ridge level into diamond and other patterns. The spaces between the ribs are filled with foils and cusps, resembling the tracery of a Gothic win dow; hence the name fan-tracery. The spaces between the outlines of the fans at the ridge level are called by Professor Whewell (German Churches) ridge lozenges. In Henry VII.'s Chapel, Westminster, one of the best examples of this kind of vaulting, these lozenges are occupied by pendants, which produce a very astonishing effect, looking like arches resting on nothing. They are, however, supported with great ingenuity by in ternal arches, rising high above the visible vaulting. This arrangement is one of those tours-de-force which astonish the vulgar, but are only adopted when art has reached a low level and has in a great measure given place to artifice. Fan-tracery is a very beautiful kind of vaulting, and is peculiar to England, where it originated, and where alone it was practised. Among the finest examples are St George's Chapel, Windsor, and King's College Chapel, Cambridge. Fan-tracery is also frequently used in the vaulting of cloisters, as at Gloucester, Canterbury, and Chester. Farad (from Faraday), the name of the practical unit of electrical capacity, first given by the British Association Committee on Electrical Standards in 1863, and authorised by the International Electrical Congress held in Paris in 1884. Under ELECTRICITY will be found the definitions of the ampère, the volt, and the ohm, which are respectively the practical units of current, potential, and resistance. The Coulomb is the name given to the unit of quantity, and is the quantity of electricity transferred by a current of one ampère in one second; and then the farad is defined as the capacity of a conductor which when raised to a potential of one volt has a charge of one coulomb. The farad is, however, an inconveniently large quantity, so that it is customary to measure capacities in microfarads, the microfarad being the millionth part of a farad. See also MAGNETISM. To enumerate only the most prominent of his publications on physical science, we may commence with the condensation of the gases (already referred to); then we have limits of vaporisation, optical deceptions, acoustical figures, re-gelation, relation of gold and other metals to light, and conservation of force. Of these the condensation of gases into liquids and solids, though in some cases previously effected by others (and Faraday was ever the foremost to acknowledge another's priority), he really made his own, not only by the extent and accuracy of his experiments, but by the exquisite experimental methods by which he obtained the results. His ideas on re-gelation and its connection with the motion of glaciers have not met with universal acceptance, though (see HEAT, ICE, GLACIER) there is no dispute as to his being correct in his facts. In regard to conservation of force, he seems to have been misled by the incorrect use of the word Force (q.v.), for in his article on the subject he describes experiments made with the view of proving the conservation of force proper; whereas the doctrine of conservation asserts merely the conservation of energy,' which is not in any sense force. He may be right also; but, if so, it will be by a new discovery having no connection whatever with ་ conservation of energy. · His Christmas lectures at the Royal Institution, though professedly addressed to the young, contain much that may well be pondered by the old. His manner, his unvarying success in illustration, and his felicitous choice of expression, though the subjects were often of the most abstruse nature, were such as to charm and attract all classes of hearers. Besides his Lectures on the Non-metallic Elements and Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle, we have his Various Forces in Nature, a simple work, but in reality most profound, even in its slightest remarks. But the great work of his life is the series of Experimental Researches on Electricity, published Faraday, MICHAEL, one of the most distin- in the Philosophical Transactions during forty guished chemists and natural philosophers of the years and more. Fully to understand all the dis19th century, was born, a blacksmith's son, at New-coveries contained in that extraordinary set of ington Butts, near London, 22d September 1791. At thirteen he was apprenticed to a bookbinder; yet even then he devoted his leisure hours to science, and made experiments with an electrical machine of his own construction. Chance having procured him admission, in 1812, to the chemical lectures of Sir H. Davy, the latter engaged him as his assistant at the Royal Institution. He travelled to the Continent with Davy, as his assistant and amanuensis. On their return to London Davy confided to Faraday the performance of certain experiments, which led in his hands to the condensation of gases into liquids by pressure. In 