as an original writer by his Inquiry into the Causes of Prodigies and Miracles, which he dedicated to sir Robert Sutton, through whose interest he was placed in the list of the king's masters of arts, on his majesty's visit to Cambridge, in 1728; and he thus supplied the want of an academical education. His patron also presented him to the rectory of Brand Broughton, in Lincolnshire, where he remained several years, during which he composed most of those works which contributed to the establishment of his fame. In 1736 appeared his Alliance between Church and State, or the Necessity and Equity of an established Religion and Test Law, which passed through four editions during the life of the author, though it is said to have given satisfaction neither to the zealots of the church nor to the advocates for religious liberty. The first volume of his chief work was published, in 1738, under the title of the Divine Legation of Moses demonstrated on the Principles of a Religious Deist, from the Omission of the Doctrine of a Future State of Rewards and Punishments in the Jewish Dispensation. This paradoxical performance met with adversaries among all parties, who concurred in criticising and censuring the theory on which it is founded. Undismayed by animadversion, he published a Vindication of his opinions, and persevered in the prosecution of his work. Having published, in the literary journal called the Works of the Learned, in 1739 and 1740, a defence of the Essay on Man, against the remarks of De Crousaz of Geneva, Pope acknowledged his obligations to his advocate, and an intimacy ensued between them. On his death, in 1744, Pope bequeathed to our author half his library, and the copy-right of such of his works already printed as were not otherwise disposed of. Among the numerous antagonists of Warburton and his Divine Legation, were doctors Middleton, Pococke, R. Grey, Sykes and Stebbing, against whom he published, in 1744 and 1745, two defences, in which he treats all his opponents, except Middleton, with a high degree of asperity and self-confidence. He became, in 1746, preacher to the society of Lincoln's inn; and, in the following year, he appeared as the editor of Shakspeare. He now rapidly advanced in the course of preferment in his profession, becoming prebend of Gloucester in 1753, king's chaplain in ordinary in 1754, then prebend of Durham, D. D. by archiepiscopal mandate, dean of Bristol in

1757, and, two years after, bishop of Gloucester. The fifth volume of the Divine Legation was published in 1765; and some remarks which he introduced on the character of doctor W. Lowth, father of the bishop of London, involved him in a new controversy, in which he was assisted by doctor Richard Hurd. Iu 1768, he established a lecture at Lincoln's inn, on the evidence in favor of Christianity from the prophecies of the Old and New Testament. The last years of his life were embittered by the decease of an only son, who fell a victim to consump tion at the age of nineteen. Bishop Warburton died at Gloucester, June 7, 1779, and was interred in the cathedral church, where a monument was erected to his memory. His works were collected and published by his friend bishop Hurd, in 1788 (6 vols., 4to.); and a biographical memoir, forming a seventh volume, appeared several years after. Doctor Johnson, in his Life of Pope, says of Warburton, "He was a man of vigorous faculties, a mind fervid and vehement, supplied, by incessant and unlimited inquiry, with wonderful extent and variety of knowledge, which yet had not oppressed his imagination, nor clouded his perspicuity. To every work he brought a memory full fraught, together with a fancy fertile of original combinations, and at once exerted the powers of the scholar, the reasoner and the wit. But his knowledge was too multifarious to be always exact, and his pursuits were too eager to be always cautious. His abilities gave him a haughty consequence, which he disdained to correct or mollify; and his impatience of opposition disposed him to treat his adversaries with such contemptuous superiority as made his readers commonly his enemies, and excited against the advocate some who favored the cause. He seems to have adopted the Roman emperor's determination, Oderint dum metuant. He used no allurements of gentle language, but wished to compel rather than to persuade. His style is copious without selection, and forcible without neatness; he took the words that presented themselves; his diction is coarse and impure, and his sentences are unmeasured."

