allies was re-occupied by the French, who were confirmed in their possession of it at the Peace of Utrecht.

For more than two centuries Douai was the rallying-point of Roman Catholic exiles from Great Britain. There were several educational and religious houses established in the town in connection with the English and Scottish mission. The English College, the parent and model of similar institutions at Rome, Lisbon, and elsewhere on the Continent, was founded in 1568, the tenth year of Elizabeth's reign, by William, afterwards Cardinal Allen (q.v.), as a house of studies for the English clergy abroad, and as a seminary or nursery_for ecclesiastics destined for the English mission. The college was affiliated to the Douai University, which had been founded in 1562 by King Philip II., in whose dominion the town then was. Allen's foundation was supported by pensions from the Spanish king and from the pope. The first batch of four missionaries was sent into England in 1574. Political disturbances led to the migration of the college, in 1578, from Donai to Reims, where it was under the protection of the king of France and the Guises. A colony of students from Reims in 1578 formed the nucleus of a second college at Rome, under the government of the Jesuits; and the two establishments together sent into England, before 1586, about 250 priests, of whom no less than 60 suffered death at the hands of the executioner. The most flourishing period of Allen's college was that of its sojourn at Reims (1578-93), though before the return to Douai it had begun notably to decline. On Allen's appointment as cardinal in 1587, and his consequent removal to Rome, the college was torn with internal dissensions, studies were neglected, and scandals ensued. It was at Reims that the English Roman Catholic version of the Bible was begun by Dr Gregory Martin, with the assistance of Allen, Dr Bristow, and others. The New Testament was printed at Reims in 1582. The Old Testament, also translated by Martin, with notes by Dr Worthington, was not completed and published until 1610 at Douai, and hence the version as a whole is commonly known as the Douai Bible (see BIBLE). Notwithstanding its many troubles the college was able to boast that before its dissolution at the French Revolution it had produced more than 30 bishops and 169 writers, while 160 of its alumni had given their lives on the gallows for the papal cause. An interesting list of the English Catholic books printed at Douai will be found at Duthilleal's Bibliographie Douaisienne. It is said that valuable documents from the college archives were made into cartridges by the French revolutionary soldiers. Some few of the manuscripts, however, have found their way into the public library of the town, and others are preserved in the archives of the Roman Catholic archbishopric of Westminster. Among the latter is the greater portion of the college Registers or Diaries, the first two parts of which were published in 1878, the third, fourth, and fifth in 1911.

The members were expelled from the college, and the property confiscated by the French government, 12th October 1793. A small portion of the property which remained unsold was restored to Mr Daniel, the last president, by an ordinance of the French king, dated 25th January 1816. But further claims for compensation under the terms of the treaty of peace were resisted by the British commissioners on the ground that the college was established for objects directly opposed to British law, and was to be regarded as a French rather than an English corporation. This decision on appeal was confirmed by a judgment of Lord Gifford in the Privy-council, 25th November 1825.

There is no ground for the common story that the sum claimed was expended by the government in paying off the debts incurred by the Prince of Wales in adorning the Brighton Pavilion. The college buildings were converted into artillery barracks known as Les Grands Anglais.

On their return to England, the masters and students of the college, among whom was Lingard, the historian, laid the foundations of a similar college at Crook Hall, in 1808 transferred to Ushaw, near Durham. Another college at Old Hall, Essex, was established by refugees partly from Douai, and partly from St Omer.

There was also established at Douai a Scots College. This seminary, originally founded at Pont-à-Mousson, in Lorraine, by Dr James Cheyney of Aboyne, in 1576, was assisted by a pension from Queen Mary. After her death it was reduced to great straits, and could count only seven members. In 1594 it moved to Douai, thence to Louvain, and finally was once more transferred to Douai in 1608. Clement VIII. placed it under the administration of the Jesuits. ́Hippolyte Curle, the son of Mary's secretary, made over to the college by deed of gift a large sum of money, providing, however, that in case of his country's return to the Roman religion, the foundation should be transferred to St Andrews University. Curle became the second rector of the college, and died in 1638. The college was closed in 1793 by the French government, and turned into a prison. It eventually became the mother house of a congregation of nuns devoted to education, called Les Dames de la Sainte Union. The register of the Scots College came into the hands of Sir Maxwell Witham of Kirkconnell (see Hist. MSS. Commission, Report V. and App.), and was printed by the New Spalding Club (1906).

