he continues, was also denominated Hen-wen (Old Lady), whence perhaps Hengate and Ladygate; and was the daughter of Llyr, whence Lairgate." The road from without the North Bar to Westwood and Hurn commons, was formerly called Cuckstulpit Lane, or Duckingstool Lane, from the ducking or cucking stool which formerly stood near the North Bar Dyke at the end of that lane. This mode of punishment, which was originally introduced here by the Archbishop of York at a very early period, rendered the North Bar Dyke a pool of terror to the termagant and shrew. (See the note to p. 333 of vol. i., and p. 186 of this vol.)

The street called Newbigging, or Newbegin, was in ancient times occupied by the principal inhabitants of Beverley. It is repeatedly named in the registers of the provostry so early as the reign of Henry III.

The street now called Highgate formerly extended to Butcher Row, and was called London or Londoner Street, because the London merchants that attended the ancient marts here, set up their standings and exhibited wares in that street.

About a quarter of a mile from the west end of Norwood, near the road leading to Arram, is Pickhill, the site of a moated building, which some have conjectured to be Stanley Place, the residence of the Copendales, a distinguished family which flourished at Beverley in the 14th century. The moat, which is still filled with water, encloses about half an acre of ground, now occupied as a garden. According to the author of Beverlac, the following gentlemen had mansions in Beverley in the beginning of the 18th century, Sir Charles Hotham, Bart., in the Trinities; Sir Michael Warton, adjoining North Bar; John Moyser, Esq., Alured Popple, Esq., and Francis Boynton, Esq., North Bar Street Within; Warton, Esq., Newbiggin; Warton Warton, Esq., in Eastgate, let to Sir Robert Hildyard, Bart.; Ffrancis Appleyard, Esq., in Lairgate, formerly St. Giles's; Yarburgh Constable, Esq., in Keldgate; Ffrancis Appleyard, Esq., in Toll Gavel, let to Samuel Dalton, Esq.; Mrs. Gee (widow of Wm. Gee, Esq.), in Toll Gavel; and James Hewitt, gent., in Walkergate. Several of the insulated mansions now in different parts of the town, enjoy all the advantages of a country situation, united with the benefit of the social institutions which characterise a populous and respectable town. The principal residences in Beverley are those of James Walker, Esq., Beverley Hall; Charles Reynard, Esq., Norwood House; General Marten, in North Bar Street Within; Harold Barkworth, Esq., Hengate; Charles Brereton, Esq., and Thomas Sandwith, Esq., North Bar; Robert Wylie, Esq., W. H. Bainton, Esq., and J. A. Hudson, Esq., North Bar Without; H. E. Silvester, Esq., Hurn Lodge; St. Mary's Vicarage;

John Gilby, Esq., and Thomas Shepherd, Esq., Newbegin; William Crosskill, Esq., and H. L. Williams, Esq., Walkergate; Richard Hodgson, Esq., Westwood Road; Thomas Denton, Esq., Flemingate; J. Williams, Esq., Thomas Crust, Esq., H. K. Cankrien, Esq., and Colonel Hutton, Lairgate; and R. G. Boulton, Esq., Wednesday Market.

No part of the town is too thickly crowded with a dense mass of population, and though some of the streets and lanes are narrow and confined, yet, as we have already remarked, some of the principal thoroughfares are remarkably spacious, and the whole is well paved and lighted, and exceedingly clean. Indeed Beverley is remarkable for order and regularity, as well as the cleanliness of its streets, and to this well ordered state of affairs perhaps may be attributed its almost entire exemption from epidemic diseases. During the prevalence of cholera in all parts of the kingdom in the years 1832 and 1849, the number of cases of that dreadful scourge were very few indeed in Beverley.

Besides the two magnificent churches (the Minster and St. Mary's), the other vestiges of antiquity in the town are the remains of the moats which formerly surrounded the inner Trinities and Paradise; the wall and gateway of the Friars; the North Bar, though mutilated by modern improvements, and the remains of the ditch or fosse by which the town was surrounded.