WARD, Artemas, the first major-general in the American army, graduated at Harvard college, in 1748. For several years, he was an active and useful member of the general court, and, in 1774, one of the provincial congress. He served in the war previous to the peace of Paris, and, when the revolutionary struggle com

dependence of spirit. After leaving college, he studied medicine, and rose, in a few years, to eminence among the physicians of Boston. He soon became conspicuous as a politician; and his pen was constantly employed in defending the rights of his country, from the year in which the stamp act was passed, until the commencement of the revolutionary war. From the year 1768, he was a principal member of the secret meeting or caucus in Boston, which exercised great influence on the concerns of the country; and in the plans of defence which he helped to mature in this assembly, and which were made known after the destruction of the tea, he evinced great circumspection and wisdom, notwithstanding the boldness and ardor of his character. He was twice selected to deliver the oration on the anniversary of the Boston massacre, on which occasion he manifested his characteristic warmth and energy. On the evening before the affair of Lexington, he obtained intelligence of the intended expedition against Concord, and, at ten o'clock in the night, despatched an express to Hancock and Adams, then in the former town, to warn them of their danger. In the battle itself he was very active, and is said to have lost a part of his ear-lock by a ball. His influence was of great use in preserving order among the troops confusedly assembled at Cambridge. When Hancock repaired to the congress at Philadelphia, he was chosen his successor in the presidentship of the provincial congress; and four days previous to the affair of Bunker's hill, he received the commission of major-general. On the day of that memorable engagement, he joined the men within the lines, to encourage them, as a volunteer; and just as the retreat commenced, he was struck by a ball on the head, which terminated his career in the trenches. He was thirty-five years of age at the period of his death, and was the first victim of rank in the struggle between the two countries. In the spring of 1776, his bones were disinterred and entombed in Boston, on which occasion an eloquent funeral eulogy was pronounced by a member of the society of masons, of which he had been grand master in America. General Warren possessed a clear and vigorous understanding, and a humane and generous disposition. His qualities of head and heart, accompanied, as they were, by manners affable and winning, caused him to be almost idolized by the army and his friends. He published an oration in 1772, and an

other in 1775, commemorative of the 5th of March, 1770. Within a year after his death, congress passed resolutions to erect a monument to his memory, in Boston, with a suitable inscription (which, however, has not yet been done), and to educate his eldest son at the expense of the U. States. In 1780, this body further resolved to recommend to the executive of Massachusetts, to make provision for the maintenance and education of his three youngest children, and to defray the expense, to the amount of the half-pay of a major-general.

WARRINGTON; a thriving town of England, in Lancashire, on the Mersey; population, 16,018; eighteen miles east of Liverpool. By the reform act of 1832, it was constituted a borough, returning one member to parliament.

WARSAW (Polish Warszawa; called by the Germans Warschau, and by the French Varsovie); capital of the late kingdom, formerly capital of the whole country of Poland, on the west bank of the Vistula, 300 miles east of Berlin; lon. 20° 3' E.; lat. 52° 14' N. The population, which, in 1830, was 140,000, is now reduced to about 60,000. Warsaw has a pleasant situation, not very elevated, yet sufficiently so to be secure against the overflowings of the Vistula. It is an open town, having neither gates nor walls, but is enclosed with lines. It covers a great extent of ground, being between three and four miles long, including its four suburbs, and between two and three broad; but this extent includes large spaces occupied by gardens. The city, formerly but little better than a collection of cottages, received considerable improvements from its Saxon sovereigns of the last century. Still it was an irregular and unpleasant place, exhibiting a singular contrast of ostentation and poverty, having, in a few quarters, mansions of such splendor as to be entitled to the name of palaces; in others, a succession of miserable hovels. The streets were formerly wholly without pavements, and exceedingly filthy; but several of them have been paved, kept clean, and well lighted. The town is divided into old and new, exclusive of the four suburbs, one of which, Praga (q. v.), lies on the east bank of the river. The old town, with the exception of a few public edifices, is miserably built; but there is a greater proportion of good houses in the new town and suburbs. The largest edifice is the palace of the kings of the house of Saxony, the residence of the