The English Franciscan friars established at Douai a house of their own, which produced some men of reputation for learning and piety. The English Benedictines did the same. There was also a college of Irish ecclesiastics in the town. The Benedictines returned after the Revolution to their old buildings, or to a portion of them. They alone retained a footing at Douai till 1903, when they removed to Woolhampton, near Reading, in consequence of the Associations Law.

A curious tract on the history of Allen's foundation was written by the Rev. Hugh Tootle, alias Charles Dodd, under the title of The History of the English College at Douay, by R. C., Chaplain to an English Regiment that marched in upon its surrendering to the Allies (Lond. 1713). The First and Second Douay Diaries of the English College, Douai, with an historical introduction by T. F. Knox (1878), were edited by the Fathers of the London Oratory, the later diaries by Burton and Williams (1911). Full accounts of the later history will be found in Gillow's Haydock Papers (1888). Compare the Abbé Dancoisne's Histoire des Etablissements religieux britanniques fondés à Douai avant la Révolution Française, and Le Collège Anglais pendant la Révolution, by the same author.

Douarnenez, a port in the French department of Finistère, on the Bay of Douarnenez, 8 miles NW. of Quimper by rail. It is important for the sardine-fishery, and has a pop. of 12,000.

Double (Ger. doppelgänger), a kind of apparition, a person's own likeness appearing and usually admonishing the beholder of approaching death, a wraith; or simply implying bilocation, when the same person is supposed to be seen by others in two places at once. See APPARITION and the works there cited; also Lambertini's De Beatificatione; and for a kind of double consciousness, see PERSONALITY. Double is playfully applied to either of

Double Bass (Ital. contrabasso or violone),

the largest stringed instrument of the violin species. Originally it had only three strings, tuned to A, D, G of the bass stave; but as much of the music written for it goes down to E and F below this range, a fourth string is now generally added tuned to E below the bass stave. Playing the fundamental base on which the harmony rests, it is an indispensable part of an orchestra, though it was only in the 19th century that special parts were written for it. Formerly its part was simply to double, an octave below, the ordinary base of the harmony, played by some other instrument, or sung by the bass voice. From this probably arose its name of double bass. Though a powerful and essential orchestral instrument, it, on account of its rough tone and difficulty of management, has not, except in very exceptional circumstances, been used as a solo instrument. Domenico Dragonetti (1755-1846) was an unrivalled performer on the

double bass: Koussewitski a modern virtuoso.

Double Flowers. See FLOWERS. Doubling the Cube was one of three famous problems which were discussed by the early Greek geometers, the other two being the trisection of an angle and the squaring of the circle. There are several theories as to how the duplication problem originated; the statements of the ancients on this point being quite unsatisfactory. The legendary origin, told by Eratosthenes in a letter to Ptolemy Euergetes, was that King Minos, when he learned that the dimensions of a tomb for his son Glaucus were to be 100 feet each way, complained of them as too small, and commanded the tomb to be doubled and the cubical form to be

retained. Another legend, also mentioned by Eratosthenes, was that certain Delians, in obedience to an oracle, attempted to double one of the altars, and finding a difficulty in doing so, consulted the geometers who were with Plato at the academy. The duplication of the cube hence came to be called the Delian problem.

In whatever manner the problem originated, it was much older than Plato's time, and the first contribution to the solution of it was made by Hippocrates of Chios. He showed that the solu tion could be obtained if between two straight lines, the greater of which was double the less, there could be inserted two mean proportionals; and in this modified form the problem was ever afterwards attacked. Solutions were discovered by various geometers, Archytas, Menæchmus, Eratosthenes, Nicomedes, and others, and an account of them will be found in the commentary of Eutocius on Archimedes's treatise Of the Sphere and Cylinder. This account is translated into English in the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, vol. iv. pp. 2-17. It is often and inaccurately stated, even in mathematical books, that the duplication of the cube cannot be effected by geometry. The truth is that it cannot be effected by elementary plane geometry, where straight lines and circles are the only lines that are employed. By the use of the conic sections or several other geometrical curves, as well as by mechanical contrivances, the solution can be obtained without much difficulty. Nowadays the problem possesses only an historical interest, except for those persons whom De Morgan calls paradoxers.

