the cannonade, but sustained much loss from shells, during the action. The cavalry were stationed in the rear, and distributed all along the line, but chiefly posted on the left of the centre, to the east of the Charleroi causeway. The farm-house of La Haye Sainte, in the front of the centre, was garrisoned; but there was not time to prepare it effectually for defence. The villa, gardens and farm-yard of Hougomont formed a strong advanced post towards the centre of the right. The whole British position formed a sort of curve, the centre of which was nearest to the enemy, and the extremities, particularly the right, drawn considerably backward. Napoleon had bivouacked a cannon-shot from the British camp, on the eminence of Belle Alliance. His army consisted of three corps of infantry, two of cavalry, and all the guards. It might contain about 90,000 soldiers.* On the other hand, the combined English and Dutch forces (prince Frederic of the Netherlands having remained at Hall with 19,000 men) amounted to about 60,000 men. According to Gourgaud's account, Napoleon's design was to break the centre of the English, and cut off their retreat, but in all events to separate them from the Prussians. The battle began about noon, June 18, by an attack of the second French battalion on the advanced post of Hougomont. The wood, defended by the troops of Nassau, was taken by the French, but the house, garden and farm-offices were maintained by the English guards. About two o'clock, four columns of French infantry advanced from Belle Alliance, against the British centre. The cavalry supported them, but were repulsed by the British cavalry, while the infantry, who had forced their way to the centre of the British position, were attacked by a brigade brought up from the second line by general Picton, while, at the same time, a brigade of heavy English cavalry charged them in flank. The French columus were broken, with great slaughter, and more than 2000 men made prisoners. About this period, the French made themselves masters of the farm of La Haye Sainte, and retained it for some time, but were at last driven out by shells. Shortly after, a general attack of the French cavalry was made on the squares, chiefly towards the centre

According to Gourgaud, Napoleon's army amounted to not more than 67,000 men and 240 pieces of artillery. Marshal Grouchy marched, on the seventeenth, upon Wavre, with 35,220 men and 110 pieces of artillery.

of the British right. In spite of the continued fire of thirty pieces of artillery, they compelled the artillery-men to retire within the squares. The cuirassiers continued their onset, and rode up to the squares, in the confidence of sweeping them away before their charge; but they were driven back by the dreadful fire of the British infantry. Enraged at the small success of his exertions, Napoleon now threw his cuirassiers on the English line, between two chaussées. They broke through between the squares, but were attacked and defeated by the English and Dutch cavalry. During the battle, several French batteries were stationed only a few hundred paces in front of the English, and did great execution. At five o'clock, the repeated attacks of superior numbers had already weakened the English, and the victory began to incline to the side of the French. At this juncture, the van of the fourth Prussian battalion (which the French thought, at first, to be the corps of Grouchy), under the command of general Bülow, showed itself in front of the forest of Frichemont, on the right flank and the rear of the enemy. The battalion had left Wavre (q. v.) the same morning, and, animated by the presence of prince Blücher, had overcome all the obstacles of the march. The sixth French corps, hitherto stationed as the reserve of the right wing, was immediately opposed to the Prussians, and a bloody fight ensued. It was six o'clock when this took place. Napoleon, meanwhile, when he perceived the attack of the Prussians, instead of diminishing his attacks on the British line, resolved to assail it with all his forces. The second French corps, all the cavalry, and all the guards, therefore, put themselves in motion. Wellington quietly awaited their approach, and, as soon as the dense columns had arrived within a short distance, he opened on them so murderous a fire that they stopped, and were compelled to fire in return. The right wing of the French had also advanced at the same time with the centre, had driven the Nassau soldiers from Papelotte, and attacked the Prussians in Frichemont. This movement destroyed, for a moment, the connexion of the Prussians with the English left wing, and made the situation of affairs, at this juncture, critical. The sudden appearance of the first brigade of the first Prussian battalion, under general Ziethen, decided the battle. Their arrival had been delayed by a necessary change in their march and by the badness of the roads.