viceroy, who represents the emperor of Russia. The city was in an improving state, and increasing in population and trade, previously to the insurrection of 1830. It then contained thirty-nine churches, six hospitals, a military academy, a gymnasium, a lyceum, and a university, founded in 1816, consisting of five faculties, theology, jurisprudence, political economy, philosophy, and the fine arts, with a library of 150,000 volumes, among which were 15,000 Polish works, 7000 incunabula, and 1260 manuscripts. Its situation, for an inland town, is favorable for trade. The Vistula is navigable to a great extent, upwards as well as downwards. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs, soap, tobacco, gold and silver wire, carriages, harness, and carpets. Since 1817, two great annual fairs have been established. In 1566, the diet of Poland was transferred from Cracow, the old capital of Poland, to Warsaw. (For an account of the insurrection of 1830, and the war which followed, see Poland, and Russia.) Warsaw was captured by Paskiewitch, September 7, 1831, after two days' fighting. The scenes of horror exhibited there need not be detailed. Russia is at present erecting a citadel at Warsaw, to overawe the country for the future, the cost of erecting which (20,000,000 florins) is to be extorted from the unhappy citizens.

WART (verruca); a thickening or induration of the cuticle. These little tumors form most commonly on the face and hands, and either drop off spontaneously or may be removed by the application of caustics.

WARTBURG; an ancient mountain castle, half a league from Eisenach, belonging to the grand duke of Saxe-Weimar. It was built between 1069 and 1072, was the residence of the landgraves of Thuringia, and famous for its tournaments, especially in the first half of the thirteenth century. The elector Frederic the Wise, of Saxony, caused Luther, who had been outlawed by the diet of Worms, to be carried thither, where he lived from May 4, 1521, to March 6, 1522, engaged in the translation of the Bible. The room in which he labored is yet seen. The disorderly conduct of Carlstadt induced him to leave this place. (See Carlstadt, and Luther. For the meeting of the German students here, October 18, 1817, see Eisenach.) The War of the Wartburg, one of the earliest dramatic poems, or dialogues in verse, in the German language, grew out of a poetical contest which took place

about 1207, between six of the most distinguished German poets-Henry the Clerk (Henry von Rispach), Walther von der Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Bitterolf, Henry von Ofterdingen and Reimer von Zweten or Zwetzen, assembled at the Wartburg, under the protection of the landgrave. This poem exists, in two manuscripts, in the Manesse (q. v.) collection, and in the Jena manuscript of the Minnesingers (q. v.); from which Zeune printed it in 1808. Opinions differ respecting the writer.

WARTENBURG, BATTLE OF, October 3, 1813. Wartenburg is a small place on the left bank of the Elbe. Blücher having resolved to give a turn to the war, by transferring the scene of conflict to the left bank of the Elbe, left his camp at Bautzen, September 26, and made a memorable march to the Elbe. The river was wide and rapid, and the pontons were thrown over it in the midst of the fire of the enemy. The Prussians were 24,000 strong; the French corps, under Bertrand, who opposed them, 20,000. The French were defeated with much loss.

WARTON, Joseph, son of the reverend Thomas Warton, professor of poetry at Oxford, was born in 1722, at Dunsfold in Surrey. At the age of fourteen, he entered on the foundation of Winchester school, and, in 1740, at Oriel college, Oxford. He left the university after taking his first degree, and became curate to his father, afterwards exercising the same of fice at Chelsea. He was created M. A. by diploma in 1757, and, in 1768, was admitted to the degree of D. D. He published, in 1744, a small volume of Ódes, and, in 1748, was presented, by the duke of Bolton, to the rectory of Winslade, Bucks. Soon after, he married. In 1751, he accompanied his patron, the duke of Bolton, to France, as his chaplain, for the purpose of uniting him in the bands of wedlock to his mistress, Miss Fenton, a public singer, on the occurrence of the expected death of the duchess. The chaplain, however, returning to England before that event took place, another clergyman solemnized the nuptials. In 1753, Warton published a new translation of the Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil, accompanied by Pitt's version of the Eneid, with dissertations and notes, and became a contributor to doctor Hawkesworth's Adventurer. In 1754, he was presented to the rectory of Tamworth, and, the following year, was chosen second master of Winchester school. His Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope first ap-,

peared anonymously, in 1756; and, twentysix years after, he added a second volume, part of which had been printed at the same time with the former. In 1766, he was advanced to the station of head-master at Winchester, where he presided with high reputation nearly thirty years, when he resigned the mastership, and retired to the rectory of Wickham, in Hampshire. In 1797, an edition of the works of Pope, with notes, issued from the press under his superintendence (in 9 vols., 8vo.); and he then undertook an edition of Dryden's works, of which he had prepared only two volumes at the time of his death, which took place at Wickham, in 1800. Memoirs of his Life and Writings were published (in 2 vols., 4to.) by his pupil, doctor Wooll.

