it), and found them very successful in sweeping the bottom of objects which did not find their way into the dredge. In the cruises of the Blake (1877-80), a case of stout canvas was used to cover the dredge, with the result that the most delicate organisms were brought up entirely uninjured, even after the machine had been dragged along rough ground for some time; the cover was also found to preserve the net from injury by contact with sharp rocks. In dredging, before the net is let down, the depth of the water should always be ascertained by casts of the lead, when not already approximately known, and, whenever practicable, a deep-sea thermometer ought to be used in conjunction with the lead, and the temperature of the water, which has a more important bearing on the distribution of life than is generally supposed, carefully observed and recorded. The rope attaching the dredge to the vessel ought to be tested before use, as any failure in it may lead to the loss of the dredge and its contents, and must be kept sufficiently slack to prevent its snapping from any sudden jerk. The fength let out should be, as a rule, double the depth of water, to avoid danger of breakage from ordinary causes. If, however, the water be under 30 fathoms, the length of rope ought to be three times the depth. The boat from which dredging operations are carried on should always be kept moving, but very slowly. Wire-rope is used for deep-sea work with large vessels. Dredger, a machine for clearing out or deepening harbours, canals, river channels, &c. Sometimes a channel can be deepened by natural scour assisted perhaps by training-walls, but when a large quantity of hard material has to be removed, dredging has often to be adopted. The material is pumped up or raised by buckets or grabs, discharged into barges, and removed to the place of deposit. The cost of dredging is very variable, and prior to 1914 might work out at from 1d. to 1s. 6d. per ton; the larger sum might occur in the case of small quantities and with hired plant and when the place of deposit was some distance away. Repairs and maintenance expenses form a heavy item in the cost of dredging operations. There are many types of dredger suitable for different circumstances-bucket-ladder dredgers, grab, suction, rock-breaking, and eroding dredgers, of which the first-named is the most common. As shown in the diagram, the upper tumbler, T, is made to rotate by powerful gearing worked by the engines, and this gives motion to the chain to which the buckets are attached. The bucket-ladder, L, is raised and lowered by the topping-lift, H, and the lower end can project before the bow, and so cut a passage for the vessel through a dry bank. A bucket dredger at work must be securely moored by bow and stern chains or steel wire-ropes run out from each bow and quarter. The system of cross-dredging is generally adopted. The vessel is moored at one side of the bank to be dredged, the ladder is lowered so as to take a cut, and the one set of side chains are hove in and the opposite set paid out. When the bank has been crossed, the bow-chain is hove in perhaps 12 feet, and a new cut is carried across, and so on till the required depth is reached. By means of shoots the dredg. ings are discharged into barges lying alongside. When these are filled they steam to the place of deposit-usually in deep water or out at sea-and the stuff is discharged by opening the hopper-doors in the bottom of the vessels. The barge loading dredger works expeditiously, as it dredges and fills barges continuously; in the case of the hopperdredger, which dispenses with barges, the dredging is entirely suspended while steaming away to the place of deposit, and time is also lost in dropping and picking up moorings, particularly in stormy weather. But each system has its advantage according to circumstances. A bucket-ladder dredger, built in 1914 for deepening the Clyde below Port Glasgow, was 157 feet long, 34 feet beam, and 11 feet deep. In ordinary dredging material it could lift 500 tons per hour from a depth not exceeding 42 feet. Two sets of buckets were supplied, the one for hard boulder clay with buckets of 7 cubic feet capacity each, and the other for softer clay and sand with buckets of 18 cubic feet capacity. The vessel was self-propelling, and cost £21,000, but bucket-dredgers are made of much larger size and power than this vessel. Two hopperbarges, costing £15,000 each, were required to carry the dredged material some 12 miles away. These barges conveyed 1200 tons of material, and steamed, when loaded, at about 10 knots. Grab-dredgers are used chiefly in soft material, and consist of a bucket