diately. Let it be stated at once wherein savage archæology is of importance to civilized archæology. We examine and measure and describe our monuments of antiquity-Stonehenge, Avebury, and others -and yet we cannot make them tell us of the men who erected them, of the scenes and actions which at one time took place around them. But once step across the borderland of national archæology into the comparative science, and then the old-world monuments of our own become, as it were, links between us and our primitive ancestors-links that connect thoughts and fancies and actions as well as stone memorials. This is the great object of Sir John Lubbock's labours in the present work. We printed in our last issue the illustration given in this volume of Stonehenge, and we give now (see p. 70) the illustration of a sacred dance as practised by the natives of Virginia. It is very interesting, says Sir John Lubbock, to see here a circle of upright stones, which, except that they are rudely carved at the upper end into the form of a head, exactly resemble our so-called "Druidical temples." Sir John Lubbock pays particular attention to the important subject of the systems of consanguinity, and he traces out the stages of social development which they illustrate and define. Since the first edition appeared this chapter has been considerably strengthened; and Sir John Lubbock's opinions against the theories of Mr. McLennan and Mr. Morgan have received much additional evidence. We cannot, however, travel over all the ground occupied by the book, but for the convenience of our readers we give the headings of the contents:- Art and Ornaments; Marriage and Relationship; Religion, Character, and Morals; Language and Laws. An Appendix is added on the Primitive Condition of Man, which gives an able and complete answer to the opposite views expressed by Archbishop Whately and the Duke of Argyll to those held by Sir John Lubbock and the leading anthropologists. We recommend this important work to our readers on every ground. Of its value we have already spoken, and it is well known and established both in England and on the Continent. It is well illustrated, containing five plates and twenty woodcuts; and Sir John Lubbock gives a good index, and a most useful list of the principal works quoted in the volume.

The Towers and Steeples designed by Sir Christopher Wren. A Descriptive, Historical, and Critical Essay, with numerous Illustrations. By ADRIAN T. TAYLOR. (London: B. T. Batsford, 1881.) 8vo. pp. viii. 47.

England has produced two great original architects -Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren. Time has destroyed much of the work of the former, and he never had such opportunities as the latter had given him by the Fire of London. Wren's works, however, have foumd in the present day a greater enemy than Time, and it is sad to see beautiful churches destroyed because the land upon which they stand is too valuable to be wasted upon a temple to God when a temple to Mammon might be erected in its place. Wren was a philosopher first, and an architect afterwards. He was a man of the most marvellous resources. Every church he built was specially fitted

for the position it held. His towers and steeples are singularly unlike each other. Some of them are even ugly when taken alone, but they harmonize together as a whole in a most remarkable manner, and the great architectural glory of London (almost its only one) is to be found in the forest of churches that surround and look up to the grand cathedral of St. Paul's. The ruthless hand of the destroyer has been laid upon ten of these churches, and thirty-one out of the remainder have been marked for destruction. Surely the Church and Churchyard Protection Society has not been founded a day too soon. It is the duty of every antiquary to do all in his power to stop any further destruction. Mr. Taylor has produced a very useful book, the illustrations of which are peculiarly interesting. These bring the chief features of Wren's work before the eye in a most convenient form, and though the book is small it is a worthy monument to the genius of the great architect. The subject is arranged as follows:-Stone Steeples: (11) consisting of St. Mary-le-Bow, Campanili of St. Paul's, St. Bride, St. Vedast, Christ Church, St. Dunstan in the East, St. Michael Royal, St. Stephen, St. James Garlick Hill, St. Mary Magdalen. Timber and Lead Spires and Lanterns: (19) St. Magnus, St. Margaret Patens, St. Swithin, St. Anne and St. Agnes, St. Augustine and St. Faith, St. Benet and St. Peter, St. Edmund the King, St. James, Westminster, St. Lawrence Jewry, St. Margaret Lothbury, St. Martin Ludgate, St. Mary Abchurch, St. Mary Aldermanbury, St. Michael Bassishaw, St. Michael Wood Street, St. Mildred, St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, St. Peter Cornhill, St. Stephen Coleman Street. Towers: (12) St. Alban, All Hallows, St. Andrew by the Wardrobe; St. Andrew Holborn ; St. Bartholomew, St. Clement and St. Martin Orgar; St. George Botolph Lane, St. Mary Aldermanbury; St. Mary at Hill, St. Mary Somerset, St. Matthew, St. Michael Cornhill; St. Olave Jewry; Westminster Abbey, Western Towers. Steeples, Spires and Towers pulled down. St, Antholin, All Hallows the Great; All Hallows Bread Street, St. Benet, St. Benedict, St. Christopher; St. Dionis Backchurch; St. Michael Crooked Lane; St. Michael Queenhithe ; St. Mildred South. Towers and Steeples outside London: St. Mary; Warwick; Entrance Tower, Christchurch College, Oxford, The Monument, Chichester Spire.

