eastern portion of the court was occupied by the domestic buildings erected against the curtain, which formed their outer wall. In the centre of the court, surrounded by a ditch, stood a circular barbican tower to defend the entrance to the keep, and which commanded two drawbridges, the one from the courtyard to the barbican tower, the other from this tower to the forebuilding of the keep, which enclosed the staircase to that citadel.

The approach to the castle from the road lay in a westerly direction, and wound up onto a platform on the counterscarp of the outer ditch, opposite the gatehouse. This platform served a double purpose, both covering the entrance to the gatehouse, and forming a kind of barbican; it was paved with boulder stones, and probably supported one arch of a bridge leading to the gatehouse, the pier of which was in the moat; the drawbridge probably dropped from the gatehouse over the pit onto this pier, so completing the bridge. The gatehouse opened upon the ditch, and was a building about 38 feet long by 18 feet wide; its walls were 6 feet thick, thus allowing of a central passage of 6 feet in width, sufficient to admit two horsemen abreast. It had a lofty round-arched doorway, defended by the drawbridge; on either side of the scarp faced with stone which formed the castle portion of the drawbridge pit, was an oblong-shaped recess to contain the tailpiece or counterpoise of the drawbridge, and that on the western side still remains. Within the portal was the portcullis, which could be drawn up into the chamber above. On the left of the passage was a halfround porter's-lodge, which had a loophole commanding the drawbridge; at the inner end of the passage was a second portal, also with gates. Above the passage were two lodging rooms, the one overlooking the drawbridge having two narrow windows. In the drawing it appears to have machicolations and a battlemented roof, which was covered with lead. From each of the inner corners of the gatehouse sprang the curtain-wall, that going to the west crossing the moat, and, after ascending the mound terminating in the keep; the one running to the east was of no great length, and joined the tower containing the privy chamber.

After passing through the gatehouse, and on entering the great courtyard, the first building on the east was a rectangular tower of three stories in height with battlemented

parapet; it measured 26 feet by 17 feet inside; the outer wall was rather more than 7 feet thick, but the inner walls were much thinner and poorly built, as were also the inner walls of the adjoining building. The ground-floor of this tower was only lighted by a long cruciform loop, and was probably used for stores: the first floor was known as the privy chamber, and had large square-headed windows looking north and west into the court. The great chamber occupied the curved angle of the ward south of this tower, between it and the hall, and was a building much wider at its outer side, where it was built against the curtain, than at its inner side, where it projected into the court; its measurements were about 39 feet from the curtain-wall to its inner wall, which latter measured 23 feet; the length against the curtain-wall was 48 feet. This on its first floor was called the great chamber, and was used as a withdrawing-room from the great hall which adjoined it on the same floor-level; three round-headed windows admitted light from the courtyard, and there may have been small piercings through its outer curtain-wall. Like most of the other buildings, it had a parapetted roof; beneath it was a cellar on the groundfloor level, which may have been used for stores or stabling. Further south and adjoining this was the great hall, which must have been a fine building, erected somewhat on a curve to suit the eastern curtain, which formed one side of it; the hall was 77 feet long against the curtain or outer wall, but against the inner wall it was only 60 feet in length; the breadth averaged 35 feet, being wider in the centre than at the ends. The entrance to it was by an external stone staircase of ten steps opening onto a platform or porch, supported on pillars, which gave access both to the hall and to the long gallery, which adjoined the hall at its southern end. The hall was lighted by round-headed windows opening into the court; from the north end of the hall, where the dais was erected, a door opened into the withdrawing room, across its south end ran a screen, and the fireplace was probably in the outer wall. Beneath the hall was a cellar approached by a door on the ground level under the outer staircase; down the centre of this cellar ran a row of pillars to support the floor of the hall, and in its north-east corner was a pit, 15 feet deep from the centre of the under surface of the arch spanning it, 5 feet wide from east to west, and

3 feet from north to south; this pit had an arch of welldressed stones thrown over its northern end to carry the wall between the hall and great chamber, but owing to some thrusting-out of the curtain wall, the voussoir of the arch had fallen somewhat inwards and downwards. This pit contained coal, ashes, bones-chiefly sheep, rabbit and fowl, oyster shells, straw, broken pottery, fragments of the latter being of 15th century date, and exactly similar to some found last year during the excavations at Kirkstall Abbey, brown with yellow slip pattern, and a piece of yellow glazed pot with red slip, a broken Venetian glass, some rough brown kitchen pottery, and some arching stones with early 14th century mouldings, which were near the surface, and had evidently fallen in when the castle was destroyed. The hall had a timber roof covered with lead, and like the other buildings of the eastern range was battlemented. South of the hall ran a long building, the upper storey of which was a great gallery about 67 feet long, and 35 feet in breadth in the centre or widest part, where the semicircular curtainwall bulged outwards; this gallery communicated with the exterior staircase and porch in common with the hall, and derived its light from windows looking out on the court, the masonry of which, stripped of its dressed stones, still remains. Beneath this great gallery, or, as it is called in one survey, house of office, the space was subdivided into three portions, the buttery, pantry and cellar; two doors opened into these offices from the courtyard, one door at the north end of the inner wall, the other near the south end, and at the south end of the ruined wall that now remains; in this wall were three windows, the openings of which, without their dressed stones, can still be seen; one door communicated with the cellar under the hall, and another with the ground floor of the building to the south, which had a narrow barred window opening on to the courtyard, the recessed sill of which still remains almost perfect, but beneath the sod; the window opening is 7 feet from interior to exterior, 4 feet wide at its inner end and 18 inches at its outer end; the masonry is very good, and a sufficient portion of the mouldings of this window were found to show that it was a work of the early fourteenth century; the floor of this cellar was paved with small squared stones, similar to the sets with which our streets are paved. The room above was approached from