ZSCHOKKE, John Henry Daniel, was born in Magdeburg, in Prussia, in 1771. He lost his parents early, and, having received bis education in the gymnasium of that city, quitted it suddenly, and remained, for some time, with a strolling troop of actors, for whom he prepared pieces. He subsequently entered the university of Frankfort on the Oder, where he studied, without any regular plan, philosophy, theology, history and belles-lettres. In 1792, he appeared as a public teacher, but was unable to obtain a fixed appointment. Some dramatic productions of his were published. In 1795, he was again disappointed, when he applied for a professorship in the university of Frankfort, having previously written against the religious edict of Wöllner. (q. v.) He now travelled, and, while on his way to Italy, was induced to stay in Switzerland, in order to take the direction of a seminary in Reichenau. During the disturbances which agitated the Helvetic republic in consequence of the French revolution, he received a great variety of appointments, some of an important character. He continues to live in Switzerland. Of his numerous works, we mention his History of the Grisons; Miscellany of the latest Information-a periodical which appeared from 1807 to 1813; his History of the Bavarian People and their Rulers, written from 1812 to 1818, and much esteemed; Contributions to the History of our Time-a periodical begun in 1817, and which ceased in 1823; History of Switzerland for the Swiss People, perhaps his best work, of which 5000 copies were sold immediately in Switzerland alone; Pictures of Switzerland (2 vols., Aaraw, 1824); and a great number of novels, tales, sketches, and small historical pieces. A collection of his writings appeared in 1825 et seq., in forty small volumes.

ZUG, the smallest of the Helvetic cantons, lies between the cantons of Zürich, Schweitz, Lucerne and Aargau. It has a superficial area of 116 square miles, and contains 14,710 inhabitants, of German origin, and of the Roman Catholic religion. In regard to its natural characters, it may be divided into two distinct parts, of which the north-western is composed of fertile valleys, and the southeastern of a mountainous land, in which, however, none of the summits rise above an elevation of 5000 feet, and the descent is gentle. A considerable part of the surface is occupied by lakes Zug and

Egeri. The inhabitants are employed almost exclusively in the breeding of cattle, and the cultivation of orchards. The constitution is democratic, the supreme power being exercised by popular representatives in different bodies. The quota of the canton in the army of the confederacy is 250 men, and the pecuniary contingent 1250 Swiss francs. The chief place is the town of the same name, with 2800 inhabitants, on lake Zug, in a delightful situation, at the foot of a mountain of the same name, surrounded by fertile meadows, orchards, vineyards, and pretty country houses. The lake bathes the foot of Righi on the south: behind rises mount Pilate; and, in the distance, the snowy summits of the Bernese Alps are seen towering up into the sky. The lake is about ten miles long and from two to three wide.

ZUIDERSEE, or ZUYDER-ZEE (i. e. South sea); an inland sea or gulf of the North sea, or German ocean, surrounded chiefly by the Dutch provinces of Holland, Överyssel, and Friesland. Its length, from north to south, is about 80 miles; its breadth varies from 15 to 30; superficial area, 1200 square miles. It is said to have been, in remote ages, a lake, until the barrier on the north-west, separating it from the German ocean, was swallowed up by some inundation of the sea. This opinion is confirmed by the position of the islands Texel, Vlieland, &c., which, with intervening shoals and sand-banks, still form a kind of defence against the ocean. The trade of Amsterdam is carried on along the Zuyder-Zee, the entrance to which is at the Texel. The communication of this sea with the lake of Harlem is by the south, the inlet on the banks of which Amsterdam is built. In so level a country there are few rivers to flow into this sea: of those that do so, the Yssel is the largest. The extent of the Zuyder-Zee exposes it to great agita tion in tempestuous weather; yet, on proceeding from South Holland to Friesland, it is usual to sail across the southern part of it, called the Lemmer, instead of making the circuit by land. The Y is a gulf of the Zuyder-Zee, which forms the connexion with the lake of Harlem, and of which a part is called the Pampus.

ZUINGLIUS. (See Zwingli.)

ZÜLLICHAU, a town in the government of Frankfort, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, 112 miles from Berlin, 17 miles east of Crossen, lon. 15° 44′ E., lat. 52° 8 N., a league from the Oder, has 4700 inhabitants, an academy, an orphan

asylum, and a seminary for school-masters. (See Schools.) It was formerly a thriving town, having many manufactories of broadcloth, large quantities of which were sent into Poland, Russia, and even China; but, since Russia has protected the Polish manufactures, Züllichau has much declined. The manufacture of silk, however, has in some measure supplied the place of that of cloth. On the banks of the Oder, much wine is made; but its quality is less to be commended than the industry of the cultivators. The town belongs, with the circle of the same name (300 square miles, with 30,000 inhabitants), to the duchy of Crossen, which, in 1538, fell to Brandenburg.

