tracting him from a very embarrassing position. He was said to be in correspondence with Richard Cromwell and the Republicans. Although his exact position in London is not defined, it is evident that he was an accredited agent, paid by all the various Italian Courts, and transacted business for both the Venetian and Genoese embassies, as well as the Tuscans, Romans, and Neapolitans who were in London at this time. Durazzo mentions in his Diary that Charles II. showed him a tapestry, representing the labours of Hercules, worked by Mary Stuart during her captivity. Does it exist anywhere now?

Another remarkable thing connected with English history which I discovered in Genoa, is a portrait of Anne Boleyn, by Holbein. In Ratti's Guide to Genoa, 1793, it is mentioned amongst the pictures in the Durazzo Gallery, now in Turin. But the present Marquis, Francho Spinola, inherited this portrait from his grandmother, and it is now in his magnificent collection. It was given to A. Persano, ambassador from Genoa to the Court of Henry VIII., by that much-married monarch. In the old Guide Book it is called "A portrait of Anna Bullen, by Holbein," but in the Spinola catalogue it is attributed to Rubens (?). The fact is, it is evidently by Holbein, and equally evidently has also been restored and touched up by Rubens,

for it has the outline of the former artist and

the colouring of the latter. Probably Rubens, when in Genoa, touched it up, as he did many other pictures-notably a fine Luke of Leyden, in the Raggi Chapel, in San Donato. The picture in question is small, and gives only the head and bust. There can be no doubt that it represents Queen Anna Boleyn. She is dressed in crimson velvet, with big sleeves, and a German-fashioned flat-shaped hat and plume. Her throat is concealed by rows of pearls, manifestly intended to hide. "Adam's apple," which, as is well known, she had like a man. Her fingers are covered with gems, and in one hand she holds perched a very small monkey. The face is pretty, rather than beautiful; the features irregular, eyes hazel, complexion bright, and hair yellow. Rubens's touch is easily discerned in the manipulation of the hair and complexion; the rest is Holbein, pure and simple. It is a very interesting picture, and has inscribed

in a corner, I believe, in golden letters, Anna Regina.

In the possession of the Marquis Persano, who owns who owns a fine villa on the Riviera di Ponente, some twenty miles from Genoa, are seven magnificent choir books. They are superbly bound in silver, and illuminated in the most elaborate fashion. The arms of the Abbey of Westminster appear in the frontispiece. The family tradition is that they were given by Henry VIII. to the Genoese Ambassador, Persano, and formerly belonged to our National Abbey. I have examined these gorgeous volumes, and must confess they are worthy of the historical establishment to which, in all probability, they really belonged.

The Kentish Garland.

N the August of last year we published an article on the first volume of this interesting work (iv. 58). Miss De Vaynes* has now brought her labours to an end, and completed the Kentish Garland, by collecting together such ballads as relate to the famous persons and places of the county.

Mr. Ebsworth introduces the volume with a woodcut of a lady ballad-singer (Fig. 1), and the following lines on the ballads of olden time :—

Only one little song!

With a few chords from her lute,
Stop the pulse of your heart so strong;
Make the clamours of Folly and Wrong
In an instant be hushed and mute :
For the days of old,

The Beauties now cold
Live again in that ballad sung

Where the world shines bright and young.

The persons celebrated are Thomas of Canterbury, Wat Tyler (although modern criticism has attempted to transform the Dartford leader into an Essex man), Sir John

*The Kentish Garland. Edited by Julia H. L. De Vaynes. With Additional Notes and Pictorial Ebsworth, M.A., F.S.A. Illustrations, copied from the rare originals, by J. W. Vol. II. (Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons. 1882.) 8vo, pp. xx., 457–

950, vi.

His hospitality is specially dwelt upon :

opposite neighbour Gravesend. The ballad on the death of Sir Thomas Scott, sometime comptroller of Queen Elizabeth's household, is a most racy production. It opens thus :Here lyes Sir Thomas Scott by name; Oh happie Kempe that bore him! Sir Raynold with four knights of fame; Lyv'd lyneally before him.

He made his porter shut his gate
To sycophants and briebors,
And ope it wide to great estates
And also to his neighbours.
His house was rightly termed Hall,
Whose bred and beefe was redie;
It was a very hospitall

And refuge for the needie.

These noted Kentishmen were not all worthies, for we find here a ballad entitled, "Franklin's Farewell to the World." This was James Franklin, the apothecary, who supplied the poisons used for the murder of Overbury. It is reported that beforebeinghanged

he gave the hang man a box on the ear. The personal portion of the work ends with the ballads devoted to Sir George Rooke and General Wolfe. Kent may well be proud of two such grand representatives of the navy and the army. We do not see that Miss De Vaynes

has retrieved that poem on the death of Wolfe which is said to have contained these

verses :

He march'd without dread or fears

At the head of his bold grenadiers;

And, what was more remarkable-nay very particular, He climbed up rocks that were perpendicular.

