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the East India Company's dominions, and Sir Charles Napier made governor.

War in Gwalior, 1843. - The battles of Maharajpoor and Punniar were fought, and the fort of Gwalior was taken on December 29, 1843.

Sikh Wars, 1845-49.-The Sikhs of the Punjaub (Lahore), having declared war in December 1845, crossed the Sutlej river, attacked the British at Ferozepore, and for some time held their ground against the Governor-General, Sir H. Hardinge, at Moodkee, where Sir Robert Sale was mortally wounded. The battles of Ferozeshah, Aliwal, and Sobraon put an end to their incursions. In February 1846 Sir Hugh (afterwards Lord) Gough occupied Lahore, and in March the treaty of Lahore was signed. In 1848 the murder of a Lieutenant Anderson led to the engagements of Kennyree and Ramnugger, and the siege of Mooltan. The victories of Chilianwallah and Goojerat, under Lord Gough, and the surrender of the Sikh army, followed. The Punjaub was formally annexed to British India in March 1849.

Second Burmese War, 1851-1853.-Rangoon was re-taken in 1852, and annexed with Pegu to the British dominions.

Annexation of Oude, 1856.-This extensive kingdom was annexed to the British territories in 1856. The ex-queen came to England to plead her cause in 1857, and died in Paris in 1858.

The Indian Mutiny, 1857-1858.-A spirit of mutiny, which had been apparent in the Bengal army as far back as 1844, had developed itself on the introduction of the Enfield rifle and its necessarily greased cartridges. The grease, which was composed of mutton fat and wax, was supposed by the malcontents to be the fat of swine and cows, and, consequently, unclean alike to the Hindoo and the Mahometan. In May several of the Sepoy regiments at Meerut were in open mutiny, and commenced by shooting Colonel Finnis and other officers. Their next step, after having joined several other insurgent Bengal regiments, was to take possession of Delhi, which, although our chief arsenal, had been left unprotected by British troops. They endeavoured to seize the magazine, but Lieutenant Willoughby, after a gallant defence, ordered it to be exploded, and died of his wounds. Mutinies at Lucknow, Benares, Allahabad, Cawnpore, Nusseerabad, and many other towns followed. The Punjaub was saved by the prompt disbanding of the native regiments. The massacre of the garrison at Cawnpore, irrespective of age and sex, by Nana Sahib, is among the most harrowing of the barbarities committed. He was defeated at Futtehpore by General

Havelock, who recovered Cawnpore (July 17).* Delhi was re-taken under the command of Sir Archdale Wilson (September 20), and the king and his sons captured. On September 26 Sir Henry Havelock led the relief of Lucknow, which was besieged by the rebels, Sir James Outram and General Neill serving under him. The latter was killed in action, and Sir H. Havelock died shortly after of dysentery at Alumbagh. The enemy finally evacuated before Sir Colin Campbell in March 1858. The defeat of the natives at Jhansi by Sir Hugh Rose, and the re-taking of Gwalior, are the chief of the many other engagements.

Dissolution of the East India Company, 1858.-The Dissolution of the East India Company was the most important result of the Indian mutiny. India now owns Queen Victoria as its sovereign, and is governed by a secretary of state and a council of fifteen members.

Principal Governors-General of India.—Warren Hastings, 1772-1785; Lord Cornwallis, 1786-1793; Lord Mornington (Marquis Wellesley), 1798–1805; Lord Minto, 1807-1813; Lord Moira (Marquis of Hastings), 1813-1823; Lord Amherst, 1823-1828; Lord William Bentinck, 1828-1835; Lord Auckland, 1836-1842; Lord Ellenborough, 1842-1844; Lord Hardinge, 1844-1848; Lord Dalhousie, 1848-1855; Lord Canning, 1855-1858; Lord Elgin, 18621863; Sir John Lawrence (Lord Lawrence), 1863-1868; Lord Mayo, 1868-.

* Nana Sahib escaped. His fate is uncertain, but he is said to have died of fever in 1858.

APPENDIX VI.

ENGLISH HISTORICAL BIOGRAPHY.

A LIST OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS IN ENGLISH HISTORY FROM B.C. 54 TO THE PRESENT DAY.

THE ROMAN PERIOD.

Cassivelaunus, or Caswallon, B.C. 54.—A British chief, who opposed Cæsar at his second landing, B.C. 54.

Caractacus, 1st century.-Son of Cynobelin (Shakespeare's Cymbeline), and King of the Silures, a people of South Wales. He opposed the Romans under Ostorius Scapula; but, being betrayed by Cartismandua, Queen of the Brigantes (who inhabited the country between the Humber and the Tyne), he was finally made prisoner and carried to Rome. His noble bearing procured him his release by Claudius, A.d. 51.