These brave soldiers immediately separated the sixth French corps from the rest of the army, and, by means of twenty-four cannon brought to bear on the rear of the enemy, put them to flight. At the same moment, the English cavalry had overthrown and dispersed, after a brave resistance, the infantry stationed at La Haye. These troops became mingled, at Belle Alliance, with those who were pursued by the first Prussian corps; and thus their defeat became complete. The English and Prussians followed hotly, and kept up a continued fire. The disorder of the French now exceeded all that had been hitherto witnessed. Obedience and order had ceased; infantry and cavalry, generals and servants, soldiers and officers, were mingled in wild confusion; every one consulted only his own preservation. All the artillery and baggage were abandoned. The disorder finally increased to an incredible degree, when Planchenoit was taken by the combined exertions of Hiller's brigade and a part of the second battalion. At Belle Alliance, the victorious generals met. Prince Blücher now ordered a pursuit on the part of the Prussians, with all the disposable troops, under general count Gneisenau's personal direction. In Jemappes, which was taken by a sudden attack, the travelling carriage of Napoleon, with his jewels, his plate, and other valuables, as well as many military chests, and the rest of the baggage of the French arry, fell into the hands of the conquerors. Upwards of 200 cannon, two eagles, and 6000 prisoners, were the trophies of this victory. The whole French army was dispersed and disabled. The loss in killed and wounded amounted to 35,000. The English army lost, on the eighteenth, in killed, two generals, 173 officers, and 3242 privates, and, including the wounded (among whom were five generals and 803 officers), about 10,580 men. The Dutch lost, on this day, 2000 men. The loss of the Prussian army amounted to 207 officers and 6984 men. Napoleon hastened to Paris. Grouchy, however, returned through Namur (which the allies had not occupied, and where the Prussians attacked him with a loss of 1600 men) to Laon, by the road through Rethel. General Gourgaud, in his Campagne de 1815, attributes the loss of the battle to the faults committed by marshal Ney. But the ex-prefect Gamot has justified the marshal by printing the original orders, which did not allow Ney to act otherwise. It is nevertheless true, that

Ney caused the cavalry to advance too far. Marchand has also refuted Gourgaud's account. Napoleon himself gives two reasons for the loss of the battle: 1. The non-arrival of Grouchy (but Grouchy did not receive, till seven o'clock on the evening of the eighteenth, the command, given by Napoleon in the forenoon, to join the right wing of the French); 2. the attack of the mounted grenadiers and the reserved cavalry without his command and knowledge. Napoleon, as he says himself, was in great personal danger. When the English, towards the end of the battle, became the assailants, a portion of their cavalry and sharp-shooters came near the place where Napoleon was. He placed himself at the head of a battalion, and resolved to attack and die; but Soult seized his horse's reins, and exclaimed, "They will take you prisoner, sire, and not kill you." He, with generals Drouot, Bertrand and Gourgaud, succeeded in removing the emperor from the field of battle. Napoleon, however, repeatedly exclaimed, both before and after his arrival at St. Helena, "J'aurais dû mourir à Waterloo." A graphic description of the battle has been given by sir Walter Scott, in his Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk.

WATERLOO, Anthony, a painter and engraver of the school, was born in Utrecht (according to some, in Amsterdam), in 1618. His paintings are confined almost entirely to the scenery around Utrecht. Weeninx painted the men and animals in his landscapes. He is said to have died of want in an hospital.

WATERSPOUT. (See Whirlwind.)

WATERVILLE; a flourishing post-town in Kennebec county, Maine, on the west side of the river Kennebec, eighteen miles north by east from Augusta. The principal village is finely situated at the head of boat navigation, and has considerable trade. The township is much intersected by streams affording excellent mill seats, and has a fertile soil. Population in 1830, 2216. under the direction of the Baptist denomination. It was founded in 1820. It had, in 1831, five instructers, 45 students, a college library of 1800 volumes, and students' libraries, 600 volumes. The com mencement is the last Wednesday in July.