suspended from the end of an arm. The bucket, by its weight, is forced into the material, and is opened and closed by a special arrangement of chains. The system of suction-dredging is also largely adopted in dredg ing soft material. A long pipe, fitted with a nozzle, is inserted into the sand, which is pumped up and discharged either into barges or on to the shore through long pipes. Rock-dredging operations are the most expensive. When soft rock has to be removed, this may be done by claws attached to the buckets of a powerful dredger. If the rock is too hard for this method, it may be broken up either by blasting or by heavy rams-in principle huge chisel-pointed hammers weighing several tons each-and afterwards removed by grab or by buckets. The eroding-dredger is the simplest form of dredging-machine. By its means the material is loosened and left to be transported elsewhere by the current. Dredgers, combining several types, are frequently constructed. supreme Dred Scott Case, brought before the court of the United States in 1856, was the case of a negro called Dred Scott, who with his wife and two children had been held as slaves by a Dr Emerson in Missouri. On returning thither, Scott and his family claimed to be free, as having resided with their owner in Illinois and Minnesota. The decision was hostile to their claim, and they were held to be still slaves. See SLAVERY. Dreissena, a genus of bivalves, in the mussel family (Mytilida), peculiar in having the mantle halves almost completely united. One species (D. polymorpha) deserves notice, since, from its home in the Black Sea and Caspian, it has travelled westward on ships or logs, and has now established itself in many European (including British) estuaries and canals. Drelincourt, CHARLES, a French Protestant divine, was born at Sedan in 1595, and was from 1620 a pastor near Paris, where he died in 1669. He wrote, among other works, a book that was translated and frequently reprinted in English, under the title Consolations against the Fear of Death. See DEFOE. Dren'the, a frontier province of the Netherlands, bordering on Hanover; area, 1030 sq. m.; population, 210,000. It is the least populous province in the kingdom. The soil is in general poor, only about one-half of the surface being capable of cultivation, the remaining portion covered chiefly with heath and morass. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in agriculture, pasturage, and in digging and exporting peat. Drepanum. See TRAPANI. Dresden, the capital of the republic of Saxony, is situated in a charming valley on the Elbe, 116 miles SE. of Berlin, and 62 ESE. of Leipzig. The Altstadt and Friedrichstadt on the left bank of the Elbe, and the Neustadt and Antonstadt on the right or northern bank, are united by several bridges, including the Augustus Bridge, rebuilt 1906; the Albert Bridge, erected in 1875-77, a masterpiece of architecture; and the Marienbrücke, which is at once a railway and a carriage bridge. Dresden is a pleasant and attractive, though not exactly a beautiful town. It contains several open squares, and is embellished with statues and public gardens; and the Brühl Terrace, on the south bank of the Elbe, originally laid out by Count Brühl in 1738, is a charming promenade, on which in 1889 extensive improvements were made. Its architectare and splendid art collections, and its artistic and educational reputation, render Dresden one of the pleasantest and gayest of the smaller residential continental towns. Dresden occupies an important position in the history of art, especially as the cradle of rococo art, which culminated here about the middle of the 18th century. Herder called it the German Florence. The Academy of Art, opened in 1764, and specially famous for drawing and architecture, the choir in connection with the Roman Catholic church, and the Conservatory of Music, are all of no small importance to the progress of art at the present day. Scientific, educational, aesthetic, and benevolent institutions also abound in the town. The museum, one of the finest specimens of modern architecture, built by Semper in 1847-54, contains collections of engravings (400,000 examples) and drawings, besides the famous picture-gallery. The last, which owes its origin chiefly to Augustus III. of Saxony, who purchased the Modena gallery in 1745, is one of the finest collections out of Italy, and contains about 2400 paintings, mainly by Italian and Flemish masters. The gem of the collection is the 'Sistine Madonna,' by Raphael (see PIACENZA); other masterpieces being Titian's Tribute Money,' and Correggio's Magdalene' and 'La Notte.' The so-called Holbein