ted enclosures, from ten to twenty feet square, are distributed over a part of the lawn, and display a curious collection of domestic fowls. In each enclosure is a small wooden box or house for sheltering the animals during night, or in severe weather, and for breeding. Each cage or enclosure is contrived to contain one or more trees or shrubs; and water and food are supplied in small basins and appropriate vessels. Curious varieties of aquatic fowls might be placed on floating aviaries on a lake or pond.

AXLE. (See Mechanics.)

B.

BABYROUSSA. (See Hog.)
BADGE. (See Device.)
BAHOBAB TREE. (See Baobab.)
BAILLIOL. (See Baliol.)
BALAS RUBY. (See Spinelle.)

BALBI, Adrian, born in Venice, was appointed professor of natural philosophy and geography in his native city, and, about the year 1820, went to Portugal. Here he became acquainted with the most influential politicians and literary men, and collected, in the archives of the government and elsewhere, materials for his Essai statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal et d'Algarve (Paris, 1822, 2 vols.). This excellent work contains, among other things, a chapter on Portugal in the time of the Romans. The political part of the work is the least complete; but Balbi expressly says that there are particular causes for this. In 1826 appeared at Paris his Atlas Ethnographique, in one folio volume, and an octavo volume, containing illustrations. This useful work contains a great deal of new information obtained from men like A. von Humboldt, Freycinet, Rémusat, William von Humboldt, Champollion, Hase, Jomard, Klaproth, Malte-Brun, Ritter and others. The chapter on the different modes of writing among various nations is peculiarly interesting. Balbi has also published, in Paris, statistical tables on Russia, France, the Netherlands, &c., which he intends to use for a great work. He has written several excellent articles in the Revue Encyclopédique, the Revue des deux Mondes, and the Revue Britannique. He is now publishing a geographical manual, and, after the publication is completed, will return to Italy, where a professorship of geography awaits him.

BALIZE. (See Honduras.)
BAMBA. (See Cuenza.)
BANNIER, John. (See Baner.)

BARANTE, Prosper Bruguière de, a French politician and man of letters, was born at Riom, in Auvergne, in 1783, and is descended from an old noble family. Under Napoleon, he was appointed auditor of the council of state. He was then sent as sub-prefect to Bressuire; some time after, was made prefect of the Vendée, and, subsequently, of the still more important department of the Loire. His brother was sub-prefect of Luxemburg, and his father had been prefect of the department of Leman. In 1809, Barante married a Miss Houdelot, grandchild of Mad. d'Houdelot, celebrated in the Confessions of Rousseau. When Louis XVIII returned, after the hundred days, Barante came into special favor. He received the lucrative post of superintendent of the indirect taxes, having been previously made counsellor of state. The department of the Puy-de-Dome elected him deputy; and he supported the ministers of Louis. He retained his post until the downfall of Decazes (q. v.), but was subsequently made peer. He now voted with the moderate party, and opposed several measures under Charles X, which were contrary to the spirit of the charter. His speeches contained many wise observations As soon as the house of Orleans was raised to the throne, Barante was sent as minister to the court of Turin, where he was still in the spring of 1832. He published, in 1809, a work on French literature in the eighteenth century, and contributed to the Biographie Universelle some important articles, as Froissart, and Bossuet. While prefect in the Vendée, he became acquainted with the famous madame de la Rochejaquelein. He offered her his assistance in the preparation of the history of the war in the Vendée ; and to him is ascribed the Mémoires de Madame de la Rochejaquelein, which went through several editions. He also contributed to Ladvocat's Théatre Étranger, and translated some of the productions of Schiller. He seems, likewise, to have contributed to Broglie and Guizot's Revue Française. In 1829, he published an essay on the government of the communes, when this question was agitated under Martignac. This essay shows a very imperfect knowledge of foreign laws and institutions. From 1824 to 1826 appeared ten octavo volumes of his Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne. It comprises a period of little more than a hundred years.