Boadicea.-1st century.-Queen of the Iceni, who revolted against the Roman rule, and burnt London. She poisoned herself A.D. 61, to avoid falling into the hands of the soldiers of Suetonius, by whom she had been defeated.

Lucius, Prince of Britain.—2nd century.-Called Lever Maur (the Great Light). The introduction of Christianity into Britain is ascribed to him, as he is said to have written to Pope Eleutherius for Christian teachers, and to have afterwards founded the see of Llandaff in 156.

St. Alban.-3rd century.-The first Christian of Great Britain who suffered martyrdom. He was put to death (about 285), during the Diocletian persecution, at Verulamium, now called St. Albans after him.

Carausius.—3rd century.-A Menapian, who held the office of Count of the Saxon Shore (Comes Littoris Saxonici). In 287 he usurped the rulership of Britain, but was killed in 293 by his own minister, Allectus.

THE SAXON PERIOD.

King Arthur.—6th century.—Is supposed to have flourished at the time of the Saxon invasion, and to have been killed in Cornwall in 542 by his nephew Mordred. He opposed the invaders, whom he ' in twelve great battles ruining overthrew.' His traditional nobility of character, his 'round table' of forty knights, his court at Caerlyon-upon-Usk, and his burial in Avalon form the canvas upon which the Laureate has woven his 'Idylls of the King' (Flos Regum Arthurus).

St. Augustine, d. 605.—First Archbishop of Canterbury. At the request of Pope Gregory I. he undertook a mission to England in 596, and converted numbers of Anglo-Saxons. The British bishops, however, steadily opposed him. This Augustine must not be confounded with the Bishop of Hippo (354-430), who wrote the 'Confessions.'

St. Dunstan, 925-988.-Abbot of Glastonbury, and Archbishop of Canterbury. He did much to extend the Papal power in England, and is generally held to have first promoted the celibacy of the priesthood.

Godwin, d. 1053.-Earl of Kent in the time of Edward the Confessor (who had married his daughter, Editha), and father of Harold II. The Goodwin Sands derive their name from this powerful nobleman, of whose estate they once formed part. Stigand, d. 1070.-Archbishop of Canterbury.

WILLIAM I.

Lanfranc, 1005-1089.-Archbishop of Canterbury.
Edgar Atheling, d. 1120.-Heir to the throne.

He was the

grandson of Edmund Ironside, and lineal descendant of Alfred the Great. He died an old man, in the reign of Henry I., who had granted him a small pension.

Hereward the Saxon, 1072. (See p. 10, s. 35.)

WILLIAM II.

Anselm, 1033–1109.—A famous churchman and metaphysician, reckoned the founder of the Scholastic Philosophy. He was made Archbishop of Canterbury by William Rufus, with whom, however, he differed, and in consequence left the country. Henry I. recalled him to the primacy; but he refused to receive his investiture (the ring

and staff of office) at the hands of the king, holding that laymen could not confer the spiritual dignity. Pope Pascal II. supported him; and Henry ultimately compromised with the pontiff.

HENRY I.

Maud, niece of Edgar Atheling, d. 1118. (See p. 13, s. 39, and note.)

Robert, Duke of Normandy, 1060-1134. (See p. 13, ss. 38, 39.)

STEPHEN.

Matilda of Anjou, 1102-1165.-Daughter of Henry I., and styled the 'Empress Maud.' Married (1) Henry V., Emperor of Germany; (2) Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. (See pp. 13, 14, ss. 39, 42.)

HENRY II.

Nicholas Breakspear, 1100-1159.-The only Englishman that was ever made Pope. He bore the title of Adrian IV., and gave Henry II. a bull to conquer Ireland, on condition that he would hold it as a fief of the Church.

Thomas à Becket, 1119-1170.-Archbishop of Canterbury. (See p. 17, s. 46.)

Strongbow, d. 1176.-Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke. Conquered Ireland, of which he was made seneschal by Henry II. (See p. 17, s. 45.)

RICHARD I.

Blondel. - The minstrel of tradition who discovered King Richard's prison in the Tyrol. The story has been traced to a French thirteenth-century romance.

JOHN.

Prince Arthur, 1187-1202.-Son of Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, John's elder brother; and heir to the crown. (See p. 19, s. 53.)

Stephen Langton, d. 1228.-A cardinal- -an Englishman by birth-named by Pope Innocent III. to the see of Canterbury in opposition to King John. He incited the barons to procure the signing of Magna Charta.

Robert Fitzwalter.-General in chief of the barons who signed the Charter, and styled 'Marshal of the Army of God and the Holy Church.'

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