Madonna,' often ranked second among the treasures of the gallery, is now admitted to be a replica, the original being at Darmstadt. Adjoining the museum is the Zwinger, a remarkable rococo building of 1711-22, designed as the vestibule of an elaborate palace, of which, however, no more was ever built. It now contains valuable collections of casts, zoology, mineralogy, and mathematical and philosophical instruments. The Johanneum, erected as royal stables at the end of the 16th century, now accommodates the historical museum, founded in 1833, the gallery of arms, and the priceless collection of porcelain, which embraces 15,000 specimens. The Augusteum, or collection of antiquities, chiefly Roman objects of the Imperial times, and the Public Library, are deposited in the Japanese Palace, built in 1715 in the Neustadt. The library contains over 400,000 volumes, 20,000 maps, and 4000 MSS., and is particularly complete in the departments of literary history and classical antiquity, as well as in histories of France and Germany. The Green Vault' in the royal palace contains a valuable collection of precious stones, pearls, and curios, and articles in gold, silver, ivory, &c. The cabinet of coins is also preserved in the palace. The list of art treasures in Dresden may be closed with the collection of antiques the works of the sculptor Rietschel, both in the (chiefly ecclesiastical), and the gallery of casts of 'Lustschloss,' erected in 1680, in the Grosse Garten, a handsome public park, 350 acres in extent. Among the important buildings not yet mentioned are the royal palace, a large edifice, begun by Duke George in 1534, completed in 1890-1902; the prince's palace, erected by Augustus II. in 1718; the Brühl Palace, now the Ständehaus; and the magnificent new theatre (1871-78), designed by Semper. Of the churches, the finest are the Frauenkirche (1726-34), with a lofty dome and lantern 320 feet in height; the Roman Catholic church (1737-56), in an elaborate baroque style, adorned on the exterior with sixty-four statues; the Sophienkirche (1351-57), restored and provided with towers in 1865-69; and the Kreuzkirche, the largest church in Dresden, rebuilt 1764-85, and again after being burnt down in 1897. The Synagogue (1838-40), by Semper, is worthy of mention. There is a technical high school. The most important industries are the manufactures of gold and silver articles, artificial flowers, machinery, chemicals, paper-hangings, painters' canvas and colours, chocolate, glass, pianofortes, photographic apparatus, cigarettes, straw-plaiting, brewing, and market-gardening. The so-called Dresden china' is manufactured not at Dresden but at Meissen (see POTTERY). A considerable trade is carried on by means of the Elbe, which is also enlivened by numerous small passengersteamers. Pop. (1871) 177,087; (1885) 246,086; (1890) 289,844; (1910) 548,308; (1919, 587,748. The oldest part of the town (originally Slavonic) was on the right bank of the river, but having been rebuilt after a fire in 1685, it has since been known as the Neustadt. Henry the Illustrious made Dresden his capital in 1270, and after the division of the Saxon lands in 1485 it became the seat of the Albertine line, and its prosperity increased. Several sovereigns contributed to its embellishment, as Augustus I. and Augustus II. It suffered severely, however, during the Seven Years' War, and again in August 1813, when the armies of the allies gathered from all sides towards Dresden. The assault was made on the 26th, but was beaten back by Napoleon; and the allies retreated. Napoleon did not quit the city till the 7th Oct., leaving nearly 30,000 men behind. As all access was cut off by the Russians, the city suffered from famine, and capitulated on 11th Nov. The revolution of 1849 also did great damage to the town. Dresden was occupied by the Prussians in 1866. Since that period great and numerous improvements have been effected, and the city has been extended, especially in the south-eastern suburbs, known as the English and American quarters. Dress. See FASHION. Dreux, a town of France, in the dep. of Eure-etLoir, on the Blaise, 27 miles NNW. of Chartres by rail. It lies at the foot of a hill crowned with the ruins of the castle of the Counts of Dreux. From among the ruins rises a beautiful chapel, erected by the mother of Louis-Philippe in 1816, to which were removed in 1876 the remains of the king and others of the Orleans line who had died in exile. The town-hall and the parish church are both good specimens of Gothic. Pop. 11,000. Dreux is the ancient Durocassis. In 1562 the Constable Montmorency defeated the Huguenots here. Drew, SAMUEL (1765-1835), the