and, in 1788, was chosen to represent Maryland in the senate of the U. States, immediately after the adoption of the federal constitution. Since 1801, he has lived in retirement. The faithful language of his biographer is the best we can use in concluding this notice of him. "In 1791, Mr. Carroll vacated his seat in the senate of the U. States, and, in the same year, was once more chosen to the senate of Maryland. In 1796, he was again reëlected, and, in 1797, was one of the commissioners appointed to settle the boundary line between Virginia and Maryland. Mr. Carroll continued an active member of the senate of his native state until 1801, when the democratic party carried their ticket, and he was left out. In the year last mentioned he retired from public life, after having been a member of the first committees of observation, twice in the convention of Maryland, twice appointed delegate to congress, once chosen representative to the senate of the U. States, and four times elected a senator of Maryland. In 1825, one of Mr. Carroll's grand-daughters was married to the marquis of Wellesley, then viceroy of Ireland; and it is a singular circumstance, that 140 years after the first emigration of her ancestors to America, this lady should become vice-queen of the country from which they fled, at the summit of a system which a more immediate ancestor had risked every thing to destroy; or, in the energetic and poetical language of bishop England, that in the land from which his father's father fled in fear, his daughter's daughter now reigns as queen."" Mr. Carroll died Nov. 14, 1832. "During thirty years passed in public life, embracing the most eventful period of the history of the U. States, Mr. Carroll, as a politician, was quick to decide and prompt to execute. His measures were open and energetic, and he was more inclined to exceed than to fall short of the end which he proposed. As a speaker, he was concise and animated: the advantages of travel and society made him impressive and instructive. As a writer, he was remarkably dignified: his arrangement was regular; his style was full, without being diffuse, and, though highly argumentative, was prevented from being dull by the vein of polite learning which was visible throughout. In person, Mr. Carroll was slight, and rather below the middle size. His face was strongly marked; his eye quick and piercing; and his whole countenance expressive of energy and determination. His manners were easy,

affable and graceful; and, in all the elegances and observances of polite society, few men were his superiors."

CARTERET, John, earl of Granville, an eminent English statesman, born in 1690, was the eldest son of George lord Carteret, whose death put him in possession of that title before he was five years old. He was educated at Westminster school and Christ-church college, Oxford, where he highly distinguished himself by his classical attainments. He was introduced into the house of peers in 1711, and immediately distinguished himself by zeal for the Hanoverian succession, which acquired him the notice of George I, by whom he was raised successively to various posts of honor. In 1719, he was sent ambassador to Sweden, and mediated the peace between that country and Denmark. In 1721, he succeeded Craggs as secretary of state, and proved a most able support to the administration by his forcible and eloquent oratory in parliament. In 1723, he accompanied the king to Hanover, and on his return was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, which kingdom was at that time in a state of great discontent, not a little increased by the famous Drapier's letters of Swift. The dean, who esteemed lord Carteret for his manners and learning, expostulated with him for his prosecution of the printer of those letters. The lord-lieutenant ingeniously replied by a quotation from Virgil: Regni novitas me talia cogit moliri. After an administration which, upon the whole, was not unpopular, he returned to England in 1726; and, on the accession of George II, in 1727, was again appointed to the viceroyalty of Ireland, where he conducted affairs, until 1730, with great success, conciliating parties, and producing much apparent harmony, by his abilities and social talents, in which he was much aided by the countenance and humor of Swift. On his return to England, however, he became a violent opponent to sir Robert Walpole, and, in 1741, made the famous motion for an address to remove him from the king's presence and councils, exerting all his great eloquence on the occasion. In 1742, when that dismissal was effected, he became secretary of state, and in that capacity supported measures very similar to those which he had censured in Walpole. In 1744, on the death of his mother, he succeeded to the titles of viscount Carteret and earl of Granville, and in a few weeks resigned his seals as secretary of state, unable to resist the patriotic party and the Pelhams,

