloured *. In Berwick Bay, specimens of both species, of all shades, occur. Vast numbers are daily dug up on all parts of the coast by the fishermen, who esteem them one of their best baits. They discharge, on handling, a liquor that imparts a yellow stain to the fingers, which it is difficult to remove. When the worms are steeped in spirits, they impart to the liquid a beautiful grass-green colour. (a) No locality. (6) Musselburgh, Firth of Forth, Dr. Leach. (c) Black-rocks, Firth of Forth, Dr. Leach. (d) Aberystwyth, J. Henslow. (e) Little Hampton, J. Abernethy. 2. A. branchialis, the first 15 segments setigerous only; branchial tufts in 16-28 pairs; the posterior portion abranchial and apodous. Length 6". Arenicola branchialis, Aud. & M.-Edw. Litt. de la France, ii. 287. Arenicola nodosa, Leach in Brit. Mus. Hab. The shore near low water. Obs. There is no entire specimen in the collection. The species is less than the preceding, and all the specimens have assumed a black or blackish-green colour. The rings of the segments are very distinctly defined, and occasionally so deeply divided that the body is properly described as being nodulous. The variable number of the branchiæ appears remarkable, for in A. piscatorum it is fixed and uniform; and both species agree in having an abranchial tail. (a) South Devon, J. Cranch. (b) South Devon, Dr. Leach. (c) South Devon, Dr. Leach. (d) Falmouth. 3. A. ecaudata, branchial tufts more than 20 pairs; the first 14 or 15 pairs of feet abranchial; no tail. Length 6-8". Arenicola ecaudata, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 566. f. 54. * "The diversity of colour in this species is very great; nor do I know that it is dependent on either age for dimensions. Of a number collected together, some will be found of a carmine colour, or of deeper red, some brownish, and others blackish-green; besides, there are specimens which exhibit various blending shades in the same individual."-Dalyell. "La grande quantité de matière colorante de couleur safran que fournit l'Arenicole, avoit fait proposer de s'en servir pour la teinture; mais je n'ai point appris que cette proposition ait été suivie du moindre commencement d'exécution."Blainville, Dict. des Sc. Nat. Ivii. p. 390. Arenicola Boeckii, Rathke in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xx. 181. tab. 8. f. 19-22. Lumbricus marinus, another species, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 137. pl. 19. f. 4-6. Hab. The littoral region, in sand. Arenicola ecaudata (No. XLII.) is from 6 in. to 8 in. long, very contractile, minutely granular, of a yellowish-brown, tinted in many No. XLII.-Arenicola ecaudata. places with green and yellow, or sometimes very black, glossed with green. The primary rings seem to be composed of only four intermediate ones. The first fourteen or fifteen pairs of setigerous feet are destitute of branchiæ, but to every foot behind these there is appended a dark red arborescent branchial tuft: in one specimen there were twenty-two pairs, in another twenty-five; the first few pairs are smaller than those about the middle, whence they again decrease towards the tail. In other respects the structure is similar to that of Arenicola piscatorum. Obs. Grube has suggested that the 4. ecaudata may be identical with the preceding, and in support of this conjecture it may be remarked, that in both the first pair of branchia are attached to the same segment. In the few specimens I have seen, however, there was no appearance of an apodous portion, for the last segment, which was abranchial, had its pair of setigerous feet. This is confirmed by the description and figure of Sir J. G. Dalyell. The fewest number of pairs of branchiæ I have seen is 22 and 25; Dalyell's specimen had about 38; and Rathke introduces 40 into his specific character. It is evident, however, that the number depends on age and entirety; for as there is no development of a posterior portion, there is nothing, except maturity, to regulate the number of organs which are developed in succession. Fam. XIV. MALDANIÆ. MALDANIE, Savign. Syst. Annel. 