Doublings, the heraldic term for the linings of robes or mantles, or of the mantlings of achievements. See MANTLING.

Doubloon (Span. doblón, double'), a gold piece, originally double the value of a pistole, formerly coined in Spain and Spanish America.

frontier, adjoining Switzerland, has an area of Doubs, a department of France, on the eastern 2010 sq. m. Pop. (1876) 306,094; (1886) 310,963; (1901) 296,957; (1921) 285,022. It is traversed by the Doubs (270 miles long), a tributary of the Saône, and is separated, on the NW., from the department of Haute Saône by the Ognon (120 miles), also a tributary of the Saône. The surface is hilly, especially in the SE., where the Jura Mountains reach a height of 4600 feet. The climate is moist and more rigorous than in most similar latitudes. The uplands are sparsely inhabited, but the population of the fertile river valleys is very thick. Agriculture has been notably advanced since 1870; swamps have been drained and waste lands reclaimed, and three-fourths of the entire area is now cultivated or under wood. Wheat and oats are the chief cereals, but the vine and fig-tree also thrive well; and the pasturage is excellent, and rears good breeds of horses and goats. In the valleys great quantities of butter and cheese are produced. Mines of iron are worked, and the manufactures include ironwares, clocks, glass, paper, and pottery. Doubs is divided into the four arrondissements of Besançon, Baume-les-Dames, Montbéliard, and Pontarlier. The capital is Besançon.

Douce, FRANCIS, an eccentric and learned antiquary, born in London in 1757, whose easy circumstances allowed him from an early age to give himself entirely to his favourite studies. He Museum, and died 30th March 1834, bequeathing was some time keeper of the MSS. in the British his splendid collection of books, MSS., prints, and coins to the Bodleian; his curiosities to Sir Samuel books to the British Museum, in a chest not R. Meyrick; and his letters and commonplaceto be opened till 1900. When opened they were found of little interest. The most valuable of (2 vols. 1807) and The Dance of Death (1833). He his works were his Illustrations of Shakespeare contributed to the Archæologia and Gentleman's Club (1822 and 1824), and assisted in Scott's Sir Magazine, edited two books for the Roxburghe Tristram, J. T. Smith's Vagabondiniana (1817), and the edition of Warton's History of English Poetry issued in 1824.

Doughty, CHARLES MONTAGU, traveller, prosewriter, and poet, was born at Theberton Hall in Suffolk in 1843, and studied at Gonville and Caius, Cambridge. In 1875 began his two years' journeying in north-western and central Arabia, from Damascus to Hayil, Aneysa, and Jidda-two years of endurance and courage, of perils and the closest of observation, out of which slowly grew his great book. Travels in Arabia Deserta (1888) was for long little known; but the few who had access to it-for it was a rare book, not reprinted till 1921-knew it to be more than a classic of travel: it is a classic of prose literature. Artificial it may be in style, and laborious, it is yet austere. In his later works, poetic dramas and epics-Dawn in Britain (1906), Adam Cast Forth (1908), The Cliffs (1909), The Clouds (1912), The Titans (1916), Mansoul (1920; revised 1923)

the artificiality and archaism are more marked. Disciple though he is of Spenser, his verse is hard and compact as rock, strange, uncouth, and gigantic as Stonehenge.