ZUMBO. (See Wax Figures.) ZUMSTEEG, John Rodolphus, a German composer, the son of a servant, was born in 1760, in Sachsenflur, in Würtemberg, and educated in the ducal school near Stuttgart, enjoyed the instruction of the members of the ducal chapel, and, when yet a pupil, composed several operettas, cantatas and songs for the Robbers of Schiller, whose friend he was. He was then appointed violoncellist in the chapel of the duke, and, in 1792, concert-master and director of the opera. He died in 1802, of apoplexy. His songs and glees are some of the best which the Germans possess. He also composed operas and a mass, &c.

ZÜRICH; a canton of Switzerland, bounded north by Schaffhausen, northeast and east by Thurgau, south-east by St. Gall, south by Schweitz and Zug, west by Aargau, and north-west by Baden (see Switzerland); square miles, 953; population, 224,150. The general aspect is pleasant, abounding in hills and valleys, but destitute of the magnificent scenery that marks the interior and south of Switzerland. The climate is mild, and the soil is tolerably fertile, and well cultivated. Rich pastures and extensive orchards abound, and, in some parts, there are fine tracts of wooded country. Corn, wine, cattle, butter and cheese are some of the principal products. The manufactures are considerable, of cotton, silk stuffs, linen, woollen and leather. The inhabitants are of German origin, and, with the exception of two societies, are Calvinists. The government, which was aristocratico-democratic in its administration, was new-modelled in 1831. The legislative power was vested in a great council of 212 members, 25 of whom formed an executive council, and court of final appeal.

ZÜRICH; a city of Switzerland, capital of the above canton, on the Limmat, at the north extremity of the lake of Zürich, in a narrow valley, between hills, 36 miles south-west of Constance, 55 northeast of Berne; lon. 8° 32′ E.; lat. 47° 22′ N. It is pleasantly situated, fortified with a wall and ditch, tolerably neat and clean, though most of the houses are old-fashioned. It has four Reformed churches. Its public buildings are not remarkable, but the scenery around is striking, and there are beautiful promenades. There are numerous private gardens; and in no place in Europe, except Haarlem, is more attention paid to fine flowers. Having the advantage of water communication by means of its lake and river, it has long been a place of manufacture and trade. Woollens, linens, cottons, leather and silk are its chief manufactures. Few places of the size of Zürich have surpassed it in the cultivation of literature. For five centuries it has been a town of literary distinction. It has a public library of 40,000 volumes, collegium humanitatis, gymnasium Carolinum, a school for the deaf and dumb, and one for the blind, a society of physics, economics, and natural history, a military school, a medical seminary, and various other institutions. Natives, Conrad Gesner, Solomon Gesner, John James Gesner, J. C. Lavater, Hirzel, and Pestalozzi. Population, 14,000. Zúrich has, in recent times, been the theatre of some interesting political events. the war carried on by the second coalition against the French republic (1799), Zürich became an important point in the military operation. On the fourth and fifth of June, the archduke Charles gained some advantages over the French forces here, and, on the seventh, occupied Zürich. In August, it became the theatre of new conflicts; and, on the twenty-fourth of September, Masséna defeated here the allied forces of Russia and Austria, and compelled them to evacuate Switzerland.

In

ZÜRICH; a lake of Switzerland, extending, in the form of a crescent, chiefly through the canton of Zürich, but partly also between those of Schweitz and St. Gall. It is divided into two parts by the strait of Rapperswyl, a quarter of a mile over, crossed by a bridge. In other places, the breadth varies to nearly five niles. The length is thirty miles. This lake, without rivalling that of Geneva in its sublime scenery, is one of the finest in Europe, being surrounded by a populous and well cultivated country, and the

prospects on its banks being richly varied. Behind and above the vine-covered hills which enclose it, loftier summits rise gradually higher and higher, till the eye finally rests on the glaciers of Glarus, Schweitz and the Grisons. The prospect is finest from the lake itself, where, as you sail along, the scene is ever shifting and changing. Upon the little island of Ufnau, was formerly seen the tomb of Von Hutten, who died here in 1523.