Cornish metaphysician,' was born at St Austell, and had been a smuggler and shoemaker when in 1788 he became a Wesleyan preacher. He died at Helston. Dreyfus, ALFRED, born in 1854 at Mülhausen in Alsace, the son of a rich Jewish manufacturer, migrated in 1874 to Paris. He was an artillery captain, attached to the General Army Staff, when in 1893-94, charged with delivering to a foreign government documents connected with the national defence, he was court-martialled, degraded, and transported to the Cayenne fle du Diable. The efforts of his wife and friends to prove him an innocent victim of malice, injustice, and forgery plunged France into a chaos of militarism and anti-Semitism. He was brought back to France in 1899, retried at Rennes, reconvicted 9th September, sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, but immedi ately pardoned. The proceedings against him were finally quashed in July 1906, and he was reinstated in the army as major. He was given the Legion of Honour in 1919. See the article ZOLA. Dreyse, JOHANN NIKOLAUS VON (1787-1867), born near Erfurt, worked as a locksmith in Germany, and in a musket-factory in Paris 1809-14. He then founded an ironware factory in Sömmerda, and commenced the manufacture of percussion-caps under a patent in 1824. In 1827 he invented a muzzle-loading, and in 1836 a breech-loading needlegun, which was adopted in the Prussian army in 1840. In 1864 Dreyse was ennobled. Driesch, HANS, physiologist and professor of Philosophy at Heidelberg (1911), was born at Kreuznach in 1867. His works on the organism, vitalism, individuality, &c. have been translated. Driffield, GREAT, the chief town in the Wolds, East Riding of Yorkshire, 11 miles N. of Beverley by rail, is connected with Hull, 19 miles to the south, by a navigable canal. The surrounding district is fertile, and the town has a considerable corn and cattle trade, besides manufactures of flour, linseed-cake, and artificial manures. Pop. 5700. Drift, a name formerly given to boulder-clay, a deposit of the Pleistocene epoch. More fully, it was called the Northern Drift, Glacial Drift, or Diluvial Drift, in allusion to its supposed origin. The old river-gravels of Pleistocene age were also often termed river-drift. The term drift has now fallen out of use. For an account of the deposits formerly termed drift, see BOULDER-CLAY, PLEISTOCENE SYSTEM. For the drift-men, see MAN. DRIFT-WOOD is wood carried by tides and currents to a distance from its native locality. Thus the shores of the Faroe Islands, Iceland, &c. are often strewn with logs brought by the Gulf Stream. Fragments of drift-wood occur as fossils in many geological formations, as in the Carboniferous Sandstones, the Chalk, the London Clay, &c. SAND-DRIFT is sand driven and accumulated by the wind. Deposits, thus formed are occasionally found among the stratified rocks, but compared with other strata they are few, though, from their anomalous character, an acquaintance with their phenomena is of importance to the geologist. As a rule, the mineral ingredients of wind-blown sand are better rounded than the grains of an aqueous accumulation of sand-the latter being carried in suspension, and thus to a large extent escaping themutual trituration to which the former are subjected. Moving sands are at the present day, in many places, altering the surface of the land. In the interior of great dry continents, as Africa, Asia, and Australia, extensive districts are covered with moving sands. The continuous blowing of a steady wind in one direction often covers a rich tract with this arid material. But the influenceof the wind on loose sand is most evident along low sandy coasts, where hills, called 'dunes,' are formed entirely of it; they sometimes attain a considerable height, as much, for instance, as 200 or 300 feet. Dunes (q.v.) are advancing on the French coasts of the Bay of Biscay at the rate of about 60 feet per annum, covering houses and farms in their progress. Similar accumulations are forming on the coasts of Elgin, Cornwall, Wexford, and other parts Section of Culbin Sandhills. of the British Isles. The Culbin Sands, in Elgin and Nairn shires, cover a large district which at a period not very distant was rich arable land. The prevailing wind is from the west, hence the hills are slowly moving in an easterly direction, at the rate A singular stratification exists in these hills. The of a mile in somewhat less than a hundred years. prevailing west wind lifts, or rather rolls the particles of sand up the gentle incline of the western aspect of the hill, until they reach the summit, where they fall, forming a steep declivity to the east, equal