Douglas, the modern capital and principal seaport of the Isle of Man, lies on the margin of a highly picturesque bay, on the east side of the island, 75 miles NW. of Liverpool, 46 W. of Barrow, and 94 NE. of Dublin. From the excellence of the sea-bathing, and its central position, it has

become highly popular as a watering-place. The old town, standing on the south-western edge of the bay, consists of narrow tortuous streets, and presents a vivid contrast to the handsome modern terraces and villas which occupy the rising ground beyond, and the ground facing the north of the bay. The street and charming promenade follow. ing the line of the bay is one of its most agreeable features. Conspicuous in the centre of the crescent of the bay stands Castle Mona. The picturesque Tower of Refuge, on a dangerous rock in the southern area of the bay, called Conister, was erected in 1833 for shipwrecked mariners, by Sir William Hillary, who, during his residence at Douglas, founded the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Pop. (1851) 9880; (1881) 15,719; (1911) 22,192; (1921) 20,192.

Douglas, a small town of Lanarkshire, on Douglas Water, 11 miles SSW. of Lanark. It has decayed from its former importance, though coal, lime, and sandstone are worked in the valley. Of the old kirk of St Bride, the burial-place of the Douglases till 1761, only the choir and a spire remain. Modern Douglas Castle, a seat of the Earl of Home, is nearly a mile from the town. poor successor to Scott's 'Castle Dangerous,' now represented by little more than a tower. The scene of theDouglas tragedy' is Blackhouse Tower, on the Douglas Burn in Yarrow parish, Selkirkshire.

It is a

Douglas, THE FAMILY OF. A legend of the 16th century told how, in the year 770, a Scottish king, whose ranks had been broken by the fierce onset of a Lord of the Isles, saw the tide of battle suddenly turned by an unknown chief; how, when the victory was won, the monarch asked where was his deliverer; how the answer ran in Erse, Sholto Du-glas (Behold that dark-gray man'); and how the warrior was rewarded with that Clydesdale valley which, taking from him its name of Douglas, gave surname to his descendants. This fable has long ceased to be believed. Equal discredit has fallen on the theory which the laborious Chalmers advanced in the Caledonia, that the Douglases sprang from a Fleming of the name of Theobald, who, between the years 1147 and 1164, had a grant of lands on the Douglas Water from the Abbot of Kelso, What was boasted of the Douglases by their historian in 1644 still holds true: 'We do not know them in the fountain, but in the stream; not in the root, but in the stem; for we know not who was the first mean man that did by his virtue raise himself above the vulgar.' It was thought likely, in the beginning of the 15th century, that the Douglases and the Murrays had come of the same stock, and in this old and not improbable conjecture all that is known on the subject must still be summed up.

William of Douglas, the first of the family who appears in record, was so called, doubtless, from the wild pastoral dale which he possessed. He is found witnessing charters by the king and the Bishop of Glasgow between 1175 and 1213. He was either the brother or the brother-in-law of Sir Freskin of Murray, and had six sons, of whom Archibald, or Erkenbald, was his heir, and Brice rose to be Bishop of Moray. Sir Archibald is a witness to charters between 1190 and 1232, and attained the rank of knighthood. Sir William of Douglas, apparently the son of Sir Archibald, figures in record from 1240 to 1273. His second son, distinguished in the family traditions as William the Hardy, spoiled the monks of Melrose, and deforced the king's officers in the execution of a judgment in favour of his mother. He was the first man of mark who joined Wallace in the rising against the English in 1297. It appears that he possessed, lands in one English, and in seven 161

Scottish counties-Northumberland, Berwick, Edinburgh, Fife, Lanark, Ayr, Dumfries, and Wigtown. The history of his son, the Good Sir James of Douglas, is familiar to every one, as Bruce's greatest captain in the long War of Independence (see BRUCE). The hero of seventy fights, he is said to have won them all but thirteen, leaving the name of the Black Douglas'—so he was called from his swarthy complexion-as a word of fear by which English mothers stilled their children. He was slain in Andalusia, in 1330, on his way to the Holy Land with the heart of his royal master. The 'bloody heart' in the Douglas arms commemorates Bruce's dying bequest to him. His son William fell at Halidon Hill; and the next Lord of Douglas, Hugh, brother of Lord James, and a canon of Glasgow, made over the now great domains of the family in 1342 to his nephew Sir William.