As some workmen were digging in the foundations of an old house which had been taken down in North-Bar-Street-Within, belonging to H. Ellison, Esq., in the month of August, 1827, they found several human skeletons at the depth of about seven feet from the present surface, imbedded in gravel. The bodies were found at a distance of three or four feet asunder, and some of the bones were uncommonly large.

ECCLESIASTICAL EDIFICES.-COLLEGIATE SOCIETY OF ST. JOHN.When John Archbishop of York, afterwards called St. John of Beverley, visited the humble church in the forest of Deira, about the year 700, we have seen that he enlarged or rebuilt the edifice. Leland, Sir William Dugdale, and Tanner, tell us that he built or added to it a presbytery or choir, and converted the church into a monastery.* The original building was dedicated to God in honour of St. John the Evangelist. In the new choir he founded a community of monks, dedicated under the invocation of St. John the Baptist; and on the south side of the church he built an oratory, for a society of religious virgins or nuns. This oratory, which was dedicated to St. Martin, afterwards became a parish church. In the body or nave

* Lel. Coll., vol. iii., p. 100. Dug. Mon., vol. ii., p. 26. Tan. Not., p. 625.

of the church he founded a College of seven Presbyters or secular Canons, and as many clerks, dedicated in honour of St. John the Evangelist. This collegiate and monastic establishment being completed, he placed it under the superintendence of his friend and disciple Brithunus, whom he constituted, according to Bede and Leland, the first Abbot of Beverley, in the year 704. For the support of the whole establishment, he purchased the manor of Ridings, and then built upon it the church of St. Nicholas, or the Holme Church; and with this manor and church, he gave to the establishment lands in Middleton, Welwick, Bilton, and Patrington. The founder's influence with the Saxon nobility appears to have been unceasingly exerted in behalf of this institution, and many of them increased its endowments. Soon after the foundation of the Abbey, the Archbishop was engaged in consecrating the church of South or Bishop Burton, where resided Earl Puch or Puca, the Lord of the Manor of that place, The Earl's wife being ill of a dangerous malady, the prelate was requested to visit her, and pray to heaven for her recovery. According to Bede his prayers were heard, the patient recovered her health, and in gratitude to God and the prelate for this miraculous cure, the Earl became a benefactor to the monastery, making his daughter Yolfrida a nun in the establishment, and giving with her the manor of Walkington.† Yolfrida died on the 3rd of the Ides of March, A.D. 742, and was buried at Beverley. The manor and advowson of North or Cherry Burton were presented to the Abbey by Earl Addi, and the chapels of Leckonfield and Scorborough were built by the same pious nobleman. In process of time these chapels became parish churches. "The monastic life," writes Mr. Poulson, "has seldom been fairly represented either by its friends or its foes. To the one it is all perfection, to the other all deformity. In truth it was neither of these, but, like most human institutions, composed of both. No one, who believes that he possesses an immortal soul, will deny the value of seasons of retirement for religious meditation and communion with the Deity, and there may be circumstances to justify a man in devoting the declining years of an active life to the exclusive performance of those duties." The learned author then observes that monks were by no means useless members of society, far from it. "Still less," he continues, "were they, as has often been alleged, exclusively devoted to luxurious enjoyment. At no period of their existence has this been true of many of them, in the age now referred to it was true of none." According to the custom of these times the Abbey

* Lel. Coll., vol. iii.,
p. 100.

+ Bede, lib. v., c. 14. Lel., vol. iii., p. 101. Beverlac, p. 26.

of Beverley was for religious of both sexes, as the retirement of the cloister seemed to possess attractions for the Saxon ladies. The origin of these double monasteries, for males and females, is ascribed by Dr. Lingard, "to the severity with which the founders of religious orders have always prohibited every species of unnecessary intercourse between their female disciples and persons of the other sex. To prevent it entirely was impracticable. The functions of the sacred ministry," he continues, "had always been the exclusive privilege of men, and they alone were able to support the fatigues of husbandry, and conduct the extensive estates which many convents had received from the piety of their benefactors. But it was conceived that the difficulty might be diminished, if it could not be removed; and with this view some monastic legislators devised the plan of double monasteries. In the vicinity of the edifice destined to receive the virgins who had dedicated their chastity to God, was erected a building for the residence of a society of monks, or canons, whose duty it was to officiate at the altar, and superintend the external economy of the community. The mortified and religious life to which they had bound themselves by the most solemn engagements, was supposed to render them superior to temptation; and to remove even the suspicion of evil, they were strictly forbidden to enter the enclosure of the women, except on particular occasions, with the permission of the superior, and in the presence of witnesses."*