Old Yorkshire. Edited by WILLIAM SMITH, with an Introduction by the Rev. Canon RAINE. (London: Longmans. 1881.) 8vo. pp. xx. 313.

Mr. Smith continues his useful work into the second volume, containing the following divisions relative to old Yorkshire-abbeys, antiquities, artists, brasses, battles, castles, ceramics, churches, civil engineers, clergy sufferings, etymologies, fairs and festivals, families, folk-lore, manuscripts, constituencies, corporations, peerages, poets, regicides, religious houses, royalists, famous trees, and worthies. Our readers will gather from this that no subject is left untouched, and as each article is complete in itself and is written by competent authorities, we have a volume which will be of value to the student of local antiquities. The sections on etymologies contains a chapter on

field names, which we specially recommend, while we have again to commend the useful section on cor. poration antiquities, a subject that has long been too much neglected. The section on folk-lore is the least satisfactory in the book, because it contains nothing new, and so much has been done in this field that we could well have spared the space for something else. Canon Raine's excellent introduction gives additional value to a most pleasing book. The binding and printing are good and there are many excellent engravings.

Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society. Vol. I., from 1872 to 1880. Edited by J. P. POSTGATE. (London: Trübner & Co. 1881.) 8vo. pp. xiii. 420.

The Cambridge Philological Society was founded in 1872, chiefly through the joint efforts of Professor Cowell and Mr. R. Č. Jebb, the public orator, and now Professor of Greek in the University of Glasgow. The earliest list of members contains 54 names, and the numbers now are 147. A large proportion of the subjects discussed at the meetings relate to points in classical philology, although certainly Professor Skeat's name continually appears attached to notes on English etymology. There seems in this preponderance somewhat of a protest against the prominent position given to English and other modern European languages at the Philological Society of London. Since the deaths of Professor Key and Professor Malden, and some other of the founders of the older Society, few papers on classical philology have been read in the council-room at University College. It is, of course, impossible to give in a few lines any just idea of the mass of valuable information, and not less valuable suggestions, contained in a volume consisting of the transactions of eight years. One portion, however, must be specially commended, and that is an Appendix, which contains reports of the illustrative literature on five great authors published in 1880. These are Homer, by Mr. W. Leaf; Plato, by Mr. R. D. Hicks; Aristotle, by Mr. H. Jackson; Propertius, by Mr. Postgate; and Servius, by Mr. Nettleship. The editor has prefixed to this volume an interesting introduction on the work of a Philological Society. He suggests that notes of passages in the classical writers, or of points in comparative philology or grammar, which are insufficiently treated in the existing editions or text-books, should be sent to the secretary; and asks for the contribution of additions and corrections to Liddell and Scott's Greek Dictionary, and Lewis and Short's Latin one, interleaved copies of which books have been presented to the Society by the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Bromsgrove Church; its History and Antiquities, with an Account of the Sunday Schools, Churchyard and Cemetery. Compiled from the Parish Books, Registers, and other authentic sources, by WILLIAM H. COTTON. (London: Simpkin, Marshall.) 4to. pp. 158.

This is a most excellent little book, and we should like to see its example followed with respect to other

districts. What a noble record of all that has made the nation great lies buried in our parish churches; and what a noble library might be accomplished if every parish church had but one such a worshipper as Mr. Cotton! Bromsgrove Church is a noble structure, consisting of a chancel, vestry on north side, nave with clerestory, aisles, and western tower, and spire, which is 198 feet high, and serves as a landmark for use the country round. Portions of the church are of Late Norman period, about the latter half of the twelfth century, portions are of thirteenth century Gothic and portions of the Decorated or Second Pointed style. Of course the hand of the restorer has been at work here, and Mr. Cotton supplies a detailed description of the alterations made under this false name. Mr. Cotton gives full architectural details of the church and all particulars as to the registers, and the tombs, and monuments, which give details of family history. He also gives us a full list of the parish library, which is of such a suggestive nature that we believe it will be reprinted in our contemporary, the Bibliographer.