EARLS OF DOUGLAS.-The Douglases had since the time of William the Hardy held the title of Lords of Douglas; but in 1358, Sir William of Douglas, who had fought at Poitiers, was made Earl of Douglas, and by marriage became Earl of Mar. In 1371 he disputed the succession to the Scottish crown with Robert II., claiming as a descendant of the Baliols and Comyns. He died in 1384. His son James, second Earl of Douglas and Mar, the conqueror of Hotspur, fell at Otterburn in 1388; and as he left no legitimate issue, the direct male line of William the Hardy and the Good Sir James now came to an end. His aunt had married for her second husband one of her brother's esquires, James of Sandilands, and through her Lord Torphichen, whose barony was a creation of Queen Mary in 1564, is now the heir general and representative at common law of the House of Douglas.

The earldom of Douglas, meanwhile, was bestowed on an illegitimate son of the Good Sir James— Archibald, Lord of Galloway, surnamed the Grim. By his marriage with the heiress of Bothwell, he added that fair barony to the Douglas domains; and having married his only daughter to the heirapparent of the Scottish crown, and his eldest son to the eldest daughter of the Scottish king, he died in 1401. His son and successor, Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglas, was, from his many misfortunes in battle, surnamed 'The Tineman,'-i.e. the loser. At Homildon, in 1402, he was wounded in five places, lost an eye, and was taken prisoner by Hotspur. Next year, at Shrewsbury, he felled the English king to the earth, but was again wounded and taken prisoner. Repairing to France, he was there made Duke of Touraine, and fell at Verneuil in 1424. He was succeeded by his son Archibald, who distinguished himself in the French wars, and dying in 1439, was buried in the church of Douglas, where his tomb yet remains, inscribed with his high titles of Duke of Touraine, Earl of Douglas and of Longueville, Lord of Galloway, Wigtown, and Annandale, Lieutenant of the King of Scots." His son and successor, William, a boy of sixteen, is said to have kept a thousand horsemen in his train, to have created knights, and to have affected the pomp of parliaments in his baronial courts. His power and possessions made him an object of fear to the Scottish crown; and, having been decoyed into the castle of Edinburgh by the crafty and unscrupulous Crichton, he was, after a hasty trial, beheaded, along with his brother, within the walls of that castle, in 1440. It was before him that the black bull's head was presented at table, in 'token of death. His Scottish earldom was bestowed on his grand-uncle (the second son of Archibald the Grim), James, surnamed the Gross, who in 1437 had been made Earl of Avondale. His son William was, for a time, all-powerful with King James II., who made him lieutenant-general of the realm; but afterwards losing the royal favour, he seems to

have entered into a confederacy against the king, by whom he was killed in Stirling Castle in 1452. Leaving no child, he was succeeded by his brother James, who in 1454 made open war against King James II., as the murderer of his brother and kinsman (the sixth and eighth Earls of Douglas). The issue seemed doubtful for a time, but the Hamiltons and others being gained over to the king's side, Douglas fled to England. The struggle was still maintained by his brothers. They were defeated at Arkinholm (where Langholm now stands), in May 1455; and the earldom of Douglas came to an end by forfeiture, after an existence of ninety-eight years, during which it had been held by no fewer than nine lords. The last earl lived many years in England, leagued himself in 1484 with the exiled Duke of Albany, was defeated and taken prisoner at Lochmaben, and died in the abbey of Lindores in April or June 1488. So ended the elder illegitimate line of the Douglases.