Reviews:

Early Man in Britain and his Place in the Tertiary Period. By W. BOYD DAWKINS. London: 1880. (Macmillan & Co.) 8vo. pp. xxiii. 537.

M

OST of our readers will know something of Professor Dawkins' valuable contributions to geological archæology. We have been too tardy in bringing before their notice this most excellent book, but there is this to be said for a review that is so much behind its time that having in our last issue given a summary of Professor Dawkins' recent lectures, not yet published, we are now able to point out to our readers where they can obtain many of the details and much of the comprehensive inductions which we were only able to give in the barest outline.

It is not too much to say that while geology has for a long time been looked upon as one of the far-off cousins of archaeology it was left for Professor Dawkins to show what a much nearer relationship it hasto show in fact that there is really and substantially a geological archæology. Geologic man had a social grouping, had institutions, had a domestic life, had fancies and superstitions, and has left remnants of all these phases to the modern inquirer. Professor Dawkins deals with all and each of these, and the result is that we have a picture of early man in Britain as complete and as comprehensive as if it were an historic, instead of a geologic, picture. We can little realize now that Britain was once a part of the continent, had wild horses, stags, elks, roe-deer, wild oxen, and bisons on the plains, wild boars, rhinoceros, elephants, and bears in the forests, and yet these are the facts which should, and indeed must, influence our archæological studies. These are the divisions of the book :-the relation of geology to archeology and history, biological and physical changes in Britain before the arrival of man-the eocene period, the meiocene period, the pleiocene period, biological and physical changes in Britain at the time of the arrival of man, the river drift hunter of the pleistocene age and his surroundings, the cave man and the advance in culture, the arrival of the prehistoric farmer and the herdsman-the neolithic civilization, the neolithic inhabitants of Britain of Iberian race, the further de velopment of culture-the bronze age, the introduction of bronze and of the bronze civilization into Europe, the prehistoric iron age north of the Alps, the overlap of history, Britain in the historic period. This will give our readers a fair idea of the scope of this important work, although of course we cannot, in the space allotted to us, do adequate justice to it. Historically, the importance of Professor Dawkins' work can scarcely be overrated, and there is ample evidence of this fact in the important use which Mr. Green, for instance, puts it to in his last work on the Making of England. Geologically we recognize the mind of a master of his subject. And, finally, from a purely antiquarian point of view, it is just the kind of book which, appearing on the shelves of the British Museum reading-room, should likewise grace) the bookshelves of all interested in the archæology of our land. A

very interesting style of writing, nearly two hundred well-executed engravings of objects, tumuli, animals and maps, an analytical table of contents, full references to authorities, descriptions of personally conducted explorations, and a good index, are the chief literary characteristics which add to the value we have already recorded.

A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. By the Rev. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A., Ellrington and Bosworth Professor of AngloSaxon in the University of Cambridge. (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1882.) Sm. 8vo. pp. xii. 616.

Mr. Skeat's large Dictionary is a work that ought to be within easy reach of all Englishmen ; but unfortunately it is only a small proportion of them that can afford to buy it. Under these circumstances, Mr. Skeat is highly to be commended for having placed the results of his unwearied toil in a handy and cheap form. This concise Dictionary is not a mere abridgment of the larger work, for it has been entirely re-written, and a very important modification of the alphabetical arrangement has been introduced into it; thus the derivatives are placed under the word from which they are derived, and how much this teaches will at once be seen, if we give an instance. Duke, a primary word, is followed by these allied words-abduction, adduce, conduce, conduct, conduit, deduce, deduct, doge, douche, ducal, ducat, duchess, duchy, duct, ductile, educate, educe, induce, induct, introduce, produce, product, redoubt, reduce, seduce, subdue, super induce, traduce. Each of these words occurs also in the general alphabet, with a reference to Duke. Mr. Skeat gives the Rev. J. Oswald the credit of having originally adopted a somewhat similar plan in his Dictionary of English Etymology; but Mr. Danby Fry communicated a Paper to the Philological Society some years ago, in which he described a classification of Johnson's Dictionary in this manner, which he and his father had carried out about 1840.

The appendix contains: 1. List of prefixes; 2. suffixes; 3. list of Aryan roots; 4. homonyms; 5. doublets; and 6. a distribution of words according to the languages from which they are derived, which will be found very useful. It is scarcely necessary to speak of the merits of the Dictionary, for Mr. Skeat's fame as an etymologist is so wide that they will be taken for granted. The variety of type used gives clearness to the entries, so that it is a real pleasure to consult this handy volume, and he must be specially well equipped who does not learn something each time he consults its pages.