Little is said of Burgundy in particular, the work being principally taken up with France and Flanders. It is not of much value in point of historical research, following only the French printed chronicles; but, in point of execution, it has great merit. The style is simple and clear; and the author does not add a single remark of his own. This way of writing history, in which he took the old chronicles for models, as he says in his preface, was something new in France, and has found imitators. In 1826, he was elected member of the French academy in the room of Desèze, and, in his eulogy on his predecessor, attacked the revolution. He is now writing a history of the parliament of Paris.

BARBERINI VASE. (See Portland Vase.)
BARK. (See Plant.)
BARBÉ-MARBOIS. (See Marbois.)
BAROZZI. (See Baroccio.)

BARROW, John, member of the royal society of London, and secretary of the admiralty, from his youth has been devoted to the study of geography, mathematics and astronomy. From 1786 to 1791, he taught astronomy at Greenwich. When lord Macartney, in 1792, went on his famous embassy to China, he took Mr. Barrow with him as his private secretary, and sir George Staunton (q. v.) as secretary of legation. These gentlemen, as well as Macartney's other companions -Anderson, Holmes and Alexandereach published, in a separate work, an account of what he had seen. Barrow's is the most satisfactory. He describes, minutely, Cochin-China, whither he had gone, while the other members of the embassy remained with the Chinese court in the Mantchoo country. Soon after his return to Europe, he published, in 1794, descriptions of various sorts of pocketapparatuses of mathematical instruments, for which he had already collected materials during his residence in Oxford and Greenwich. The fame of Mungo Park (q. v.) excited in him a desire to travel in Africa; and he wished to penetrate into the interior of this continent from the south. He travelled through the desert of Karroo, and through the mountain chains of Zwartberg and Nieuweldt, and at last arrived at the village of Graaf-Reynet, where he joined a mission to some Caffre chiefs. He penetrated to the Sneuwberg, and made himself acquainted with the Hottentots, Caffres, and the wild Bushmen. Having returned to Cape Town, he went, without any companion or servant, into the territory of

Namaqua, in the neighborhood of the western coast, and made a second journey into the country of the Caffres. His work-Account of Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa (London, 1801-4) gives a new view of Southern Africa and its inhabitants, and remains, together with those of Lichtenstein and Thompson, the safest guide for travellers in that region. In 1804, he published his Observations on China, which excited so much interest in France that the son of the celebrated orientalist De Guignes wrote a particular treatise on it-Observations sur les Voyages de Barrow à la Chine. Two years after, appeared his journey to Cochin-China, to which is added an account of travels to the residence of the chief of the Bushwanas, in 1801-2, the farthest point to which any European had penetrated in Africa from the south. MalteBrun translated the whole into French in 1807. In this year, Barrow published Memoirs of lord Macartney; but these are considered to be much biased by personal friendship. The most elaborate work which he has published is his Historical Account of Voyages into the Arctic Regions (London, 1818). Having been, for a number of years, under-secretary to the admiralty, he has been able to do a great deal for the advancement of geography and natural history. No scientific expedition, for about twenty years, has been undertaken from England for which he has not made the plan, or selected the persons, or prepared questions to determine the points to which their activity should be directed. Parry, Ross, Buchan, Franklin, Richardson, &c., have benefited by his instructions. He is a member of most geographical societies, and his correspondence extends over the globe. May 24, 1830, he proposed, in the Raleigh traveller's club, the foundation of a geographical society, such as had already been formed by Malte-Brun, Eyriès, &c., in Paris, and by Ritter and Berghaus, in Berlin. July 16, the society was instituted; and Barrow, its vice-president, is the soul of it.

BARTH, Jean. (See Baert.)