EARLS OF ANGUS.-Meanwhile a younger and illegitimate branch had been rising to great power. William, first Earl of Douglas, while securing the earldom of Mar, also secured the affections of the young widow of his wife's brother, Margaret Stewart, Countess of Angus and Mar. The issue of this amour was a son, George, who in 1389 had a grant of his mother's earldom of Angus. George, fourth Earl of Angus, took part with the king against the Douglases in 1454; his loyalty was rewarded by a grant of their old inheritance of Douglas-dale and other lands; and so, in the phrase of the time, 'the Red Douglas put down the Black.' The Great Earl of Douglas died in 1462, being succeeded by his son Archibald, surnamed Bell-the-Cat (see JAMES III.), who filled the highest offices in the state, and added largely to the family possessions. He was succeeded by his grandson, Archibald, who in 1514 married the queen-dowager of Scotland, Margaret, sister of Henry VIII. of England, and widow of James IV. of Scotland. The fruit of this marriage was a daughter, Margaret, who, marrying the Earl of Lennox, became the mother of Henry, Lord Darnley, the husband of Queen Mary, and father of James VI. The Earl of Angus had for a time supreme power in Scotland, but in 1528, the young king, James V., escaped from his hands, and sentence of forfeiture was passed against Angus and his kinsmen. On James's Jeath in 1542, Angus was restored to his estates and honours. He was succeeded by his nephew, David, whose son, Archibald, the 'Good Earl,' died without male issue, and the earldom passed to a collateral branch. William Douglas of Glenbervie became ninth Earl of Angus.

MARQUISES AND DUKE OF DOUGLAS, AND LORDS DOUGLAS.-William, eleventh Earl of Angus, his grandson, was created Marquis of Douglas in 1633. The third Marquis was created Duke of Douglas in 1703, and died childless in 1761, when his dukedom became extinct, and his marquisate devolved on the Duke of Hamilton, as descended in the male line from William, Earl of Selkirk, third son of the first Marquis of Douglas. His grace's sister, Lady Jane Douglas, born in 1698, and married in 1746 to Sir John Stewart of Grandtully, was said to have given birth at Paris to twin sons in 1748. One of them died in 1753; the other in 1761 was served heir of entail and provision general to the Duke of Douglas. An attempt was made to reduce his service, on the ground that he was not the child of Lady Jane Douglas; but the House of Lords, in 1771, settled the famous Douglas Cause by giving final judgment in his favour. He was made a British peer in 1790, by the title of Baron Douglas of Douglas Castle, which became extinct on the death of his son James, fourth Lord Douglas, in 1857, when the estates devolved on the first Lord

Douglas's grand-daughter, the Countess of Home.

EARLS OF MORTON.-Sir Andrew of Douglas, who appears in record in 1248, was apparently a younger son of Sir Archibald, or Erkenbald, of Douglas, the second chief of the house. His greatgrandson (?), Sir William of Douglas of Liddesdale, the Knight of Liddesdale-as he was called by his contemporaries, who regarded him as 'the flower of chivalry' was assassinated in 1353 by his kinsman, William, first Earl of Douglas. The grandson of his nephew, the scholarly and princely Sir James of Douglas of Dalkeith, married a daughter of King James I.; and in 1458 was created Earl of Morton. His grandson, the third earl, dying without male issue in 1553, the earldom devolved on his youngest daughter's husband, the Regent Morton-James Douglas, great-grandson of Archibald Bell-the-Cat (see MORTON). Aberdour and some other old domains of the family still remain with his successor, the Earl of Morton, who, there is every reason to believe, descends legitimately in the male line from William of Douglas, the great progenitor of the race in the 12th century.

James, second Earl of Douglas and Mar-the hero of Otterburn-had an illegitimate son, Sir William Douglas of Drumlanrig, whose descendants were created Viscounts of Drumlanrig in 1628, Earls of Queensberry in 1633, Marquises of Queensberry in 1681, Dukes of Queensberry in 1683, Earls of March in 1697, and Earls of Solway in 1706. On the death of the fourth Duke of Queensberry in 1810, that title went to the Duke of Buccleuch; the title of Marquis of Queensberry went to the heir male of the family, Sir Charles Douglas of Kelhead; and the title of Earl of March went to the Earl of Wemyss.

In 1646 the third son of the first Marquis of Douglas was created Earl of Selkirk. In 1651 the eldest son of the same marquis was created Earl of Ormond, and in 1661 Earl of Forfar. In 1675 the fourth son of the same marquis was created Earl of Dumbarton. In 1641 the second son of the tenth Earl of Angus was created Lord Mordington. In 1633 Sir Robert Douglas of Spott, a descendant of the Morton family, was created Viscount of Belhaven. Of all these titles, that of the Earl of Selkirk belonging since 1885 to the Duke of Hamilton, and that of Earl of Belhaven, survive; the others are dormant or extinct.