whom he had previously forsaken. It is unnecessary to follow him in the subsequent changes in a life of struggling and vacillating statesmanship. It is sufficient to remark, that, although obliged to yield occasionally to stronger interests, he never lost the favor of the house of Hanover; and at last died president of the council, in 1763, in the seventy-third year of his age. The natural talents and acquirements of this nobleman appear to have been eminently calculated for the sphere in which he moved. His genius was lofty and fertile, and his self-confidence equal to it; it having been said of him that he "never doubted." He was ambitious and fond of sway, but neither mercenary nor vindictive; and his own great literary attainments made him an encourager of learning in others. He was in particular the patron of doctor Taylor, so celebrated for his acquirements in the Greek language, as also of the still more famous doctor Bentley. In social life, he was pleasant, good-humored and frank. It will not add to this nobleman's character to state that he was a decided enemy to the diffusion of education, and that he deemed ignorance the best foundation of obedience.

CASIMIR PÉRIER died at Paris, May 16, 1832.

CASTELCICALA died of cholera, 1832. CATERPILLARS. (See Moth.) CELERY. (See Parsley.) CEOS. (See Zea.) CHAGREEN. (See Shagreen.) CHAIN SNAKE. (See Serpent.) CHALMERS, Thomas, lately professor of moral philosophy in the university of St. Andrews, now professor of divinity in the university of Edinburgh, was born about the year 1770, in Scotland, and proceeded to the degree of D. D., in one of the universities of his native country. He officiated for many years as minister of Kilmany; but, having become famous for his oratory, he was invited to Edinburgh; and, his reputation still extending, he at length obtained the valuable ministry of St. John's, Glasgow. In 1823, during a brief visit to London, he preached repeatedly to immense congregations. His works consist of an Address to the Inhabitants of the Parish of Kilmany, on the Duty of giving an immediate Diligence to the Business of Christian Life; Scripture References; the Utility of Missions ascertained from Experience; an Inquiry into the Extent and Stability of National Revenues; the Influence of Bible Societies on the Temporal Necessities

of the Poor; the Evidence and Authority of the Christian Revelation; a Series of Discourses on the Christian Revelation viewed in Connexion with Modern Astronomy; Sermons preached at the Tron Church, Glasgow; the Doctrine of Christian Charity applied to the Case of Religious Difference; the Two Great Instruments appointed for the Propagation of the Gospel; Speech delivered in the General Assembly respecting the Bill for augmenting the Stipends of the Clergy of Scotland; Thoughts on Universal Peace; Political Economy in Connexion with the Moral State and Prospects of Society (1832); and various tracts and other pieces, political and religious. Although many of his productions are highly honorable to the talents of doctor Chalmers, his reputation principally rests on his pulpit eloquence, which is remarkable for the power with which it appeals to the feelings, and convinces the judgment of his auditors.

CHAMPOLLION THE YOUNGER died at Paris, in March, 1832.

CHANDLER, Thomas Bradbury, a dis tinguished clergyman and writer, was born at Woodstock, Connecticut. In 1745, he graduated at Yale college, and, having joined the Episcopalian church in 1748, went to England, and took orders. On his return, he fixed his residence at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, where the church of St. John was placed under his guidance. He was made a doctor of divinity by the university of Oxford, and enjoyed a high reputation for learning, ability and piety. He died July, 1790, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. He was for some time engaged in a controversy with the reverend doctor Chauncy, of Boston,in defence of the Episcopal church. His productions were principally polemical, besides several sermons, and a life of the reverend doctor Johnson, which he prepared for the press, but which was not published until fifteen years after his death, in consequence of the revolution.

CHAPETONES. (See Creoles, and Mestizoes.)

CHARLOCK. (See Radish.)