to the angle of repose for sand. A shower consolidates the surface of the new bed, or a land-breeze carrying fine dust separates it by a follows, and thus, as the hill moves eastward, a very thin layer of finer material from the one that regular series of strata is formed at a high angle, as is shown by the diagram. The progress of the hill is represented by the dotted outline. Little can be done to arrest the progress of these devastating sand-drifts. It has been recommended to. plant Carex arenaria and similar sand-loving plants,. which have long creeping roots: they certainly check to a considerable extent the influence of the wind. A great forest of sea-pine seven miles in width has since 1789 been maintained along the sand-dunes of the French Landes (q.v.), with great (1911-as extended in 1896) 12,425. Up to 1885. benefit to the country inland. Drill (Cynocephalus leucophaeus), a species of Baboon (q.v.), a native of Guinea, similar to the mandrill, but rather smaller and less ferocious. Drill is a general name for the exercises by which soldiers and sailors are made efficient. In the army, there are three classes of drill. First, 'setting-up' and 'gymnastic' drill, to improve the physical development of the recruit; secondly, sword, lance, and bayonet exercises, gun-drill, riding, driving, stretcher, shelter - trench, and repository drill (the technical name for shifting heavy ordnance), &c., to teach him to handle his arms, horse, or tools to the best advantage; thirdly, marching, squad, company, squadron, battery, battalion and brigade drill, &c., to enable the men composing these various bodies to act together. After some weeks of such drill, there are added tactical exercises, such as signalling, outposts, skirmishing, which complete the instruction of the recruit. An ordinary recruit requires about four months' drill to become efficient in the infantry, two years' in the cavalry, and three in the artillery. In the navy, the drills vary in the same way with the nature of the duties required. Drills. See BORING. Drimys. See WINTER'S BARK. Drinking Usages. See TOASTS. Drinkwater, JOHN, born in 1882, worked in insurance offices, and from 1903 published reflective poems (Swords and Ploughshares, Olton Pools, Tides, Loyalties, Seeds of Time, Preludes), studies of William Morris and Swinburne, and plays in verse and prose, Abraham Lincoln (1918), a sort of chronicle play, proving a great success on the stage. Mary Stuart, Oliver Cromwell, Robert E. Lee, were later achievements in this refractory kind. He was one of the promoters of the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Drogheda sent one member to parliament. From the 14th to the 17th century, Drogheda (often called Tredah) was the chief military station in Leinster. Poynings' laws were enacted here in 1494, and about the same time a mint was set up. In 1649 Cromwell stormed the town after a desperate struggle, and for a stern lesson to the Irish put its stubborn garrison to the sword. Drogheda surrendered to William III. the day after the battle of the Boyne (q.v.). Drohobycz, a town of Poland, in Eastern Galicia, 50 miles SW. of Lemberg by rail. It has extensive salt-works, petroleum-works, and dyeworks. Pop. 35,000, half of whom are Jews. Droits, ADMIRALTY. See ADMIRALTY DROITS.. Droitwich, a municipal borough in Worcestershire, on the Salwarpe, 6 miles NNE. of Worcester. It is a railway junction, and is connected by canal with the Severn. Originally a British town, and probably the Roman Saline, it was first known as Wych, from the salt-springs, to which Droit was. afterwards prefixed, expressing a legal right to them. Its salt trade has been famous from remote times. Pop. 4600. Droitwich sent one member to parliament until 1885. The admirably equipped saline baths are visited by thousands. Drôme, a department of France, on the east bank of the Rhone, to the south of the department of Isère. Area, 2508 sq. m. Pop. (1866) 324,231; (1921) 263,509. The surface is generally hilly, and even mountainous in the east, where spurs of the Alps rise to a height of 5900 feet; and, except in the Rhone valley, the soil is not very productive. Drôme is traversed by a number of affluents of the Rhone, the most notable being the Isère and the Drôme (75 miles), from which the department takes its name. Along the Rhone, however, where a Mediterranean climate prevails, the almond and olive flourish, though an occasional crop is lost from frost, and oil-nuts and the mulberry are extensively grown. Also, the cultivation of the vine was an important industry before the ravages of the Phylloxera affected it; Hermitage and the white wine