See the History of the Houses of Douglas and Angus, by David Hume of Godscroft (1644, 1 vol. fol. ; reprinted in 1748; extended from his Origin and Descent of the Family of Douglas, c. 1633); the Douglas Book, by Sir W. Fraser (from family muniments, 4 vols. 1885); and Sir H. Maxwell, History of the House of Douglas (2 vols. 1902).

Douglas, DAVID (1798-1834), botanist and traveller, born at Scone, became a gardener, collected in North America, discovered and introduced many plants, including the Douglas fir (Tsuga, or Pseudotsuga, Douglasii), and was killed by a wild bull in a pitfall in Hawaii. See his Journal (1915).

Douglas, GAWAIN or GAVIN, the poet-bishop, the third son of Archibald 'Bell-the-Cat,' fifth Earl of Angus, was born at Tantallon Castle about 1474. He was educated at St Andrews for the priesthood, and in 1496 was first presented to Mony. musk, Aberdeenshire, but ere long was appointed to Prestonkirk, near Dunbar, then called Hauch or Prestonhaugh. In 1501 he was made dean or provost of St Giles, Edinburgh, and while holding these preferments he wrote all his poems. From the marriage of his nephew, the sixth Earl of Angus, to the widowed queen of James IV., Douglas expected rapid preferment; but the jealousy of the nobility and the Regent Albany was such that he was disappointed of the abbacy

of Aberbrothock and the archbishopric of St Andrews, and when, through the influence of the queen, he had obtained the bishopric of Dunkeld directly from the pope (January 1515), he was imprisoned on an old statute for receiving bulls from the pope, and not allowed to be consecrated until more than a year after. On the fall of the party of Angus, after the queen, stung by his illtreatment, had flung herself into the arms of Albany and determined on a divorce, the bishop fled to England to obtain the aid of Henry VIII., but was suddenly cut off at London by the plague in 1522, and buried in the hospital church of the Savoy. The extant poems attributed to Douglas are The Palice of Honour, most likely written in 1501, an allegory of the life of the virtuous man; a translation of the Eneid, with prologues; and King Hart, an allegory of the human heart in its struggle with the temptations of the flesh, of disputed authorship, not printed apparently till it appeared in Pinkerton's Ancient Scottish Poems (1786). There is also a short poem entitled Conscience, whose beauties are sadly marred by exces. sive conceits. Throughout his verse Douglas shows his deep indebtedness to Chaucer, but his youthful exuberance of ornament, his sense for colour and splendour, and the vigour of his 'braid and plane' Scots dialect, are his own. His Eneid, which he finished most likely about 1513, was the first version of a Latin classic published in English; it remains to Gawain Douglas no small achievement in the history of English literature, that in a barbarous age he gave rude Scotland Virgil's page.' His collected works were edited by Dr John Small (4 vols. Edin. 1874). See also histories of literature by J. M. Ross (1884), T. F. Henderson (1898), J. H. Millar (1903), and others, and G. Gregory Smith, The Transition Period (1900).

Douglas, SIR HOWARD, Bart., G. C.B., son of Admiral Sir C. Douglas, was born at Gosport in 1776, and served in Canada (1795) and in two Peninsular campaigns, being present at Corunna. He was successively governor of New Brunswick (1823-29), where he founded the university of Fredericton, of which he was the first chancellor, Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1835-40), and M.P. for Liverpool (1842-46). He wrote several treatises accepted as authoritative at the time, among which are An Essay on Military Bridges (1816), which is said to have given Telford the idea of the suspension principle; a treatise on Naval Gunnery (1819; 5th ed. 1860, reproduced in America, France, and Spain); Observations on Carnot's Fortification; a work on the value of the British North American provinces (1831); and Naval Evolutions (1832). He died 9th November 1861. See Life by S. W. Fullom (1862).

