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stormed on the 15th of July; and on the 23rd of the same month Godfrey of Bouillon was chosen ruler of the new kingdom; he, however, piously refused to wear a crown of gold where his Lord had worn a crown of thorns, and contented himself with the modest title of Baron of the Holy Sepulchre. His reign was brief, but, though surrounded by powerful states, his immediate successors enlarged their borders, and before fifty years had elapsed the whole country between Egypt and Mount Taurus, extending inland nearly to Damascus, was in the hands of the Christians, and was divided into the kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch, and the county of Tripoli; with for some time the district of Edessa, beyond the Euphrates; this last was soon lost again, but Antioch and Tripoli remained much longer in the hands of the Christians than Jerusalem itself.

Arms of the kingdom of Jerusalem.

A.D. 1096. William, count of Eu, charged with conspiracy, is overcome in single combat, and is blinded and mutilated; the earl of Champagne and other nobles, on the same charge, are deprived of their lands.

Robert sets out on the crusade, having mortgaged Normandy to William.

William visits Normandy.

Several fruitless expeditions into Wales by the neigh

bouring Norman lords. They, however, re-occupy Anglesey.

The see of Waterford is founded by the Ostmen in Ireland, and Malchus, an Irishman, but educated in England, is consecrated thereto by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, to whom he promises canonical obedience. Anselm also consecrates Wilfrid to the see of St. David's.

A.D. 1097. William makes a campaign in Wales, from Midsummer to August, without effect. The Norman lords build castles on the border.

William builds a wall around the Tower, a bridge over the Thames, and a great hall at Westminster; "and men were grievously oppressed . . . and many perished thereby."

Anselm retires to Rome in October.

A.D. 1098. Edgar Atheling, with English aid, establishes his nephew Edgar on the throne in Scotland. Magnus III. of Norway conquers the Orkneys, the Hebrides, and the Isle of Man, and ravages Angleseyj

At Anglesey he was encountered by Hugh Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury, and Hugh de Abrincis, earl of Chester, who had re-captured the island. The death of the former, as recorded in the Heimskringla, affords an instance of clever marksmanship, which it is to be presumed could not often be paralleled

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King Magnus shot with the bow; but Hugo the Brave was all over in armour, so that nothing was bare about him excepting one eye. King Magnus let fly an arrow at him, as also did a man who was beside the king. They both struck him at once. The one shaft hit the nose-screen of the helmet, which was bent by it on one side, and the other arrow hit the earl's eye, and went through his head, and that was found to be the king's. Earl Hugo fell, and the English fled, with the loss of many people." The story is also told by Giraldus Cambrensis. Magnus is said by William of Malmesbury to have been accompanied on the expedition by Harold, a son of King Harold. The Normans withdrew, having conferred the government on Owen ap Edwin, who is said to have been the son of the widow of Edmund Ironside,

and other parts of Wales. The see of Sodor (or the Isles) and Man was thus founded, of which Reymund, a Norman monk, became the first bishop. He was consecrated by Thomas, archbishop of York, between 1109 and 1114.

A.D. 1099. William holds his first court in the new palace at Westminster at Pentecost.

Ralph Flambard, the minister of the king, is made bishop of Durham, in May, and consecrated June 5. William passes into France, and subdues Maine.

A.D. 1100. William is killed in the New Forest, Aug. 21; he is buried in Winchester cathedral, “attended by many of the nobility," says William of Malmesbury, "though lamented by few."

He is accused of having suggested to the king the keeping of bishops' sees and other preferments in his own hands, and of traversing the country, not as a justiciary, but for the purpose of extorting money.

1 The dreams of the king and others, said to portend his death, need no remark; but there is a singular statement on the subject in Eadmer, that "Anselm, the exiled archbishop of Canterbury being with Hugo, the abbot of Cluny, the conversation turned on King William, when the abbot observed,-'Last night that king was brought before God; and by a deliberate judgment incurred the sorrowful sentence of damnation.' How he came to know this, he neither explained at the time, nor did any of his hearers ask; nevertheless, out of respect to his piety, not a doubt of the truth of his words remained on the minds of any present. Hugo led such a life, had such a character, that all regarded his discourse, and venerated his advice, as though an oracle from heaven had spoken."

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HENRY, the youngest son of William I., was born at Selby, in Yorkshire, in 1068. He received a more liberal education than was then usual with princes, and hence had the name of Beauclerc. He sided alternately with his brothers Robert and William, but on one occasion when they united against him he was driven into exile. On William's death, being on the spot, he secured the English throne, and gained Normandy a few years after. His reign was marked by quarrels with the king of France, and the partisans of his brother, and his latter years were devoted to a vain endeavour to secure his crown for his daughter Maud. He died in Normandy, after a considerable absence from England, Dec. 1, 1135.

Henry was twice married; first to the "good Queen Maud," the niece of Edgar Atheling, and secondly to Adelais of Louvain, who survived him. His only legitimate offspring were,

1. William, duke of Normandy, who perished at sea, in 1120; and

2. Maud, married first to Henry V. the emperor, and secondly to Geoffrey of Anjou; she long contested Stephen's possession of the throne, and died Sept. 10,

1165.

Henry's illegitimate issue were numerous, and two of them were the firmest friends of his daughter Maud; these were Robert of Caen, created earl of Gloucester, and Reynald, earl of Cornwall; Richard was drowned with Prince William; of another Robert, of Gilbert, Henry, and William, nothing particular is recorded; of

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two daughters named Maud, one became countess of Britanny, the other countess of Perche; Juliana was married to Eustace de Pacie, Constance to the lord of Beaumont; Elizabeth to Alexander of Scotland; and of two other daughters, whose names have not been preserved, one was the wife of the lord of Montmorency, the other of William Goet.

m His mother was Nesta, styled a princess of Wales, in consequence of which he had great influence in that country, which he used for the support of his sister's cause. He was a learned man, and a most skilful general. By his wife Mabel, the daughter of the earl of Corbeil, he had a large family, and one of his granddaughters became the queen of John, but was divorced by him, that he might marry Isabel of Angouleme.

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