ZURLA, Placidus, cardinal and vicargeneral of pope Leo XII, born in the Venetian territory, at Legnago, in 1759, and appointed cardinal May 16, 1823, is known by his scientific labors. He spent several years in investigating the accounts of the discoveries of the Venetian travelfers in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, who opened the way for Columbus and Vasco da Gama. He published the result of his inquiries in his treatises respecting Marco Polo (who penetrated as far as China, and first brought to Europe information of Japan), and a few other Venetian travellers (2 vols., 4to., with notes on subjects of natural history, by Rossi, 1823). He maintains, in these works, that the brothers Zeno (q. v.) discovered, in the northern parts of the Atlantic, the coasts of Newfoundland, and other parts of America, a hundred years before Columbus, and that the Scandinavian nations maintained an intercourse with the new world as late as 1380, which they had been acquainted with as early as 980 or 1000.

The brothers Zeno collected their information on the island of Friseland, which Columbus also is said, by his son, to have visited for the same purpose. Zurla also gives the earliest Venetian chart, which confirms many statements of the Icelandic saga. The cardinal has also written treatises on the travels of Cadamosto and Rionciniotti in Eastern Africa. Zurla has had, for several years, the chief direction of the propaganda. From materials contained in the archives of this society, he prepared a discourse on the advantages which the sciences, particularly geography, owe to the Christian religion (1823).

ZURLITE; an imperfectly-described mineral, found in mount Vesuvius, with calcareous spar. It occurs in rectangular prisms, or in botryoidal masses, of an asparagus-green color. It yields to the knife, but emits sparkles with steel. Specific gravity, 3.274; melts with borax into a black glass.

ZURLO, Giuseppe, count de; an Italian politician, born, in 1759, at Naples. In

1783, when an earthquake had devastated many parts of the kingdom, and men of merit were wanted to heal the wounds of the provinces, Zurlo was sent into Calabria. He was afterwards made judge, and, in 1798, was invited to become minister of finance; but he declined the offer. The king, however, when he fled to Sicily, left him in the administration of the finances. The people, entertaining unfounded suspicions against him, seized his person, and destroyed his house. After a few months, when the royal government was reestablished, he was made minister of finance. The country was inundated with paper money, the credit of the government destroyed, and large sums wanted to meet the public exigencies. Zurlo reestablished the finances, and refused the rewards offered him for his services, saying that he had always found himself honored by his poverty. In 1803, his ministry came to an end. He refused every offer of the new government, until, in 1809, Joseph made him minister of justice. He did much within the few months that he remained in this office; but the government, wishing to give him a more extended sphere of action, made him minister of the interior. This department required an entire reorganization. Zurlo took the best measures for the promotion of agriculture, manufactures, public instruction, the fine arts, finances, &c. He also put the hospital for the insane, at Aversa, on an excellent footing. On the restoration of the old government, he accompanied the queen (madame Murat) to Trieste, where he separated from her; fell sick in Venice, and, during his recovery, made a translation of Anacreon, which appeared there anonymously. He then lived for three years in Rome, and, in 1818, received permission to return to Naples, where he was made minister of the interior in 1820, but, in consequence of the attacks of fanatics, lost the office within a few months. After that time, he lived as a private man, in Naples, where he died in 1828.

ZURZACH; a small town in the canton of Aargau, in Switzerland, with 800 inhabitants; 33 miles east of Basle. Here is a church dedicated to St. Veronica, who is said to have wrought many miracles in Zurzach, and to have been buried there; whence it became a place of pilgrimage much resorted to by devout Catholics. (See Veronica.) It still has two fairs, which originated from the former pilgrimages, and are much frequented by German, Italian and French traders.

ZUYDERSEE. (See Zuidersee.) ZWEIBRÜCKEN. (See Deux-Ponts.) ZWINGLI, or (as it is often Latinized) ZUINGLIUS, Ulrich, the Swiss reformer, was a contemporary of Luther, and was born at Wildenhausen, in the Swiss county of Toggenburg, Jan. 1, 1484. Ulrich was the third of eight sons of the bailiff of that place. He studied at an early age in Basle and Berne, and continued his studies in Vienna, where he occupied himself with philosophy, and again in Basle, where he devoted his attention to theology, under the direction of Wyttenbach. In 1506, Zwingli became parish priest at Glarus, and here employed his time, as Luther had done in the Augustine monastery at Erfurt, in the diligent reading of the Holy Scriptures. He copied the letters of Paul in the original Greek, and even learned them by heartan acquisition which afterwards proved of great service to him in his public discussions. He accompanied the forces of Glarus during the campaigns of 1512, 1513 and 1515, in Lombardy, in the cause of the pope against the French, in the capacity of chaplain, and was rewarded for this service by the grant of a pension from the pope. In 1516, he became preacher in the convent of Einsiedeln, then a celebrated place of pilgrimage. Here he showed a spirit far in advance of the age, raising his voice not only against the corruptions and abuses that had crept into the church, and infected the public morals, but even against the pilgrimages in honor of Our Lady of Einsiedeln, and calling upon the bishops of Sion and Constance to promote a reformation of religious doctrines, in conformity with the dictates of the divine word. At this time, however, his conduct was so far from exciting suspicion, that, in 1518, the papal legate, Pulci, gave him the diploma of acolyte chaplain to the holy see. He was, not long after, invited to Zürich, and entered on his office of preacher in the cathedral, Jan. 1, 1519, with a discourse in which he declared himself for the use of the Scriptures in their genuine form, without regard to the prescribed texts and lessons. At Zürich, Zwingli delivered a series of sermons on the Holy Scriptures; and these discourses, with those against error, superstition and vice, laid the foundation for his future work of reformation. The occasion which called him forth was similar to that which had aroused Luther. In 1518, Bernardin Samson, a Franciscan monk of Milan, appeared in Switzerland, with the inten30