CHEESE; the curd of milk separated from the whey and pressed or hardened. The manufacture of cheese was one of the earliest inventions. We find mention made of it in the book of Job (x. 10), one of the oldest works extant. According to Diodorus, the invention of cheese was commonly attributed to Aristæus. (q. v.) The Romans were early acquainted with this article of food. According to Cæsar,

it was much used by the ancient Germans; and Strabo mentions that the Britons were very skilful in making cheese. The Alpine cheeses, made of the milk of the cow and the sheep, were celebrated as early as the second century. The Arabians put the milk, as soon as coagulated, into osier or palm-leaf baskets, press, and eat it fresh. Such was, probably, the cheese spoken of in 1 Samuel xvii, 18, sent by Jesse to Saul. When prepared from rich milk, and well made, it is very nutritious in small quantities; but mostly indigestible when hard and ill prepared, especially to weak stomachs. If any vegetable or mineral acid be mixed with milk, the cheese separates, and, if assisted by heat, coagulates into a mass. The quantity of cheese is less when a mineral acid is used. Neutral salts, and likewise all earthy and metallic salts, separate the cheese from the whey. Sugar and gum-arabic produce the same effect. Caustic alkalies will dissolve the curd by the assistance of a boiling heat, and acids occasion a precipitation again. Vegetable acids have very little solvent power upon curd. This accounts for a greater quantity of curd being obtained when a vegetable acid is used. But what answers best is rennet, which is made by macerating in water a piece of the last stomach of a calf, salted and dried for this purpose.-There is an immense variety of cheeses, the qualities of which depend principally on the richness and flavor of the milk of which they are made, and partly on the way in which they are prepared. England is particularly celebrated for the abundance and excellence of its cheese. Cheshire and Gloucestershire are, in this respect, two of its most famous counties. The cheese produced in the former has been estimated at 11,500 tons a year. There are two kinds of Gloucester cheese, double and single: the first is made of the milk and cream, the latter, of the milk deprived of about half the cream. They are of various sizes, from twenty to seventy, and even eighty pounds; but they generally run from fifty to sixty pounds. A great deal of cheese is also made in that part of Shropshire which borders upon Cheshire, and in North Wiltshire. The former goes under the name of Cheshire cheese; the latter was, till lately, called Gloucester cheese; now it receives its appellation from the county where it is made. A strong cheese, somewhat resembling Parmesan, is made at Chedder, in Somersetshire. The celebrated rich cheese called

Stilton, is made in Leicestershire, principally in the villages round Melton Mowbray. It is not reckoned sufficiently mellow for cutting unless it be two years old, and is not salable unless it be decayed, blue and moist. A rich cheese is also made at Leigh in Lancashire. The other cheeses made in England, which have acquired a peculiar name, either from the quantity made, or from the quality, are the Derbyshire, Cottenham and Southam cheeses. The two last are newmilk cheeses, of a peculiarly fine flavor: the places where they are made are in Cambridgeshire. Bath and York are remarkable for their cream cheeses. The county of Warwick, and Banbury in Oxfordshire, are also remarkable for cheeses; the former for the quantity made in it, about 20,000 tons being annually sent to London, besides a very large supply to Birmingham. Banbury cheese is distinguished for its richness. Scotland is not celebrated for its cheese: the best is called Dunlop cheese, from a parish in Ayrshire, where it was originally manufactured. Dunlop cheeses generally weigh from twenty to sixty pounds each, and are, in all respects, similar to those of Derbyshire, except that the latter are smaller. Turmeric, marigolds, hawthorn buds, &c., were formerly used to heighten and improve the color of cheese; but arnotto (see the word) is decidedly the best ingredient that can be employed for that purpose, and is at present used in Cheshire and Gloucestershire, to the exclusion of every thing else. An ounce of genuine arnotto will color a hundred weight of cheese. Large quantities of very good cheese are produced in Holland. In the manufacture of Gouda cheese, which is reckoned the best made in Holland, muriatic acid is used in curdling the milk, instead of rennet. This renders it pungent, and preserves it from mites. Parmesan cheese, so called from Parma, in Italy, where it is manufactured, is merely a skim-milk cheese, which owes its rich flavor to the fine herbage of the meadows along the Po, where the cows feed. The best Parmesan cheese is kept for three or four years; and none is ever carried to market till it be at least six months old. Swiss cheese, particularly that denominated Gruyere, from the bailiwick of that name, in the canton of Friburg, is very celebrated. Gruyere cheeses are made of skimmed, or partially skimmed milk, and are flavored with herbs. They generally weigh from forty to sixty pounds each, and are packed

Ape.)