Here is a college

WATLINGSTREET; one of the Roman military roads made in Britain, while in possession of the Romans, running from Dover by St. Alban's, Dunstable, Towcester, Atterston and Shrewsbury, and ending at Cardigan, in Wales.

WATSON, Richard; an English prelate,

born at the village of Heversham, in Westmoreland, in 1737. His father was a clergyman, and master of a free graminar school, where the son received his early education. In 1754, he became a sizar of Trinity college, Cambridge, where he was distinguished for his intense application to study, and for the singularity of his dress, which consisted of a coarse, mottled Westmoreland coat, and blue yarn stockings. He regularly took his degrees, and became a college tutor, and, in 1760, obtained a fellowship. In 1764, he was elected professor of chemistry, when he first applied himself to the study of that science, and with great success, as appears from the five volumes of Chemical Essays which he subsequently published. On the death of doctor Rutherforth, in 1771, he succeeded him as regius professor of divinity. He early distinguished himself by a display of his political opinions, in a sermon preached before the university, on the anniversary of the revolution, which was printed under the title of the Principles of the Revolution vindicated. This discourse excited a degree of public attention only exceeded by Hoadly's celebrated sermon on the Kingdom of Christ. A short time previous to this exhibition of his politics, doctor Watson appeared as the opponent of Gibbon, to whom he addressed a series of letters, entitled an Apology for Christianity. The patronage of the duke of Rutland was exerted to obtain his promotion to the see of Llandaff, where he succeeded bishop Barrington, in 1782; and he was permitted to hold, at the same time, the archdeaconry of Ely, his professorship, and other ecclesiastical preferments. Shortly after, he addressed to the archbishop of Canterbury a letter containing a project for equalizing the value of church benefices. In 1785, he published a valuable collection of Theological Tracts, selected from various authors, with additions, in 6 vols., 8vo. The following year, he received a large addition to his income by the bequest of a valuable estate from Mr. Luther of Ongar, in Essex, who had been one of his pupils at Cambridge. During the illness of the king, in 1788, bishop Watson, in a speech in the house of lords, strongly defended the right of the prince of Wales to the regency, in opposition to the doctrine maintained by Mr. Pitt. In 1796, the bishop appeared a second time as the defender of revealed religion, in his Apology for the Bible, designed as an answer to Paine's Age of Reason.

In

1798, he published an Address to the People of Great Britain, on the danger which threatened that country, from the influence of those principles which had occasioned the revolution in France. Gilbert Wakefield, having published a reply to this address, was prosecuted for sedition, and sentenced to imprisonment; but in the proceedings against him, bishop Watson took no part whatsoever. He always continued to be the advocate for liberality, both in politics and religion; but his fears from the ascendency of French principles were strongly expressed in a publication under the title of the Substance of a Speech intended to have been spoken in the House of Lords, November 22, 1803. The latter part of his life was chiefly spent in retirement at Calgarth park, situated near the lakes of his native county, where he amused himself with making extensive plantations of timber-trees. He died at that place, July 4, 1816. Besides the works already mentioned, he published several papers in the Philosophical Transactions; Sermons, and Theological Essays; and after his death, his autobiographical memoirs were edited by his son.

WATSON, Robert, LL. D., a native of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, studied at the university there, and afterwards at Glasgow and Edinburgh, adopted the ecclesiastical profession, and became a preacher. After having delivered lectures on rhetoric and the principles of composition, at Edinburgh, he obtained the professorship of logic at St. Andrew's, to which was added, by royal patent, that of rhetoric and the belles-lettres. On the death of the principal, doctor Watson succeeded him, but died in 1780. He published the History of Philip II of Spain (2 vols., 1777), and undertook the History of Philip III, which, being left imperfect at his death, was completed and published by doctor William Thomson (1783).