Douglas, JOHN, Bishop of Salisbury, the son of a shopkeeper of Pittenweem, Fifeshire, was born 14th July 1721. He was educated at Dunbar and Oxford, ordained deacon in 1744, and as an army chaplain was at the battle of Fontenoy (1745). His after-life is little more than a chronicle of his very numerous preferments, which ended in his translation to the see of Salisbury in 1791. He died 18th May 1807. Douglas only occasionally resided on his livings. He generally spent the winter months in London, and the summer months at the fashionable wateringplaces, in the society of the Earl of Bath, who was his great patron. He wrote much, mainly controversial: defending Milton from Lauder's charge of plagiarism (1750), writing on miracles (1754) against Hume, attacks on the Hutchin sonians, and political pamphlets. See his Miscellaneous Works (with Life, 1820).

.

Douglas, NORMAN, a distinguished prosewriter, scholarly, vivacious, wayward, and delicately brutal, has written baffling novels-South Wind (1917), They Went (1920)—and unconventional travel books-Siren Land (1911), Fountains in the Sand (1912), Old Calabria (1919), Alone (1921), and Together (1923). The last mentioned includes reminiscences of his boyhood in Tyrol.

Douglas, SIR ROBERT (1694-1770), a Scottish baronet, author of a Peerage of Scotland (1764); completed by Wood (2 vols. 1813). A new edition -substantially a new work on a larger scale and on a more critical method-was edited by Sir James Balfour Paul, Lyon King, in 1904-14.

Douglas, STEPHEN ARNOLD, born at Brandon, Vermont, in 1813, practised law in Illinois, and was successively attorney-general of this state, member of the legislature, secretary of state (1840), and judge of the supreme court (1841). He was returned to congress in 1843-44-46, and to the United States senate in 1847-52-58. In the lower house he advocated the annexation of Texas, and of Oregon up to 54° 40′ N. lat., and favoured the war with Mexico, and in the senate he opposed the ratification of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, and declared himself in favour of the acquisition of Cuba, his desire being to make the United States an ocean-bound republic.' On the question of slavery he maintained that the people of each territory should decide whether it should be a free state or a slave state; this was known as the doctrine of 'popular' or 'squatter sovereignty.' In 1860 he received the regular Democratic nomination for the presidency, the seceding delegates nominating John C. Breckinridge. Douglas obtained 12 electoral and 1,375,157 popular votes, as against 180 electoral and 1,866,352 popular votes cast for Lincoln, to whom, in the early days of the rebellion, he gave an unfaltering support. He died 3d June 1861, at Chicago, where an imposing monument, surmounted by a statue, has been erected. See books by Sheelan (New York, 1860), Flint (Phila. 1860), Allen Johnson (1908), Willis (1910), and Political Debates (1913).

Douglas, SIR WILLIAM FETTES, P.R.S.A., was born at Edinburgh, 29th March 1822. He studied in the university there, and was for several years engaged in business. As a painter he was mainly self taught, though he attended the Trustees' Academy for a short time. At first he practised chiefly as a landscape painter, but he soon turned to figure-subjects, producing works distinguished by excellent colouring, and by especially firm, careful, and refined handling. His later years were entirely devoted to landscape water-colours. He was elected A.R.S. A. in 1851, R.S.A. in 1854, and P.R.S. A. in 1882. He died 20th July 1891.

Douglass, FREDERICK, an American orator, was born at Tuckahoe, near Easton, Maryland, in 1817, his father being a white man, his mother a negro slave. Permitted to work in a shipyard in Baltimore, he in 1838 escaped to New York, and thence to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where his negro employer, who had just read Scott's Lady of the Lake, induced him to substitute Douglass for the name of Bailey, conferred on him by his mother. In 1841 he attended an Anti-slavery Convention at Nantucket, and spoke so eloquently on the subject of slavery that he was employed as agent of the Massachusetts Anti-slavery Society, and lectured for four years with great success. In 1845 he commenced a lecturing tour in Great Britain, where a contribution of £150 was made to buy his freedom. Returning to America, he established in 1847 Frederick Douglass's Paper, a weekly abolition newspaper at Rochester, New York. Successively