Some Notes on the Deeds relating to the Parish and other Charities of Wandsworth. By WALTER RYE. (Privately printed. 1881.) 8vo. pp. 48.

The members of the Vestry of the Church of Wandsworth have lately been investigating the old deeds in their possession, and have called in the aid of Mr. Walter Rye. The result of this investigation is the pamphlet before us, which contains the substance of forty-two old documents. The earliest date is 1234, when, on a trial at law, the jurors found that there were three acres in "Wenlesworth" belonging to the church there, and not to Simon le Barber and Matika his wife. Besides the documents relating to the charities, the first formal Constitution of the Wandsworth Vestry, confirmed and sanctioned in 1627, is here given. It contains much interesting and amusing matter, and especially a power for the majority of the vestrymen to eject any brother member guilty of unseemly speeches or usage." We hope many other parishes will follow this admirable example set by Wandsworth, and that the authorities of these parishes may find experts as capable as Mr. Rye.

Pedes Finium, or Fines relating to the County of Norfolk, levied in the Kings' Court from the third year of Richard I. to the end of the reign of John. Edited by WALTER RYE. Fifth portion, Title, Introduction, Indices, &c. (Norwich: A. H. Goose & Co. 1881.) 8vo.

The "Feet of Fines" are written in a very small hand on little pieces of parchment, and to those who are not used to such documents they are very repulsive in appearance. In consequence very little use has been hitherto made of the large amount of valuable information which they do contain. About twenty years ago, the Rev. G. H. Dashwood printed a dozen Norfolk Fines for the Norfolk and Norwich Archæological Society, and then the publication was dropped. Now Mr. Rye has made a précis of Sor Fines for the same society, and written a most inte resting introduction to explain the teaching of the documents. He writes :-"I believe this is the first

time that the fines of any country have been seriously taken in hand, and I venture to hope that the results may induce others to work the fines of other countries." The volumes of the Record Commission, entitled "Fines sive Pedes Finium," contain only those of Beds, Bucks, and a few other counties, whose initial letters are early in the alphabet. The work which Mr. Rye sets himself must have been one of great labour, but he appears to think that it has been well repaid by the results, and we hold that all who consult this book will be of the same opinion. One interesting fact that has come out is, that the fines for Norfolk greatly outnumber those of any other county. For the reign of Richard I., Norfolk has 293, while nine other counties together have only 231. Mr. Rye adds:-"Coupling this with the facts that in the Norfolk fines there is a much greater proportion_relating to small holdings of five acres and under than in any other county (a fact which points to numerous small freeholders), and that in the early Norfolk fines now before us we come across an unusually large proportion of Scandinavian names, we are drawn to the conclusion that we have here strong evidence that the Norman kings were wise enough to leave their near kinsmen, the Danes, undisturbed in their holdings to a very much greater extent that has hitherto been suspected." These Fines contain a large number of rare christian and surnames, and also the names of fifty localities which cannot now be traced in the county. Mr. Rye has also gathered together a most interesting list of field names, some of which are somewhat lengthy, as Blacunldehevedland, Burwennesneuheland, Kaimluesmerehevedland, Dudegraveuverwang, and Dunehersseswang. The volume is completed with an index of places and an index of persons. Norfolk has been specially fortunate in its topographers, and Mr. Rye is one of the ablest and the most industrious. His work, however, is of more than local interest.

Reference List of the Rolls of Arms, and other Early Authorities for Ancient Coat Armour. Compiled by JAMES GREENSTREET and CHARLES RUSSELL. (Privately printed.) 8vo. pp. 41.