WATT, James; a distinguished cultivator of natural philosophy and the kindred arts and sciences, who, especially by his improvements in the steam-engine, has gained a high degree of celebrity. He was the son of a tradesman, and was born in 1736, at Greenock, in Scotland. He was brought up to the occupation of a mathematical instrument maker, and in that capacity became attached to the university of Glasgow, in which he had apartments, where he resided till 1763; at which time, having entered into the married state, he settled in business for himself in the city. In 1764, he con

ceived the idea of improving the steamengine; and, having carried it into effect, he acquired so much reputation for knowledge of mechanics, as induced him to adopt the profession of a civil engineer; and he was frequently employed in making surveys for canals and other undertakings. To facilitate his labors, he invented a new micrometer, and likewise a machine for making drawings in perspective. In 1774, he quitted Glasgow to remove to the vicinity of Birmingham, where he entered into partnership with Mr. Boulton, in conjunction with whom he carried on his improvements in the steamengine, which he brought to a high degree of perfection. (See Steam.) Here he became associated with doctor Priestley, and other philosophical experimentalists, and shared in the chemical researches which they prosecuted with so much success. He was admitted a fellow of the royal society, to whose Transactions he contributed an interesting paper, entitled Thoughts on the constituent Parts of Water, and of dephlogisticated Air, with an Account of some Experiments on that Subject; and another, On a new Method of preparing a Test-liquor to show the Presence of Acids and Alkalies in Chemical Mixtures. Mr. Watt was also a fellow of the royal society of Edinburgh; and, in 1806, he received from the university of Glasgow the honorary degree of LL. D., as a tribute to his merit as a successful laborer in the cause of science. Various inventions of great practical utility originated from his ingenuity, among which may be mentioned a polygraph, or copying machine. His death took place August 25, 1819. (See the article Watt, in the Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica.)

WATTEAU, Antoine; a painter of great merit, talents and industry, born in 1684, at Valenciennes. His parents, whose situation in life was very humble, with difficulty contrived to give him the instructions of a very inferior master in the country, who qualified him for the situation of a scene-painter at the Parisian opera. The genius of Watteau, however, soon carried him beyond that lowly sphere; and at length, without any further assistance, he produced a picture which gained the prize at the academy. The king, whose notice his performance had attracted, settled a pension on him, for the purpose of enabling him to complete his study of the art in Italy. The opportunities he enjoyed at Rome, and the intimate acquaintance he formed with some of the best works of Rubens and

Vandyck, whose style he afterwards more especially imitated, rescued him entirely from the disadvantages which his early penury had thrown in his way, and obtained him a great reputation, particularly for his conversational pieces, in which his heads and the attitudes of his figures are highly admired. From Rome he went to England; but the incessant application with which he devoted himself to his easel had already begun to make formidable inroads on a constitution naturally weak; and, although he succeeded in returning to France, he did not long survive, dying at Nogent, in the neighborhood of the capital, in 1721. WATTEL. (See Vattel.)

WATTS, Isaac, an English non-conformist divine, eminently distinguished for his learning and piety, was born at Southampton, in 1674, and, after being educated there, under a clergyman of the established church, removed, at the age of sixteen, to an academy for dissenters, in London. After pursuing his studies five years with great credit and advantage, he returned to Southampton, and remained two years at home, employed in the further cultivation of his talents. In 1696, he became tutor to the son of sir John Hartopp, at Stoke Newington, near London, and, in 1702, succeeded doctor Isaac Chauncy (to whom he had previously been assistant) as minister of a dissenting congregation in the metropolis. An attack of fever, in 1712, obliged him to relinquish for a time his pastoral duties, when he obtained an asylum at the house of sir T. Abney, a London alderman at Newington; and there he resided during the remainder of his life. His literary reputation was extended by numerous works, not only on subjects immediately connected with his profession, but also on several branches of science and letters; in consequence of which he received diplomas of D. D. from the universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and was generally respected by the friends of learning and virtue of all denominations. He died November 25, 1748. Among his works are Lyric Poems; Psalms and Hymns; Sermons; Philosophical Essays; a Discourse on Education; an Elementary Treatise on Astronomy and Geography; a Brief Scheme of Ontology; Logic, and a valuable supplement to it entitled the Improvement of the Mind; besides theological tracts, and various controversial pieces. (See Johnson's Lives of the Poets.)

WAVE. The common cause of waves