CHINESE COMPutation of TIME. (See Epoch.)

CHOLERA, CHOLERA MORBUS, CHOLERA ASPHYXIA, CHOLERA MALIGNA, CHOLERA EPIDEMICA, EPIDEMIC CHOLERA FEVER. All these names have been applied, by different observers, to a formidable disease, which is now, for the first time, known to be extensively epidemic in the world, and whose origin and ravages will be reckoned among the most distinguishing events of the present century. Long prior to the appearance of the present epidemic in the Delta of the Ganges, in 1817, and its subsequent diffusion over so large a portion of the globe, extensive and destructive visitations of cholera had been noticed by various writers. One of these, we learn, occurred in Europe at the close of the seventeenth century; but most of them originated in the East, and limited their devastations to that quarter of the world. The indefatigable Mr. Scot has quoted, from the Madras Courier of 1819, a letter, which suggests the opinion that a descriptionthough certainly a very obscure one of a disease resembling that which now prevails, is to be found in a Hindoo work of great antiquity, and cites instances of the epidemic prevalence and great fatality of cholera, from the time of Bontius, in 1629, to the present century; but the description of these epidemic visitations has not always reached us in so detailed a form as to enable us to judge correctly of their identity with what has been recently observed: enough, however, may be gleaned to prevent our denying this identity in some instances; indeed, it is impossible not to be struck with the resemblance which certain of the more accurately reported of these examples-especially one which occurred at Ganjam in 1781-bear to that now existing. But this much seems certain, that, however cases in previous visitations may have resembled in character those of the prevailing disease, no recorded epidemic of cholera has equalled this in the wideness of its diffu

* The following article is taken from the Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine (London, 1832), with the exception of the part relating to the appearance of the disorder in the U. States, which was furnished by a medical gentleman of Boston.

preserved its character and intensity so little influenced by climate and temperature. The question of the identity of the disease which now prevails in Great Britain, on the continent of Europe, and in North America, and that which ravaged Hindoostan, having been settled in the affirmative, at least as regards certain of their most important practical points, by the various respectable physicians who have witnessed both diseases, we may assume that much of the valuable information transmitted to us from India, respecting the nature and treatment of the malady which raged there, is applicable to that now committing its ravages in Europe.

I. Symptoms of Cholera in India.— The disease generally makes its attack in the night, or towards morning, with vomiting so excessive that the whole contents of the stomach appear to be discharged; and, nearly at the same time, the bowels are copiously emptied, as though all the solid matters in the intestinal canal were evacuated. In some cases a watery purging precedes the vomiting by some hours; but they more frequently occur simultaneously. After the first copious discharge, the patient experiences a distressing feeling of exhaustion and faintness, with ringing in the ears and giddiness. The subsequent discharges from the stomach, and those from the bowels, do not differ from each other in appearance, excepting as the matters ejected from the stomach may be tinged by medicines or other ingesta: they are generally watery, colorless and inodorous, and are compared in their appearance to barleybroth, or more frequently to rice-water. Sometimes they are like milk, occasionally yellowish, greenish, like muddy water or yeast; but the conjee-stools, as they are emphatically termed, which consist of albuminous flakes floating in serum, or discharges of pure serum, are of the most frequent occurrence. The dejections sometimes take place without effort or uneasiness, but occasionally very forcibly, with simultaneous vomiting, spasm, and sinking of the pulse. This violent action of the alimentary canal is not of long continuance, the powers of the system being unable to support it: hence the vomiting and purging generally cease some hours before death; but, in some cases, a discharge of serum takes place from the rectum, on any movement of the body, till the fatal close. In most cases, some time after the commencement of this affection of the intestinal tube, but, in others, pre