Originally appearing in the Genealogist, Messrs. Greenstreet and Russell have reissued for private circulation this most excellent piece of work. It is the first thing of the kind that has yet appeared to guide antiquaries through the many difficulties which beset them in heraldic studies, and we cannot help regretting that the compilers did not issue it for sale to the public. If, however, their object is, as we may well hope, to reissue it with additions, we shall only be too thank ful for the present delay, for it must have circulated among those who could and would add to its value by giving further notes. As an example, indeed, of its value, we may mention that the original of one of the Rolls referred to, known only from copies-namely, the Camden Roll, has been discovered, and that it will be, no doubt, published by one of the Archaological Societies. The list gives full particulars of each roll of arms, and states whether the versions are contemporary collections, retrospective collections, or copies. Many useful notes are added, such, for instance, as that on the "Carlaverock" Poem, which has been published several times, notably by Sir N. VOL. V.

Harris Nicolas and Mr. Thomas Wright, but without any notification of the heraldic illustrations being suppositious, and, hence, liable to be taken on the authority of these eminent scholars to be genuine. Such thoroughly useful work as we have here reflects the highest credit upon Messrs. Greenstreet and Russell.

The Saint's Nosegay.

Collected and Composed by

the Rev. SAMUEL CLARK, sometime Preacher of the Church in Alcester and Minister of St. BenetFink. Reprinted, with a Memoir of the Author, by his Descendant, G. T. C. (London: Privately printed by Wyman & Sons. 1881.) 12mo, pp. xlvii. half title, title, pp. 173.

The Rev. Samuel Clark was a worthy member of the Puritan party in the Church, and a most voluminous author. After holding certain lectureships, he obtained the rectory of Alcester, a place notorious for its Sunday wakes and fairs, and known as "drunken Alcester." He succeeded in putting down the drunkenness, but the Anabaptists and Independents thwarted him, and he was glad to move to London, after having been at Alcester for nine years. The parish of St. Benet-Fink contained few inhabitants, and he had much leisure, which he employed by producing many books from his "study in Threadneedle Street.' This Saint's Nosegay, which was the first of the series, contains 741 sentences, expressing various religious doctrines, such as this "Christians should choose to arrive at heaven with tattered sayles, rather than to ruffle towards hell with Cleopatra's silken tacklings." The following has a strong flavour of Calvinism :-"A lust may dog and pester and overtake an holy man that hates it, and yet he hates it still; and the word may fright and drive a wicked man from the sin he loves, and yet he loves it still." The book is a capital sample of the religious literature of the time, and has been reproduced with great taste. The original title is given, and is worthy of quotation, even for its quaintness:The Saint's Nosegay, or a Posie of 741 Spiritual Flowers, both fragrant and fruitfull, pleasant and profitable. The reproduction of this little book has evidently been a labour of love with the editor, who has a written a very interesting memoir of the author, and drawn up a long list of his works, which contains, among others, A Marrow of Ecclesiastical History; A Marrow of Divinity and Cases of Conscience; A General Martyrology; An English Martyrology; A Mirror or Looking Glass for Saints and Sinners.

Catalogue of the London Library, with Classified Index of Subjects. By ROBERT HARRISON. Supplemental Volume, 1875-1880. (London: 12, St. James's Square. 1881.) Royal 8vo, pp. 219.

The Catalogue of the London Library is one of the most valuable works of reference we possess, and we therefore welcome most cordially the Supplement, which contains an account of the additions of seven years. There is a mighty feud between the advocates of long and short titles for catalogues; and although we incline to the side of the former in respect to catalogues of bibliographical treasures, we are glad that Mr. Harrison has given us short titles in his Catalogue, because we thereby obtain a great mass of information

G

in a handy form. We notice one great improvement in the Subject Index, and that is, the addition of initials of Christian names of writers in the case of several authors with the same surnames. The London Library is a most prosperous institution, and deservedly so. Doubtless, most of our readers are well acquainted with the privileges of membership, but if we are in any way instrumental in making them more widely known we shall be glad.

English Etchings. Parts 5, 6, 7, and 8.
(London: WILLIAM REEVES.)

This admirable collection of etchings continues to increase in interest. In part 5 the series of old London localities is commenced with an excellent representation of Sir Paul Pindar's house in Bishopsgate-street; by Mr. Percy Thomas, this we hope will be followed by others of the same character; Mr. Snape's plate of trees near Petersfield is very rich in effect. Part 6 contains a speaking likeness of the late Dean Stanley, by Mr. Thomas. The interior of the Cock Tavern, Fleet Street, by Mr. A. W. Bayes, is a pleasing reminiscence of an old carved chimney piece; and the view of the chancel of Norbury Church, is a very delightful representation of this singularly beautiful corner with its fine old altar, tomb of Sir Ralph Fitzgerald and his wife. We are glad to see the editor giving a permanent value to his publication, by producing pictures of definite interest, and wish his series all the success it richly deserves.

