Dealers in all kinds of Engineers Supplies. During the Centennial Season six months, closing November 10, 1876-the Erie Railway carried almos Phoenix Packing and Rubber Company, 100,000 passengers, without a single accident to life or limb, or the loss of a piece of baggage. And for a whole year, the official records of the United States Post-Office Department show the arrivals S. BOWEN, General Superintendent. JNO. N. ABBOTT, 112 Liberty Street, Nov York. CHRISTIAN SCHWARTZ, Gen'l Manager. Knox & Shain, MANUFACTURERS of Engineering and Telegraphic Instruments. 716 Chestnut St., Phila. (Two edals General Passenger Agent. awarded by Franklin Institrte, and one by Center njal. The only line running a through sleeping car vit Buffalo and Detroit without chang arriving at Chicago at 8.00 A.M. second morning, making sure connections with through E press Trains for Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, the Pacific Coast, Wisconsin, Minnesota and all points in the WEST AND NORTHWEST. THE ABOVE TRAINS RUN DAILY, SUNDAYS EXCEPTED. This Great Short Line passes through the most celebrated scenery in the country, including the famous HOOSAC TUNNEL, four and three-quarters miles long, being the longest Tunnel in America, and the third longest in the world. Tickets, Drawing-Room and Sleeping-Car Accommodations may be secured in Advance by Applying to or Addressing Address, E, L. LAMBIE, Washington, D. C 250 This Establishment commenced building STREET CARS in 1832, and is famed for superior ELEGANCE of workship and SUBSTANTIAL practical results. Its location, in the PORT of NEW YORK, is most favorable for shipents, and its CARS, CONSTRUCTED in SECTIONS, may be ENTIRELY MPLETED before being packed for transportation. STANDARD FOR QUALITY. OUR CLAIMS. We claim that our Finishing Varnishes are unsurpassed in the following qualities: Uniformity. 3. Fluency. 5. Drying. 7. Fulness. 9. Durability.' 4. Reliability. 6. Hardening. 8. Brilliancy. 10. Economy. Paleness. Chicago. VALENTINE & COMPANY, NEW YORK, Paris. BANKERS, 10 WALL STREET, N. Y. Kerite Insulated Telegraph Wire and Cable Of all kinds made to order, for Ocean, River, Aerial and Subterranean Lines. IN ADDITION TO A GENERAL BANKING CHANGE, MAKING LIBERAL ADVANCES ON To Investors. Cincinnati Gold 6s, due, 1906. Cin., Ind., St. L. & Chic. 1st 6, due, 1920. D. A. EASTON, With BOODY, MCLELLAN & CO., Bankers, No. 58 Broadway, N. Y. HE undersigned, agents or the manufacture, IRON & STEEL RAILS are prepared to contract o deliver best quality of any required weight and pattern. Also Speigel and PERKINS & CHOATE., 23 Nassau Street, EAMES VACUUM P. O. BOX 2,878. RAILWAY TRAIN AT LONDON PRICES, F. 0. B. Also purchase all classes of Railroad Securities, negotiate Loans for Railroad Companies. WM. A. GUEST & CO., BRAKE CO., TRAIN BRAKES, SALES OFFICE, 15 GOLD ST., NEW YORK. Represented by THOS. PROSSER & SON, THE EAMES VACUUM BRAKE is confidently offered as the most efficient, simple, durable and cheapest power Brake in the market. Can be seen in operation upon o seventy roads. M NAVIGATION, COMMERCE, FINANCE, BANKING, MACHINERY, MINING, MANUFACTURES. D QUARTO SERIES, VOL. XXXVII., No. 33.J THAMES. NEW YORK, AUGUST 13, 1881. [WHOLE No 2,364, VOL. LIV. MENTION OF STEAM ON THE the carbon keeping aloof from the iron; but should be three feet perpendicular above high as the temperature is raised the combination water mark; the base line should be five, six, am Symington, employed by Lord is furthered, until, in the case of gray or glass or seven feet, according to the ratio in force, , constructed the Charlotte Dundas, bard steel, we have really a kind of diamond for every foot of perpendicular height; the top him the merit is due of having first alloyed with iron. Sudden cooling is neces- should be level, and as broad as the levee is "practical steam engine" to drive a sary to fix the combination, for in slow cooling bigh. Thus, where high water mark is four against wind and tide. The newspapers the carbon separates from the iron. This feet above the level of the natural bank, the announce that on the 1st of July "an theory is a very promising one, and is support- perpendicular height of the levee should be nent took place on the River Thames ed by a variety of facts; Mr. Stroh, for exam-seven feet, the breadth at the top should be e purpose of werking a barge or any ple, having observed that when an electric seven feet, and its thickness at the bottom 35 Deavy craft against the tide by means of spark passes between two iron contact pieces feet, 42 feet, or 49 feet, as the ratio of five to mengine on a very simple construction. and fuses them the fused part becomes diamond ment the engine was set to work the was brought about, answering her helm 7, and she made way against a strong t, at the rate of two and a half miles an HARDENING STEEL. hard, and will scratch a file.