The Prince. By NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI. Translated from the Italian by N. H. T. 1881. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.) Svo, pp. vii. 181. No book has gained such unenviable notoriety, we should think, as this famous work, and no author, as Macaulay says, has made a name so generally odious as that of the man who wrote it. Yet to read it by the light of nineteenth-century culture we much question where all the anathemas and hard words have been expended. As a serious work it is, in its *

teachings contemptible; as a satire, it is only strong as evidence of the kind of conduct that governed the princedom of Europe at the time that Machiavelli wrote. Viewed in this light, and it is the true one, there can be little doubt, the work throws a flood of light upon European history; and we are not indisposed to give Messrs. Kegan Paul's beautifully got up book a very cordial welcome in its place among the "curiosities of literature." It is one of those books that the curious antiquary would always wish to know a good deal about; and in its present dress, beautifully printed in antique style, good paper, on wide margin, it must prove useful to many of our readers. One word of protest we have to offer: why is there not an editorial preface or note, and why not a full bibliographical account of the book?

Collectanea Genealogica. Vol. I. 1882. By JOSEPH FOSTER. Privately printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney. (London & Aylesbury, 1882.) Royal Svo, 768 pp.

The heraldic exhibition at Berlin reminds us that heraldry, so long neglected and debased, is at length sharing in the medieval revival, and that the ancient spirit has been successfully infused into some of its recent productions. But genealogy stands on a different footing. The marked development which it has of late undergone, has raised it from a pastime to a science, from the sycophant of variety to the handmaid of history. Aided by Mr. Freeman's trenchant criticisms, the new school of scientific genealogists have steadily set their face against the venerable impostures which have passed current all too long, and in this work of wholesome scepticism, Mr. Foster has attained a deserved pre-eminence. It is especially by such productions as the volume before us, that the foundations are being laid for the genealogy of the future. The great bulk of its contents is formed by a series of works of reference, which promise when completed to be a vast storehouse of genealogical lore, so arranged as to be instantly accessible, not only for the student but for the public. Among these will be found alphabetical lists of the marriages of the nobility and gentry from 1655 to 1880, of the names in Musgrave's Obituary (a remarkable collection in the British Museum), of the pedigrees in Sims' Index (with additions), of the funeral certificates of the Irish aristocracy, of the admissions of members to Gray's Inn, &c. &c. This last, which is of a very interesting and valuable character, is being edited by special permission, and will be followed by those of other Inns. A biographical dictionary of all Members of Parliament down to the last election is also begun, and the section relating to Scotland will soon be completed. The addition of Chart Pedigrees is a special feature in this work, and Mr. Foster claims to have corrected many errors in the official returns. Besides these more ambitious works (which, as Mr. Foster reminds us, are intended to do for genealogy what the Index Society is doing for general literature), there will be found some critical articles, in which Ulster fares almost as badly as in Mr. Freeman's memorable essay, and in which the illegal assumption of coatarmour is discussed, and a practical remedy suggested. Some pedigrees of importance are also worked out

with the minute care which appears to characterize every portion of the volume.

If we can be in any way instrumental in widening the fame of these laborious and useful works, and adding to the number of Mr. Foster's supporters in his vast undertaking, we shall be glad.

The English Citizen: Central Government, by H. D. TRAIL; The Electorate and the Legislature, by SPENCER WALPOLE; The Poor Law, by T. W. FOWLE. 1881. (London: Macmillan.) 3 vols. These excellent handbooks on the laws and institutions which every English citizen ought to know a good deal about, should not be neglected by the antiquary. More perhaps than any other study, that of the institutions which live now, and have lived so long back in the past, has ever retained a foremost place, and it does not lose in interest when, as in the present instances, new contributions are made to suit the necessities of modern requirements. Mr. Trail gives us, in a series of well-written and succinct chapters, very good information about the Cabinet, the Treasury, the Home Office, the Foreign Office, the Colonial Office, the War Office, and the other great departments of State; and in a concluding chapter he deals with the encroachment of the central

Government upon local institutions. Mr. Spencer Walpole is well qualified to deal with the electorate; and he gives the result of much original research, besides using the best constitutional authorities. The Houses of Lords and Commons are each dealt with in a chapter to themselves. Of Poor Law, its function and its history, there is not much to say outside the Acts of Parliament which govern it and the statistics which emanate from it, but Mr. Fowle has given all this well; and he has not forgotten to say something about the many benefit societies which are the bright spots of the history of the poor. Altogether, we would recommend these handbooks as well fitted for their present purpose.

Anecdota Oxoniensia. Texts, Documents, and Extracts, chiefly from Manuscripts in the Bodleian and other Oxford Libraries. Medieval and Modern Series, Vol. I, part 1.-Sinonoma Bartholomei. Edited by J. L. G. Mowat, M.A. (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1882). 4to., 2 title-pages, pp. 44. The series here commenced is one deserving of a very warm welcome. We all know how much valuable matter is lying buried in the libraries of the country, more especially in those of the University of Oxford; and a systematic attempt to bring these materials within easy reach of scholars has long been needed. The special work before us is one of those old glossaries which contain so many curious words, such as the late Mr. Wright printed at the expense of Mr. Joseph Mayer. This glossary is taken from a fourteenth century MS. in the library of Pembroke College, Oxford, which was described by Mr. Riley in the Sixth Report of the Historical MSS. Commission. The author was John Mirfeld or Marfelde, a monk of St. Bartholomew's, London, after which he named this work. There is an index of English and quasi