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observe such neutrality towards all other states; and the execution of the various articles of the treaty was guaranteed by the five firstmentioned powers.

The Quadruple Alliance, April 27, 1834.-Between England, France, Spain, and Portugal, to secure the crowns of Spain and Portugal to Isabella II. and Maria, against Don Carlos and Miguel, who respectively laid claim to them.

VICTORIA.

Treaties of London, April 19, 1839.-Between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia and Russia, and Belgium and the Netherlands respectively. By these the Treaty of 1831 was maintained, and the neutrality of Belgium re-asserted.

Treaty of Constantinople, July 15, 1840.-Between England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, to protect the Sultan, against whom the Viceroy of Egypt had revolted.

Treaty of Nankin, August 29, 1842.-Terminated the war with China. England was to have Hong Kong; Canton, Amoy, Foochoofoo, Shanghai, and Ningpo were to be opened to British trade; and the Chinese were to pay the expenses of the war.

Treaty of Paris, March 30, 1856.-Terminated the war in the Crimea. The fortifications of Sebastopol were to be dismantled; the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) ceased to be under the power of Russia, and only a few ships of war were to be kept in the Black Sea.*

Treaty of Tien-sin, June 26, 1858.-Terminated a second war with China.

Other ports were opened, Christianity was to be tolerated, and the Chinese were to pay the expenses of the war.

Treaty of Pekin, October 24, 1860.-The Chinese violated the foregoing treaty, and war broke out again. By the Treaty of Pekin, England received Kow-loon, and further payments were to be made by the Chinese.

The Supplemental Treaties, August 1870.-Between Great Britain, and France, and Prussia respectively. Intended to secure the neutrality of Belgium during the Franco-Prussian War.

Treaty of Washington, 1871. Between Great Britain and the United States. Provided for the settlement of the 'Alabama' claims (see p. 71, s. 357), and regulated the North American sea fishery, &c.

*Russia announced (November 1870) that she no longer held herself bound by the stipulations of this treaty with respect to the number of her ships of war the Black Sea.

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APPENDIX III.

BRITISH POSSESSIONS (A).

A LIST OF THE PRESENT POSSESSIONS (1871) OF GREAT BRITAIN IN EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA, AND OCEANIA, WITH THE DATES OF THEIR ACQUIREMENT.

POSSESSIONS IN EUROPE.

After passing

Isle of Man.-An island in the Irish Sea. through various hands, it fell to the Duke of Athol in 1735. The sovereignty was purchased from him in 1765 by the British Government, and the remaining privileges in 1826.

Heligoland.-A small island situate off the mouths of the Elbe and Weser rivers; taken from the Danes in 1807, during the second French Revolutionary war. It was confirmed to England by the treaty of Paris, in 1814.

The Channel Islands.-A group off the north-west coast of France. The chief islands are Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark. The Channel Isles have been held by England since 1066. They formed part of the dukedom of Normandy, ceded by Charles the Simple to Rollo the first Duke, and inherited by William the Conqueror from his father, Robert the Devil.

Gibraltar.-A fortress at the southern extremity of Spain. Taken by Admiral Sir G. Rooke in 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession, and ceded to England in 1713, at the Peace of Utrecht.

Malta. The largest of a group of three islands (the others being Gozo and Comino) situated in the Mediterranean, 58m. south of Sicily. Malta was taken by the French in 1798 from the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, to whom it had been granted by the Emperor Charles V. early in the sixteenth century. The French, in their turn, surrendered it to Great Britain in 1800. At the Peace of Amiens (1802) it was to have been restored to the Order of St. John; but by the Treaty of Paris (1814) it was retained by this country.

POSSESSIONS IN ASIA.

British India. Is divided into the three Presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay. Beside these, there are a number of dependent or protected states. The seat of government is at Calcutta, in the Bengal Presidency. Up to the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8 the government of India was in the hands of the East India Company, which had been established in 1600; but after the suppression of that outbreak it passed to the Crown. The chief territories in the three Presidencies were acquired as follows:-

BENGAL PRESIDENCY.-Calcutta, in 1698; Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, in 1765; Assam, in 1826, after the Burmese war; the Punjaub, in 1849, after the second Sikh war; Nagpore, in 1853, at the death of the Rajah; Oude, in 1856.

MADRAS PRESIDENCY.-Circars, in 1766-78; Malabar, in 1792; Coimbatore and Canara, in 1799; Carnatic, in 1802.

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.-Island of Bombay, given by Spain to Charles II. in 1662 as the marriage portion of Catherine of Braganza, and granted by him to the East India Company in 1668; island of Salsette, added to it in 1776; Khandeish, in 1818; Concan, in 1818-20; Scinde, in 1843, after the war with the Ameers.

To these must be added, in Further India, or Indo-China:-The Straits Settlements, i.e. Penang, acquired in 1786 from the Rajah of Kedah; Wellesley Province, added to Penang in 1800; Singapore, taken possession of by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819; Malacca, finally ceded by the Dutch in 1824; Aracan, Martaban, and Tenasserim, in 1826, after the first war with Burmah; Rangoon and Pegu, in 1852-3, during the second war with Burmah.

Ceylon. A large island to the south of Hindostan. It was taken from the Dutch in 1795-6, during the first French Revolutionary war, and confirmed to Great Britain by the Treaty of Amiens, in 1802. Ceylon was made a colony in 1801, but the whole island did not come under British rule until 1815.

Nicobar Isles.-A group in the Bay of Bengal, ceded by Denmark, and occupied by Great Britain in 1869.

Aden.-A coal depôt in the south-west extremity of Arabia, taken from the Arabs in 1839, in consequence of an outrage committed by them upon an English ship which was wrecked there.

Hong Kong.-An island in the Gulf of Canton. It was taken by the British in 1841, during the first Chinese war, and ceded to England in perpetuity by the Treaty of Nankin, 1842.

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