92. Char. Body vermiform, cylindrical; the segments rather long, more or less ringed, variable in size; the anal with a funnel-shaped vent usually encircled with a crenate or papillose margin: head not distinctly defined, of the form of an oval plate lying upon the next segment, inclined forwards and without appendages; or ring-shaped and passing at the margin into a fimbriated membrane: post-occipital segment furnished with tufts of bristles: mouth directed forwards, edentulous feet 2-rowed, the upper with thin tufts of bristles projecting from small and sometimes almost imperceptible tubercles; the inferior formed by a transverse series of crotchets : bristles simple, setaceous. : 37. CLYMENE. Clymene, Savign. Syst. Annel. 70, 92. Grube, Fam. Annel. 77. Char. Head or anterior segment without appendages: anal segment expanded into a serrated funnel. 1. C. borealis. C. borealis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 255. pl. 35. f. 5. Hab. Shores of Scotland, "not rare, dwelling in rocky clefts on the shore towards low-water."-Dalyell. Desc. "It extends 3 inches in length, by about a line in thickness. The body consists of about twenty-four segments of irregular dimensions, some being twice the length of others, with a pencil of several bristles issuing from both sides of each. The extremity of the first segment dilates into a dental thin rim of from sixteen to twentyfour teeth, according to the specimen. These are somewhat extensile. The extremity of the last segment is obtuse and ovoid. The anterior extremity forms a very shallow funnel with the mouth in the centre; and there is a longitudinal groove or depression down some of the segments. This animal dwells in a compact, hard, irregular tube, constructed of sandy particles, united by an exudation apparently from the whole body, and fashioned chiefly during the night. The teeth of the funnel are probably instrumental in the work. It is extremely difficult, almost impracticable, to free the tenant of its tube without rupture of the body, or some great injury."-Dalyell. It will be remarked that Sir John describes the anterior for the posterior end of the worm, which appears to be the Sabella lumbricalis of Otho Fabricius, Faun. Grænl. 374 Clymene lumbricalis, Savign. Syst. Annel. 94. I have not seen a specimen. = Dr. Williams mentions as native a Clymenoida arenicoida, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 209 & 229; but I am not aware that he has anywhere defined the genus or described the species. The names are very objectionable. Fam. XV. TEREBELLIDÆ. AMPHITRITES, De Montfort, Conchiol. Syst. ii. 15. AMPHITRITES TÉRÉBELLIENNES, Savign. Syst. Annel. 69. Char. Body vermiform, cylindrical, generally inflated or thicker in front, the posterior portion of less diameter, and sometimes distinctly defined as a bristle-less appendage: head not defined nor separate from the buccal segment, furnished with numerous filiform extensile tentacula placed on the crown, or on a lobe above the mouth, or on each side near the mouth beneath the lobe: post-occipital segment, in some genera, armed on the dorsal margin with a transverse row of stiff golden bristles; and also with small lobes or cirri mouth terminal, transverse, unarmed: setigerous tubercles of the segments almost always biserial, uniform in relative position, the dorsal with setaceous bristles, the ventral with a double or single series of hooks or uncini: on the posterior portion of the body the dorsal setæ, or both the dorsal and ventral, are frequently wanting : branchiæ much branched or pectinated, rarely filiform, placed laterally, rarely in the medio-dorsal line, confined to the two or three anterior segments.-Tubicolous, the tube arenaceous, open at both ends. A. Front not armed with a row of stiff bristles. 38. TEREBELLA. Terebella, Montagu, Test. Brit. xxx.; and in Linn. Trans. xii. 340. Char. Body elongate, ventricose anteriorly, strengthened underneath with a broad fleshy segmented band extended from the second to the fourteenth or an ulterior segment, where it terminates in a point; the part of the body posterior to the eighteenth or twentieth segment prolonged in a cylindrical tail composed of numerous segments, of which the three or four last form a short tube, folded underneath, and terminated by a plaited and circular vent. Mouth with two transverse lips, the upper prominent, vaulted, surmounted with numerous tentacula; the inferior narrow, plaited: tentacula very long, filiform, very extensile, furrowed below, and roughish with mucous granules: three anterior segments without appendages, or with anomalous ones; the first has sometimes two inferior semicircular leaflets contiguous at their base, separate at their tops, and |