Clairette de Die were especially famous. Wheat, potatoes, and melons are produced in large quantities, and the cultiva tion of truffles has become Dripstone, a projecting moulding or tablet placed over the head of a Gothic doorway or window, originally to throw off the water (whence it is also known as a water-table or weather-moulding), latterly as an ornamental appendage, serving to enrich and define the outline of the arch, and applied internally as well as externally. Ruskin points out that the dripstone is one of the chief features which distinguish the style of the rainy noteworthy. north from that of the more sunny south. Coal, cement, Driving (see COACHING, and RIDING AND and potter's DRIVING). Driving vehicles or riding furiously clay are found; and recklessly in a public place, to the danger of and there are the lieges, is an offence at common law in Eng. manufactures land, and may be prosecuted as culpable neglect of silk, woollen, of duty according to the law of Scotland. It has, straw, and iron however, been made a statutory offence, and many goods, pottery, acts have been passed under which prosecutions paper, leather, are now as a rule brought. In the United States, and glass, befurious driving in cities generally is a misde- sides an active meanour punishable by fine and imprisonment. trade in the In the absence of State laws, municipalities regu- raw products late the rate of driving. Drogheda, a seaport, and, till 1898, county of itself, in the south-east of County Louth, built mostly on the north bank of the river Boyne, 4 miles from its mouth, 32 N. of Dublin by rail, and 81 S. of Belfast. The Boyne is crossed here by a railway viaduct 95 feet high. There are linen and cotton manufactures, ironworks, tanneries, breweries, and salt-works. It has a considerable export trade, chiefly with Liverpool (140 miles distant), in corn, meal, flour, cattle, linen, hides, batter, and eggs. Vessels of 500 tons reach the quay, and barges of 50 tons ply 19 miles up the Boyne to Navan. Pop. (1851) 16,845; (1891) 11,873; of the district. The depart- Dromedary. Dromedary, a swift variety of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius), bearing the same relation to it as race-horse to cart-horse. Its usual 'pace is a trot, which, with terrible joltings to the rider, can be maintained often at the rate of nine miles an hour for many hours on a stretch. A journey of 600 miles can be performed at a slower rate in five days. After running for twenty-four hours, when in good condition, the dromedary is refreshed with a frugal meal of barley and powdered dates, along with a little water or camel's milk, and is then ready for another day of it. A gallop is a pace for which the dromedary is not adapted. Many varieties-e.g. for racing-are reared, and white forms are much prized in some parts of the East. Though now distinctive of North Africa, the dromedary seems to have been unknown to the ancient Egyptians. For general information, see CAMEL. Dromore, a town, with linen manufactures, in the north-west of County Down, on the Lagan, 17 miles SW. of Belfast by rail. Pop. 2400. It is still the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese, as it was also of an Episcopal till 1842, when it was united with Down. Jeremy Taylor and Thomas Percy were bishops of Dromore. Drone. See BEE. Drontheim. See TRONDHJEM. Dropsy (Gr. hydrops, from hydor, water'), a class of diseases always of serious import, though not often, perhaps, directly fatal. Dropsy is rather a symptom than a disease; it consists of the effusion of watery fluid from the blood into the skin and subjacent textures, or into the cavities of the body. When the effusion is chiefly in the superficial parts, the dropsy is called Anasarca (ana, upon, sarx, 'the flesh'); when it is in the abdomen, it is termed Ascites; when in the space around the lungs, Hydrothorax. Dropsy most commonly depends on disease of the Heart (q.v.) or Kidneys (q.v.); in cases of ascites, the liver and spleen are often at fault. The treatment of dropsy is chiefly by Diuretics (q.v.) and other evacuant remedies, which remove the fluid from the textures by unloading the blood of its excess of serum. other cases, where the power of the heart is at fault, cardiac stimulants are given. In all cases, the internal organs should be, if possible, submitted to a strict medical examination, and the treatment regulated accordingly. Mechanical means are also frequently used to relieve the patient of the fluidin the case of the cavities of the body, Tapping (q.v.); in the cellular tissue either free incisions, or small tubes inserted through the skin, by which the fluid is allowed