-[Engineering. HOW THE MISSISSIPPI LEVEES ARE BUILT. The last but indispensable step in the process of levee building is the " seep water" ditch, which is dug some thirty or forty feet from the inner margin of the levee and paral one, six to one, or seven to ne might be in force. Taking for illustration, a seven foot levee constructed upon this last ratio, it will be observed that with the water standing four feet deep, there will be on a horizontal line A description of the method of building le- 25 feet of solid earth between the bottom of vees is given as follows by William L. Mur- the water outside and the air inside, and 49 fee, Sr., in Scribner's Magazine. The space feet between the bottom of the water without effect of occluded gases in iron and steel which it is to occupy is first carefully cleaned and the air at the natural surface of the earth being carefully studied by metallurgists off; trees, roots, stumps, logs, weeds, even within. eral, and a committee of the Institution grass and leaves are removed. Then in the chanical Engineers recently raised the middle of the space, extending longitudinally on in one of its reports as to whether the whole length of the proposed work, is dug rdening and tempering of iron and steel a ditch three feet wide and three feet deep, not be produced by the expulsion of oc- which is to be straightway filled up again. This i gases during the heating process and is called a mock ditch, or as some people say, subsequent exclusion by the sudden coola "muck ditch," but why "muck," is one of id contraction- Professor Chandler Rob- the things that has not been found out. The as undertaken to answer this question, object of this is twofold-to close out all root y heating rods and spiral wires of steel holes and to mortise the superstructure into tuo by means of the electric current, and natural earth, thus preventing any sliding enly quenching them in cool mercury, be under the pressure of the water. As the lenstrates that steel will harden when there vee is built of loose earth, its mass coalesces 10 gases to abscrb. The metal was, of with the loose earth with which the mock e, robbed of its occluded gases by means ditch was filled, and when the levee has been n air pump connected with the vacuum completed and settled it forms, with the conber, and the parts which were quenched tents of the mock ditch, a homogeneous mass e mercury were found to be glass hard, anchored three feet all along the line in the e those which did not reach the cold fluid solid ground. lel with it. The function of this ditch is to receive and conduct away the seep water, or transpiration water, which oozes in considerable quantities through even the most compact of levees. If permitted to remain it would levee intolerably muddy, and would operate render the ground about the inner base of the as a great disadvantage in case of emergency. The seep water ditch must be connected with plantation ditches or otherwise put in communication with the swamp in the rear, so that the water can be carried away. Finally, as a finishing touch to the new levee, it should be planted with Bermuda grass. If found to be quite soft. Professor Ro- The next process is to build the levee. The tufts of this grass be set two or three feet , therefore, concluded that gases do not material is to be taken only from the outside, apart all over the surface of the levee, it will any part in the process of hardoring and or side next to the river, and should not be in a year or two cover it completely with a pering. Professor Hughes, who has made cut nearer than twenty feet from the base of very dense sod, and by its interlacing roots erous experiments on the subject, believes the levee; the earth is carried in wheelbar-add materially to its water-resisting capacity. the temper of steel is due to the chemical rows upon run plank. The dimensions of le-When water stands for a long time against a in of the iron with the carbon. At low vees have varied from time to time, according levee, the current and the waves seriously peratures this union takes place only in a to the amount of funds available for their con- abrade its surface, cutting in sometimes so bt degree, and hence in soft steel we have structior. In any case the top of the levee deep that an inopportune wind storm would as |