Meetings of Antiquarian Societies.

METROPOLITAN.

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. Dec. I.- Mr. E. Freshfield, V.P., in the Chair.-Mr. Freshfield exhibited a further instalment of brasses which he had presented to Winchester College for erection in the chapel in the room of those which had been removed, and had subsequently been lost on the "restoration of the chapel.-The Science and Art Department exhibited a coloured photograph of the Coventry tapestry.-Mr. H. S. Ashbee exhibited and presented a carved stone from the Jain Temple at Sravanbelgola, in the province of Mysore. The subject of the carving of this stone, the face of which was a sunk panel, eleven inches square, was an elephant, lavishly decorated with what may be called bracelets and necklets, and carrying two figures, the foremost of whom, astride on the neck, is probably the driver, and the other, or hindermost, some personage of distinction. In the two upper corners of the panel, were representations of the lotus flower. The sculpture was probably of the thirteenth or fourteenth century.

Dec. 8.-Mr. A. W. Franks, V.P., in the Chair. -Rev. F. Warren, of St. John's College, Oxford, exhibited some photographs of pages from the Leofric Missal, one of which contains an entry

concerning the manumission of a serf at a point where four cross-roads met-a custom of which there has hitherto been hardly any distinct evidence, though it has been inferred from expressions in Anglo-Saxon laws.-The Rev. Dr. John Baron exhibited a drawing of a wedding chest, purchased at Barnstaple, decorated with figures of a man and woman in the costume of the early part of the sixteenth century, surrounded by an inscription in not very intelligible Portuguese.-Dr. Baron also exhibited a very small MS. on the art of stenography, by J. Will, circa 1600. The same gentleman also read a paper upon the church of Manningford Bruce, Wilts, which consists merely of an apse, chancel and nave, and has accordingly, no east window, the windows in the apse being very small, and about eleven feet above the floor.

ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.-Dec. 1.-Mr. J. Hilton in the Chair. - Mr. S. Tucker, Somerset Herald, read a paper "On the first Parish Registers ordered by Cromwell, in 1538, and the subsequent Transcripts," and illustrated his subject by laying before the meeting the original register on paper of the parish of Warkleigh, co. Devon, 1538-1576, which he believed to be unique of its kind. Mr. Tucker supplemented his paper by quoting numerous extracts from other registers of about the same period. -The Rev. C. W. King sent a paper "On the Votive Tablets of the Scriba,' Demetrius at York," in which, by the theory he advanced, he identified the "Scriba" with that Demetrius the grammarian, mentioned by Plutarch in the opening of his treatise "On the Cessation of Oracles," as having just returned from Britain. Mr. King gave his reasons for believing that Demetrius visited Britain, probably Anglesea, "by the emperor's order," within the reign of Domitian, and that his visit was made in an official capacity, and was not unconnected with the instruction of the new subjects of Rome in letters, a feature of the general civilization of the Britons sedulously promoted by Agricola, if we may believe Tacitus. Mr. J. A. Sparvel Bayly exhibited a large collection of rubbings from brasses in Essex.

BRITISH ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.-Dec. 7. - Mr. T. Morgan in the chair. - Major P. di Cesnola exhibited a large collection of ancient Greek glass vessels from Cyprus, showing the progress of glass manufacture.-Mr. W. Myers exhibited a collection of antiquities of continental origin. Among these were some worked flints acquired at Copenhagen, and many fine and beautiful specimens of Roman fibula and Egyptian bronzes. Mr. C. H. Compton described some Roman Samian ware from Germany, in every respect similar to what is found in London, affording additional evidence of the fabrication of the articles in the Rhenish provinces. Mr. R. Allen exhibited a series of drawings of Transitional Norman ironwork from churches in Shropshire.-A Report was then made by Mr. L. Brock of the uncovering of the remains of Carrow Nunnery, Norwich, by Mr. J. J. Colman, M.P. It is found to agree with the general arrangements of a Benedictine monastery. The church is cruciform, and has had a central tower. The bases of several of the late eleventh century columns remain, and also those of two of the side altars. The chapter-house has been a small apart