viously to it, spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the fingers and toes are felt; and these affections gradually extend along the limbs to the trunk. The spasms are imperfectly clonic or convulsive, with infrequent relaxations, are attended with great pain, and leave, for some days afterwards, a degree of stiffness in the affected muscles. The pulse is from the first small, weak and accelerated; and, after a certain interval, but especially on the accession of spasms or severe vomiting, it sinks suddenly, so as to be speedily lost in the external parts. The length of time during which a patient will live in this pulseless state is remarkable. In a case related by doctor Kellett, the pulse was gone within three hours from the attack; yet the man lived twenty-two hours in that state. On the cessation of spasm and vomiting, and sometimes apparently from the exhibition of remedies, the pulse will return in the extremities for a short time, and again cease. The skin is cold from the commencement of the disease, and, as it advances, becomes gradually colder, and is covered either with a profuse sweat or a clammy moisture. The state of its circulation, and its insensibility, are sometimes strongly denoted by the following circumstances: leeches will not draw blood from it; blisters and other vesicatories will not act; and even the mineral acids and boiling water produce no effect; and some patients are not even sensible of their application. In Europeans, the color of the surface is often livid; the lips and nails present a blue tint; and the skin of the feet and hands becomes corrugated, and exhibits a sodden appearance, as if from long immersion in hot water. With these symptoms coëxist violent pain of the intestines, with a sensation of writhing and twisting there; heartburn, which the sufferer compares to a fire consuming his entrails; excessive thirst; anxiety, with inexpressible uneasiness about the præcordia; hiccough; jactitation; and, notwithstanding the actual coldness of the surface, and even of internal parts which are accessible to the touch (the tongue for instance), a sense of heat which impels the patient incessantly to throw off the bed-clothes. The breathing is much affected, being performed either more slowly than usual (sometimes, for instance, in the advanced stage, only at the rate of seven respirations in a minnte), or the inspirations are short and sudden, with violent pain from spasm of the diaphragm; the voice being feeble, hollow, hoarse and interrupted. The eyes are

sunk in their orbits; the cornea flaccid, the conjunctivæ frequently suffused with blood; the features of the face collapsed; and the whole countenance wears a cadaverous aspect. The secretions (those of the skin and intestines excepted) are generally suspended. The functions of the mind are undisturbed almost to the very last moment of existence. The approach of recovery is denoted by the rising of the pulse, the return of heat to the surface, inclination to natural sleep, diminution or cessation of vomiting, purging, and spasms, and, after an interval, the reappearance of bilious stools, urine and saliva.* Regarding the above as a picture of the general type of a disease rather variable in character, we shall proceed to relate the more striking deviations from the ordinary form which were observed in India. Instead of the exceedingly sunk state, there was a marked excitement, with a hot and dry skin, and a pulse of considerable force, in several instances throughout great part of the course of the disease. This, in some cases, arose from the early exhibition of stimulants; but in others it appeared to be an essential part of the disorder. These cases yielded most certainly and readily to treatment; and hence many of them having been subdued without the occurrence of sinking or debility, it was a matter of doubt whether this description of disorder really belonged to the epidemic; but that it did so was placed beyond all question by some of the more protracted cases degenerating into the ordinary low form. The most fatal variety of the disease was denoted by the slightness of the commotion in the system: there was no vomiting; hardly any purging; perhaps there were only one or two stools, with no perceptible spasm; no pain of any kind; a mortal coldness, with arrest of the circulation coming on from the beginning, and the patient dying without a struggle within three or four hours. Several instances were heard of, at Hoobly and other places, of natives being struck with the disease whilst walking in the open air, and who, having fallen down, retched a little, complained of vertigo, deafness and blindness, and expired in a few minutes. Mr. Scot informs us that this most deadly form of the disease frequently manifested