BARTHÉLEMY AND MERY; two French poets, who have coöperated in their productions, like Beaumont and Fletcher. Both were born towards the end of the last century, at Marseilles. Their education was almost monastic. The authors of Rome à Paris learned Greek and Latin in the school of the fathers of the oratory (pères de l'oratoire). In their fifteenth year, when they left this school, they

could read Homer and Virgil; but Racine and Voltaire were unknown to them. They studied with zeal to supply the deficiencies in their education. In 1823, shortly before the campaign in Spain, they went to the capital. The political struggle had ended favorably for the ultras; and the vanquished revenged themselves by speeches in the chambers, and sarcastic attacks in the journals. The poetical twins caught the spirit of the time, and their satire, though more sportive than bitter, assailed individuals by name. The Sidiennes, Epitres-Satyres sur le dix-neuvième Siècle (1825), addressed to Sidi Mohammed, ambassador of the bey of Tunis, who was present at the coronation of Charles X, were not received with undivided applause. They long sought in vain for a publisher; and for their next satire, La Villéliade, they were offered only 100 francs. They therefore printed it at their own expense, and sold sixteen editions, amounting to 50,000 copies. From 1825 to 1828, appeared Les Jésuites; Rome à Paris; La Peyronnéide; La Corbiéréide; Le Congrès des Ministres; Une Soirée chez Peyronnet; and La Censure. Four days before the dissolution of Villèle's cabinet, the Adieux aux Ministres appeared. Under Martignac the satirists found little matter for their lash. With Napoléon en Egypte (1828), they entered a new field, and gave to French literature the most successful poem in the historical style which it yet possesses. While Méry made a journey to Greece, Barthélemy went to Vienna to offer this poem to the duke of Reichstadt, but could not succeed in getting access to the young duke. After his return, he described the history of this unsuccessful attempt, and the feelings which agitated his soul when he saw the prince in the theatre, in his poem Le Fils de l'Homme, ou Souvenirs de Vienne. The police immediately laid hands on it; but an edition, published in Brussels, which supplied some passages omitted in the edition of Paris, got into circulation before the legal prosecution of the poet and the printer began. On the trial, Barthélemy read a defence in verse, in which, precisely a year before the decisive days of July, 1830, he says, with bitter sarcasm, that fourteen years of tranquillity had given stability to the monarchy, and that nothing was to be feared at a time when the nation was tranquillized, and the king without suspicion.

Que les tems sont changés! Citoyens pacifiques, Hélas! loin d'exciter des tempêtes publiques,

Tremblans, privés d'appui, bannis, persécutés, Gênes par la censure ou par nos libertés, Nous trouvons à la fin pour unique refuge Un arrét pour salaire et pour critique un juge. But neither his harmonious verses, nor Merilhou's eloquent defence, could save the poet: he was sentenced to three months' imprisonment, and to pay a fine of 1000 francs. In the next year, he and Méry published, together, another satire, Waterloo au Général Bourmont, and Barthélemy alone produced a less spirited Satyre Politique. Both took an active part in the revolution of 1830. L'Insurrection, a triumphal song, was finished within a few days after. Barthélemy received a pension from the new government, which, however, he soon gave up, as subjecting him to unpleasant restraint. His latest poems are Douze Journées de la Révolution, which have appeared in numbers, since March, 1832. The Twelve Days begin with June 20, 1789 (the oath in the tennis court at Versailles), and end with the 18th of Brumaire. The poem on the 10th of August, 1792, is entitled Le Peuple-Roi. The periodical Nemesis, which was received with much approbation, came to an end on April 1, 1832; and Barthélemy returned to Marseilles. The Némésis was written in verse, generally of a satirical character, and treated of the persons and events of the time. Méry is now a librarian in Marseilles. He assisted his friend in editing the Némésis. Méry has written two novels-Le Bonnet Vert (which reminds the reader of Victor Hugo's Dernier Jours d'un Condamné), and L'Assassinat (Paris, 1832), a dramatic picture of the royalist reaction in the south of France, in 1815. A complete collection of the works of both has lately been published in Paris, under the title of Euvres de Barthélemy et Méry, with an introduction by Reybaud. The portraits in this edition are miserable.

BASAR. (See Bazar.)
BASS-WOOD. (See Lime.)

BATH, EARL OF. (See Pulteney, William.)

BATH METAL. (See Copper.)
BAY. (See Laurel.)

