THE ETHELING EADWARD. 369 harm, but the fame of the youngest Christian Kingdom CHAP. IX. and of its renowned and sainted King was doubtless great throughout Europe. And the connexion with the Imperial House, the distant kindred of the Ætheling's children with the illustrious Cæsar, the friend and brother-in-law of King Eadward, was of all foreign ties that which it most became Englishmen to strengthen. In default therefore of any member of the royal house brought up and dwelling in the land, it was determined to recall the banished Ætheling with his wife and family. Besides his son Eadgar, he had two daughters, who bore the foreign names of Margaret and Christina. We shall hear of all three again. Eadgar, the last male descendant of Cerdic, lived Eadgar. to be in an especial manner the sport of fortune; a King twice chosen, but never crowned, a rival whom the Conqueror scorned to fear or to hurt, the friend and pensioner of successive usurpers of his own Crown. One of his sisters won a worthier fame. Margaret obtained the Margaret. honours alike of royalty and of saintship; she became one of the brightest patterns of every virtue in her own time, and she became the source through which the blood and the rights of the Imperial House of Wessex have passed to the Angevin, the Scottish, and the German sovereigns of England.2 to Eng invitation It is impossible to doubt that the resolution to invite The Ætheling invited the Ætheling was regularly passed by the authority of the King and his Witan. No lighter authority could have land: the justified such a step, or could have carried any weight with equivalent Such an invitation was equivalent to sion to the foreign courts. declaring the Ætheling to be successor to the Crown, so 1 See Appendix FF. 2 It is only through Margaret that our Kings from Henry the Second onward were descended from Eadward the Elder, Eadmund, or Eadgar. But it must not be forgotten that every descendant of Matilda of Flanders was a descendant of Elfred. to success Crown. CHAP. IX. far as English Law allowed any man to be successor before the Crown was actually vacant. It is possible that, as in some other cases, an election before the vacancy may have been attempted ; but it is perhaps more likely that all that was done was to guarantee to Eadward that same strong preference which naturally belonged only to a son of a reigning King. Such a preference, in favour of one who was the last remaining member of the royal family, would in effect hardly differ from an exclusive right. The resolution in short placed the Ætheling in the same position as if his father and not his uncle had been on the throne. His position would thus be the same as that of Eadwig and Eadgar during the reign of Eadred.2 when we remember what followed, it is important to bear in mind that the preference which undoubtedly belonged to Eadward would not belong to his son. Eadward, though so long an exile, was an Englishman born, the son of a crowned King and his Lady.3 The young Eadgar was a native of a foreign land, and was not the son of Import of royal parents. This quasi designation of Eadward to the Crown involves, as I before said, two things. It implies that the King had learned that the succession of William was a thing which he never could bring about. It implies the selec tion of Eadward. 1 See vol. i. pp. 108, 477. See vol. i. pp. 107, 626. But 2 See vol. i. pp. 62, 107, 109. I rely far more on the probability of the case than on the account given by William of Malmesbury under the influence of those Norman prejudices against which he sometimes struggles, but to which he sometimes yields. He tells us (ii. 228), "Rex Edwardus, pronus in senium [fifty, or a year or two older], quod ipse non susceperat liberos, et Godwini videret invalescere filios, misit ad Regem Hunorum ut filium fratris Edmundi, Edwardum, cum omni familiâ suâ mitteret; futurum ut aut ille aut filii sui succedant regno hæreditario Angliæ; orbitatem suam cognatorum suffragio sustentari debere." He then goes on to describe the Ætheling ("vir neque promptus manu neque probus ingenio "), his family, his return, and his death. He then adds, "Rex itaque, defuncto cognato, quia spes prioris erat soluta suffragii, Willelmo Comiti Normanniæ successionem Angliæ dedit." I believe exactly the reverse to be the truth. THE ETHELING INVITED TO ENGLAND. 371 also that neither Harold himself nor the English people CHAP. IX. had as yet formed any serious thought of the possible succession of one not of royal descent. Indeed one can hardly doubt that the resolution to send for the Etheling, if it was not made on Harold's own motion, must at any rate have had his full approval. No proposal could be more contrary to the wishes and interests of the Norman courtiers, who must either have unsuccessfully opposed it or else have found it their best wisdom to hold their peace. It was therefore, seemingly at the Whitsun Gemót, resolved to send an embassy to ask for the return of the Ætheling. And about the time that Earl Siward was warring in Scotland, the English ambassadors set forth on their errand. to the Henry. July, 1054. and Elf bassadors. A direct communication with the court of Hungary Embassy seems to have been an achievement beyond the diplomatic Emperor powers of Englishmen in that age. The immediate