WARTON, Thomas, brother of the preceding, born at Basingstoke, in 1728, received his education at Winchester school, and Trinity college, Oxford, and, in his twenty-first year, distinguished himself by his Triumph of Isis, a poetical vindication of his alma mater against the reflections in Mason's Elegy of Isis. His Progress of Discontent, said to have been composed as a college exercise in 1746, added to his fame. In 1750, he took the degree of M. A., and, the next year, was chosen a fellow of his college. His Observations on Spenser's Fairy Queen, published in 1754, made him advantageously known as a critic, and prepared the way for his election, in 1757, to the professorship of poetry at Oxford, which he filled for ten years with great ability. He was instituted to the living of Kiddington, in Oxfordshire, in 1771, and, several years afterwards, published an account of his parish, under the title of a Specimen of the History of Oxfordshire (1783, 4to.). The first volume of his History of English Poetry was published in 1774, and the second and third, respectively, in 1778 and 1781. His plan was extensive, including the period from the eleventh to the eighteenth century; but the history goes no lower than the reign of Elizabeth, and a few sheets only of a fourth volume were prepared for the press, when he relinquished his undertaking. What he has executed is, however, very well done, exhibiting an extent of research and reading, and a correctness of taste and critical judgment, which render it a subject of regret, that he should have been diverted from completing his design. A new edition of the History of Poetry, with a preliminary essay, and the notes of Ritson, &c., was published in 1824 (4 vols., 8vo.).

In 1785, Warton became Camden professor of history at Oxford, and succeeded Whitehead in the office of poet laureate. His last publication was an edition of the smaller poems of Milton, elucidated with curious notes. In his sixty-second year, he was seized with a paroxysm of the gout; and though a journey to Bath removed the complaint, yet it probably laid the foundation for a paralytic attack, which occasioned his death at Oxford, May 21, 1790. He was interred, with academical honors, in the chapel of Trinity college. Among his various literary labors, not already noticed, were an edition of the Greek Anthology (1766); another of Theocritus (1770, 2 vols., 4to.); the Life and Literary Remains of Doctor Ralph Bathurst (1761, 8vo.); Life of Sir T. Pope (1780, 8vo.); and an Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Poems attributed to Rowley (1782, 8vo.). He published a collection of his poetical productions in 1777 (8vo.); and his Poetical Works, with an Account of his Life, by Richard Mant, appeared in 2 vols., 8vo. (Oxford, 1802).

WARWICK; a town of England, in the county of the same name, on the Avon. It is of great antiquity, and celebrated for the grandeur of its castle. William the Conqueror considered this castle of great importance, enlarged it, and gave it to the custody of Henry de Newburg, on whom he bestowed the earldom of Warwick. It is, at present, one of the noblest castles remaining in England. The whole of the apartments are elegantly furnished, and adorned with many original paintings. Population, 9109; ninety miles north-west of London.

WARWICK, Guy, earl of, an English champion, now celebrated in nursery tales, is supposed to have flourished in the reign of the Saxon king Athelstan. There is a tower belonging to Warwick castle, which still bears the name of this redoubted hero, and a spot called Guy's cliff, where the hermitage, to which he retired after performing the many valorous exploits recorded of him, is said to have stood. In the suburbs of Warwick, a chantry, with a statue, was erected to his memory, in the reign of Henry VI, by Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. In the castle of Warwick are still shown his spear, buckler, spurs and bow, and also the slippers of the beautiful Phillis, for whom he performed all his wondrous achievements. Besides many victories over dragons, wild boars, &c., Guy is said to have decided the fate of the king