BAYNHAM, William, surgeon, son of doctor John Baynham, of Caroline county, Virginia, was born in December, 1749. To complete his education, he went to London, in 1769, where he entered as

a

student at St. Thomas's hospital. Here he devoted himself particularly to the study of anatomy and surgery, and soon acquired great proficiency in both these departments. In 1772, he was em

ployed, by the professor of anatomy at Cambridge, to dissect and prepare the subjects for his lectures, and continued to assist him in this manner for several winters, practising, during the remaining part of the year, very profitably, at Margate. He afterwards returned to London, and became assistant demonstrator to Mr. Else, professor of anatomy in St. Thomas's hospital. June 7, 1781, Mr. Baynham was made a member of the company of surgeons of London (which is to the surgeon what the degree of doctor of physic is to the physician), and commenced the practice of surgery in that city, in which he continued for several years. Having resided sixteen years in England, he returned to his native country, and settled in Essex, where he acquired extensive reputation, and was often sent for to the large towns, and sometimes even into other states. There is scarcely any difficult operation in surgery which he did not perform, and with almost invariable success. As a surgeon, Mr. Baynham had probably no superior; as an anatomist, he certainly was unsurpassed. He likewise obtained great eminence as a physician. Whilst in Britain, he was, unquestionably the best practical anatomist there, being unrivalled in the dissecting-room. He continued practising in Essex county until his death, which occurred on the 8th of December, 1814, in the sixty-sixth year of his age.

BEAR and BULL. (See the article StockExchange.)

BEECH DROP. (See Cancer Root.) BEHEMOTH. (See Hippopotamus.) BELGIUM, SINCE 1830. When we referred from the article Netherlands to the article Belgium, in the Appendix to the concluding volume, we hoped to be able to give an account of the settlement of the dispute between Holland and this new kingdom; but the difficulties between the two powers are not yet adjust ed. As the Belgic revolution, however, is an event of great interest, and by many but imperfectly understood, we shall now give an account of it down to the latest information received. The statements, as far as to March, 1832, are taken from the article Belgium, in the new supplement to the German Conversations-Lexikon (Conversations Lexicon of the latest Events and Literature, Leipsic, 1832); and the degree of confidence which they deserve must depend on the degree of fidelity with which that article is drawn up. If, at some future period, a supplement to this work should be published, more in

formation will be given under the heads Netherlands, Leopold, King of Belgium, and London Conferences. It is one of the striking events of an age of a most peculiar character, that while an oppressed people on the Vistula, which, from the beginning of modern European history, had formed a distinct nation, was suffered to be ground to the dust in its struggle to regain the independence which force and fraud had wrung from it—it is strange, we say, that, while such a people was sinking, unaided, like a hero covered with wounds, yet sword in hand, against the universal feeling and interest of Europe, and against the principles of humanity and justice,

at this very time, a population on the Meuse and Scheldt, which had no peculiar history or language, which never formed a distinct nation, and had nothing in its natural situation to give it such a character, which had been prospering under a constitutional government and a conscientious king, has been raised to the rank of an independent state; and, in the face of the fundamental treaties of the European powers, from the fear of a general war, Belgium, a district originally belonging to Germany, then united with the rest of the Netherlands and with Burgundy, afterwards separated from them and belonging to Spain, then to France, Austria and Holland, at length, for a few years, to France alone, and, at last, to Holland alone, after having invariably been the prey of foreign arms, and acquired, through French conquests, the German province of Liege (q. v.), has, at length, become, in consequence of a revolution, and by means of sixty and more protocols of the plenipotentiaries of the five great powers of Europe, a separate state; and the Letto-Germanic, Wallonic, Flemish, German, Dutch and French population, which is as heterogeneous as its dialects, its laws, and its successive rulers, has received a separate constitution, a German king, and the guarantee of French protection. It is promised perpetual peace or neutrality, while war hangs over it like the suspended sword of Damocles. This independence—if such it may be called-is burthened with an old and new public debt, and a deficit in the very cradle of its national existence, and has been acquired at the expense of the mart of its industry, and its channels of export. This state of things is the result of powerful causes, at work in other parts of Europe, aided by the total difference of the Dutch and the Belgians, and