gradually to drain away. In Dropwort. See SPIREA, and WATER DROP WORT. Droseraceae, a small order of archichlamydeous dicotyledons allied to Saxifrages, and including about 100 species. They are small herbaceous plants, generally inhabiting marshy places, with leaves frequently circinate in bud, and usually covered with glandular processes or hairs. These are very frequently adapted to the capture and digestion of insects. See INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS. Drosky. See CARRIAGE. Drosophila. See FRUIT-FLY. Drouet, JEAN BAPTISTE, COMTE D'ERLON, French marshal, was born 29th July 1765, at Rheims, entered a regiment of volunteers in 1792, and took part during the years 1793-96 in the campaigns of the Moselle, Meuse, and Sambre. His conduct in the Peninsular war was highly distinguished. After the fall of Napoleon, the Bourbons gave him the command of the 16th division, but he was shortly after arrested on the charge of conspiring against the royal family. On the return of Napoleon from Elba, he contrived to seize the citadel of Lille, in which he had been imprisoned, and held it for the emperor, who made him a peer of France. At the battle of Waterloo he commanded the first corps d'armée. After the capitulation of Paris, he fled to Bavaria, where he resided until the July revolution, when he returned to France, and received in 1832 the command of the army of Vendée. During 1834-35, he held the important office of governor-general of Algeria, and in 1843 was elevated to the rank of marshal. Drouet died 25th January 1844.-JEAN BAPTISTE DROUET (1763-1824) was a zealous revolutionist of the extreme Jacobin section; and LOUIS DROUET (1792-1873) was a very famous flute-player. Drouyn de Lhuys, ÉDOUARD, a French statesman, born in 1805, was attached to the embassies at Madrid and at the Hague. In 1840 he was placed at the head of the commercial department under the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and shortly after was elected deputy for Melun; but he afterwards was deprived of his office because of his opposition to the government. Under Louis Napoleon's presidency he became Minister of Foreign Affairs, and in 1849 went to London for a short time as ambassador; after the coup d'état he became one of the vice-presidents of the Imperial Senate, and again Minister of Foreign Affairs. Being disappointed at the issue of the Vienna Conferences in 1855, he resigned his office. In 1863 he was recalled to his old post, resigning again in 1866. He died March 1, 1881. Drowning. See ASPHYXIA, RESPIRATION (ARTIFICIAL), and HUMANE SOCIETY. capital punishment. Tacitus, writing about the Drowning was long a customary mode of end of the 1st century, tells us that the Germans hanged their greater criminals, but that meaner and more infamous offenders were plunged under hurdles into bogs and fens. Drowning was also that parricides should be sewn up in a sack a Roman punishment. The Lex Cornelia decreed into the sea. with a dog, cock, viper, and ape, and thrown The Anglo-Saxon codes ordered women convicted of theft to be drowned. The punishment was in such common use throughout tion ran cum fossa et furca (i.e. with pit and the middle ages that grants of capital jurisdicgallows'). The pit, ditch, or well was for drowning women; but the punishment was occasionally inflicted on men. In Scotland, in 1556, a man condrowned, by the queen's special grace. victed of theft and sacrilege was sentenced to be So lately as 1611 a man was drowned at Edinburgh for stealing a lamb; in 1623 eleven Gypsy women were sentenced to be drowned in the Nor' Loch there. By that time the punishment of drowning had become obsolete in England. It survived in Scotland until 1685 (the year of the drowning of the Wigtown martyrs), and in France was employed so late as 1793 at Nantes in the infamous noyades of Carrier (q.v.). The offending wives of the Turkish sultans were wont to be sewn up in a sack and cast into the Bosporus. Droylsden, Lancashire, a suburb of Manchester, 3 miles E. of it, with railway station. Pop. 14,000. Droz, ANTOINE GUSTAVE, novelist, was born at Paris, 6th June 1832, grandson of Jean Pierre Droz (1746-1823), an engraver of medals, well known in his day. At first Droz studied art, but soon to his profit exchanged the pencil for the pen, making a brilliant reputation that is not quite easy to understand in the pages of La Vie Parisienne, with his Monsieur, Madame, et Bébé, which, published in book-form in 1866, reached in twenty years its 120th edition. Later books are Entre Nous (1867), Le Cahier bleu de Mademoiselle Cibot (1868), Autour d'une Source (1869), Un Paquet de Lettres (1870), |