At page 172 we have seen this venerable and sainted founder of our Abbey, weighed down by a long life of toil and care, retiring to his favourite retreat at Beverley, and after four more years spent in preparation for the coming of his God, we saw him yielding up his spirit to him that gave it. We have observed that his body was buried in the portico of the church, and that

+ At the time of the death of our founder the portico of the church was the usual place of interment for distinguished personages, for there existed a law to prevent the dead from being deposited in the church. The primitive mode of sepulture, used by heathen nations, was to convey their dead to a convenient distance from the place of their residence, and inter them in the fields. The first Christians followed their example in this respect. But the places where martyrs and other distinguished Christians were interred, soon becoming consecrated in the opinion of the people, altars, and afterwards churches, were erected on the spot; and monarchs, who had rendered essential services to Christianity, were allowed to be interred in the church porch; a privilege which was soon extended to Bishops, and other eminent ecclesiastics; and even to laymen who had done the church some service.-Council of Nantes, can. 6. Bede tells us that this law was violated in behalf of Archbishop Theodore, whose body was buried in the church, and the custom once allowed, soon prevailed throughout the whole kingdom.

numerous miracles were stated to have been wrought at his tomb.* From this period to the reign of King Athelstan but little is recorded of the Abbey of Beverley. Only three of its Abbots' names are known-Brithunus, who died in 733; Winwaldus, a monk of the house, who died in 751; and Wulfeth or Wlfeht, the third Abbot, who died in 773. We have also noticed the all but total annihilation of the Abbey by the ruthless Danes in 866, and the return of some of its former inhabitants in 870, and the partial restoration of the church and other buildings; we have seen King Athelstan prostrate before the tomb of the saint, imploring his protection; laying his sword upon the altar as a pledge of future good to the church, should his expedition prove successful. We beheld him depart with the consecrated banner of St. John of Beverley carried before him; and we have seen him return in triumph to fulfil his vow, and redeem his sword. We have likewise noticed his charter, granting to the church many exemptions, privileges, and immunities, including the right of Sanctuary; together with a grant of the lordship of Beverley, and lands in other places.

When Athelstan visited Beverley, the lands of St. John, which had been terribly devastated by the pagans, were still sufficient for the support of several priests, who lived together, and went forth to their dependent chapels, or feld kirks, for the purpose of dispensing the doctrines and consolations of religion among the people committed to their charge. The following extract from a Latin manuscript, in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, entitled "De Abbatia Beverlaci," which is quoted by the author of Beverlac, shews that Athelstan gave to the society he founded here somewhat of a Collegiate form, which was subsequently remodelled by Archbishops Alfric and Aldred:-" King Athelstan, in the 18th year of his reign, which is in the year of the Incarnation of Our Lord, 938, and from the foundation of the Abbey, 246 years, and from the deposition of St. John, 218 years, with the advice of Wolfran, Archbishop of York, made and ordained the Church of Beverley Collegiate, appointing the seven Presbyters for the future should be Canons secular, and that they should wear the canonical habit, also to the seven clerks another convenient dress, and appointed them to discharge the office of Levites (Levitar'.) And in this year Athelstan gave his lordship of Beverley to St. John and his successor, Archbishop Wulstan. He also gave in the same year to the church of Beverley, and to the Canons, his thraves in the East Riding, and peace for every crime (pace de quocumque flagitio.) In the third year following he was buried at Walmsbyrye,† which

For some further particulars of the life of St. John of Beverley, see vol. i., p. 390. + Malmsbury, in Wiltshire.