VOL. XIII.

tion of raising money by the sale of indulgences. Zwingli, who was then preaching at Einsiedeln, opposed him there, and afterwards in Zürich, with all the power of his eloquence, and brought the indulgences into so much odium that Samson was not even permitted to enter Zürich; and the bishop of Constance, to whom the vile arts of the monk were offensive, supported Zwingli in this measure. From this time, Zwingli gradually went further in his plans, with the approbation not only of the Zurichers, but of the great body of the Swiss in general. In Zürich, his reforms were so far promoted by the government, that, in 1520, a decree was issued, ordering that the Holy Scriptures should be taught without human additions. In 1522, the reformation was extended to external ceremonies. In that year, Zwingli wrote his first work against the fasts of the church, and began the study of Hebrew. The offers of promotion which he received from pope Adrian VI had not power to make him waver. In 1523, the government of Zü rich invited all theologians to a public conference in Zürich, to convict, if possible, Zwingli of an error in doctrine. About six hundred persons, clergy and laymen, were present at this disputation. Zwingli exhibited his opinions in the form of sixty-seven propositions, which were to form the subject of discussion; but the objections of the celebrated John Faber, afterwards bishop of Vienna, appeared so unsatisfactory to the magistracy of Zürich, that they adhered still more zealously to the preachings of Zwingli. The second dispute, in which Zwingli urged his objections to images and the mass with such force that the former were soon after removed from the churches, and the latter abolished, was held, in the same year, in the presence of nine hundred persons. In 1524, Zwingli married Anna Reinhard, a widow, and, the next year, published his Commentary on true and false Religion. The reformation in his native land was now fixed upon a firm base; and he continued the work with undiminished zeal, warmly supported by the public authority, which suppressed the mendicant orders, required all questions of marriage to be settled by the civil tribunals, and established a better administration of the church revenues. In general, Zwingli agreed in his opinions with the German reformers: like them he assumed the Bible as the only rule of faith, rejected all human additions, attacked the ambition and rapacity of the clergy, as well as the

superstitions they had countenanced, and aimed to restore the church to the simplicity of primitive times. His views were on some points peculiar, particularly in regard to the real presence, and on some less important matters relative to the liturgy. In order to remove this wall of partition from between the two parties which adopted the new doctrines, a meeting between the Saxon and Swiss reformers was held at Marburg (Oct. 1-3, 1529), at the suggestion of Philip the Magnanimous, landgrave of Hesse. The former were represented by Luther and Melanchthon, the latter by Zwingli and Ecolampadius. The conference was conducted with_moderation, and the otherwise violent Luther treated Zwingli with a brotherly kindness. Although a complete union was not effected, yet a convention was agreed upon, the thirteen first articles of which, containing the most important matters of religious faith, were recognised by both parties; and the fourteenth declared that, though they could not agree as to the real presence of Christ

in the Eucharist, they would conduct towards each in the spirit of Christian charity. In 1531, an open war broke out between Zürich on the one side, and the Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schweitz, Uri, Underwalden and Zug on the other; and Zwingli was commanded to take the field, bearing the banner of the canton, which it had been usual for an ecclesiastie to support. A battle ensued on the 5th of October, and Zwingli called upon his countrymen "to trust in God." But the enemy were more than twice as strong as the Zurichers, and under better officers: the latter were therefore defeated, and Zwingli was among the slain. The Reformed church (q. v.) afterwards received from the hands of Calvin (q. v.) its present organization.-See Hess, Vie de Zwingli (Paris, 1810), and Rotermund, Life of Zwingli (in German, Bremen, 1818).—An edition of his works appeared at Zürich in 1819 seq., 4 vols.; and a more complete one has been published at the same place more recently (1828 seq.).