commission of the embassy was addressed to the Emperor Henry, with a request that he would himself send a further embassy into Hungary. At the head of the English lega- Ealdred tion was the indefatigable Bishop Ealdred, and with him wine amseems to have been coupled Abbot Elfwine of Ramsey.1 Both these Prelates had already had some experience of foreign courts. Ealdred had gone on the King's errand to the Apostolic throne, and Elfwine had been one of the representatives of the English Church at the famous Council of Rheims. The Bishop of Worcester clearly reckoned on a long absence, and we get some details of the arrangements which he made for the discharge of his ecclesiastical duties during his absence. The Abbey of Winchcombe, which he had annexed to his Bishoprick the year before, he now resigned, and the general government of the see of Worcester he entrusted to a monk of Evesham named 2 1 See Appendix FF. 3 See above, p. 111. 2 See above, p. 113. CHAP. IX. Æthelwig.1 The church of that famous monastery, raised by the skill of its Abbot Mannig,2 was now awaiting consecration. For that ceremony he deputed his neighbour Bishop Leofwine of Lichfield. He then set forth for the court of Augustus. The Emperor was then at Köln, on his return from the consecration of his young son Henry as East-Frankish or Roman King in the Great Charles's minster at Aachen. The immediate tie between Eadward and Henry had been broken by the death of Queen Gunhild; the King who was now to be crowned was the child of Henry's second wife, the Empress Agnes of Poitiers.5 But the interchange of gifts and honours between the Roman and the insular Basileus was none the less cordial and magnificent. English writers dwell with evident pleasure on the splendid reception which the English Bishop met with both from the Emperor and from Hermann, the Archbishop of the city where Ealdred had been presented to Henry. We hear also how greatly edified the English Primate was, and what reforms he was afterwards Splendid reception given to Ealdred. 1 So I understand the passage in the Evesham History, p. 87, about Æthelwig's appointment to the Abbey of Evesham in 1059. He is there spoken of as one "qui multo antea tempore episcopatum Wigornensis ecclesiæ sub Aldredo archiepiscopo laudabiliter rexerat." See Mr. Macray's note. That Ealdred is called Archbishop need be no difficulty. It is the old question about the days of Abiathar the Priest. Cf. Appendix 00. 2 On Mannig, see above, p. 69. 3 Chron. Wig. 1054. "And he lofode Leofwine bisceop to halgianne bæt mynster æt Eofeshamme, on vi. Id. Oct." * Young Henry was crowned at the age of five at Aachen, July 17th, 1054, by Hermann, Archbishop of Köln. See Lambert in anno. 5 Agnes, daughter of William the Great, Duke of Aquitaine, married King Henry in 1043 (Lambert and Chron. And. ap. Labbe, i. 276) or 1045 (Hugo Flav. ap. Labbe, i. 187) or 1049 (Chron. S. Maxent. in anno). Her father being dead, she is described as "filia Agnetis," the Agnes so famous in the history of Geoffrey Martel (see above, p. 274). Abbot Hugh, in recording the marriage, cannot refrain from the strange comment, "Quum enim esset [Heinricus] alias bonus, et omnes ejus sitirent dominium, carnis tamen incontinentiam frænare non potuit." Was Henry the Third bound to imitate Henry the Second? EALDRED'S EMBASSY TO THE EMPEROR. stay at 373 1054-1055. enabled to make in England, through his intercourse with CHAP. IX. the well-ordered churches of Germany. But the immediate His long business of the embassy advanced but slowly. The time Köln. was ill chosen for an Imperial intervention with the Hungarian court. Andrew, the reigning King of Hungary, was about this time abetting the rebellious Duke Conrad of Bavaria against the Emperor.2 We have no details of the further course of the negotiation. Ealdred abode a whole year at Köln, probably waiting for a favourable opportunity. His embassy was in the end successful; for the Ætheling did after a while return to England. But we have no further details, and Eadward did not return to England till long after Ealdred had gone back, and till at least a year after the death of the Emperor. The year of Ealdred's mission was marked also by the Death of sudden death of a somewhat remarkable person, namely Clapa. Osgod Osgod Clapa, whose movements by sea had been watched 1054. with such care five years before.3 The Chronicler remarks, seemingly with some little astonishment, that he died in his bed. Early in the next year death carried off a far Death of more famous man, no other than the great Earl of the Siward. 5 Earl Northumbrians. The victory of the last year, glorious as 1055. it was, had been bought by the bitterest domestic losses, which may not have been without their effect even on the iron spirit and frame of the old Earl. His nephew and his elder son had fallen in the war with Macbeth, and his only surviving son, afterwards the famous Waltheof, His son was still a child. Siward's first wife Ethelflæd was dead, WALTHEOF. 1 See Appendix FF. 2 Ib. 3 See above, p. 98. We have no account of the time or circumstances of his return from banishment. Chron. Ab. 1054. his bedde." "Swa swa he on his reste læg." Chron. Wig. "on 5 All the Chronicles and Florence, in anno. 6 Hen. Hunt. M. H. B. 760 C. "Adhuc parvulus." So Bromton, 946. |