1827 he succeeded to Davy's chair of Chemistry in the Royal Institution. He was created D. C. L. in 1832. In chemistry his treatise on Chemical Manipulation (1827; 2d ed. 1842) is even now a very valuable book of reference. As discoveries or investigations of a high order in this branch of science we may mention new compounds of chlorine and carbon (1821); alloys of steel (1822); compounds of hydrogen and carbon (1825); action of sulphuric acid on naphthaline (1826); decomposition of hydrocarbons by expansion (1827); and the very valu able series of experiments, made in 1829-30, on the manufacture of glass for optical purposes, which resulted in one of his greatest discoveries, to be afterwards mentioned. As practical applications of science his suggestions as to the preparation of the lungs for diving and the ventilation of lighthouse lamps are conspicuous, as are also his celebrated letter on tableturning and his lecture on mental education. papers would require a knowledge of all that Faraday, who had received a pension in 1835, was in 1858 given a house in Hampton Court. In 1862 he delivered his last discourse on 'gas-furnaces,' and advocated the use of magneto-electric light in lighthouses. In 1865 he resigned the position of adviser to the Trinity House, also that of director of the laboratory of the Royal Institution. Faraday, who was a devout Christian and a member of the Sandemanians or Glassites, died at Hampton Court, 25th August 1867. See Life by Tyndall (1868; 5th ed. 1894), Bence Jones (1870), and J. H. Gladstone (1872); W. Jerrold (1891), and S. P. Thompson (1899). Faradisation. See ELECTRICITY (MEDICAL). Faráizí, a sect of reformed Mohammedans in eastern Bengal since the middle of the 19th century. They differ from the orthodox Sunnites (of whom they may be regarded as a branch) in rejecting traditional custom, and in holding that the Koran is the sole and complete guide to spiritual life. has been of the utmost consequence to science by government. The expulsion of the White' gov leading Clerk-Maxwell to his wonderful investi-ernment from Vladivostok in October 1922, and gations of the dynamics of the electro-magnetic the evacuation of the town by the Japanese, refield and the electro-magnetic theory of light, and moved obstacles to union, and in December the preparing the way for the great advance in physics republic joined the Soviet Republic as an autonomin the 20th century. ous region. Area, 675,000 sq. m.; pop. 2,000,000. Fareham, a market-town and watering place of Hampshire, on a creek at the north-west end of Portsmouth harbour, 12 miles SE. of Southampton and 9 NW. of Portsmouth. It has earthenware, sackcloth, and rope manufactures. The population has increased from 3450 in 1851 to about 10,000. Farel, GUILLAUME, one of the most active promoters of the Reformation in Switzerland, was born in 1489 at Gap, in Dauphiné. He studied at Paris, and was at first distinguished by his extrabut, moved to the study of the Scriptures, he was vagant zeal for the practices of the Catholic Church; converted to Protestantism, and, being by nature vehement even to indiscretion, he immediately commenced to proselytise. The chief scene of his labours was France and Switzerland. At Basel, in 1524, he opened his career of controversy and evangelisation by publicly sustaining thirty theses on the points in dispute between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. He subsequently preached at Strasburg, at Montbéliard, and at Neuchâtel. In 1532 he went to Geneva, but soon had to leave the city. He returned in 1533, was again compelled to withdraw, but once more entered it in 1534; and in 1535 the town-council of Geneva formally proclaimed the Reformation. Farel, however, was a missionary, not a legislator, and the organisation of the Genevan Church passed into the hands of Calvin (q.v.). The severity of the new ecclesiastical discipline produced a reaction, and in 1538 the two Reformers were expelled from the city. Farel took up his residence at Neuchâtel. In 1557, along with Beza, he was sent to the Protestant princes of Germany, to implore their aid for the Waldenses, and on his return sought a new sphere of evangelistic labour in the Jura Mountains. When trembling upon threescore-and-ten, he married a young wife. In 1560 he proceeded to his native Dauphiné, and passed several months preaching against Catholicism; and in November 1561 he was thrown into prison for a time. He died at Neuchâtel on the 13th Sep Farce (Ital. farsa, from Lat. farcire, 'to stuff'), a dramatic piece of a broad comic character. The difference between it and comedy proper is one of degree and not of kind. The aim of both is to excite mirth; but, while the latter does so by a comparatively faithful adherence to nature and truth, the former assumes to itself a much greater license, and does not scruple to make use of any extravagance or improbability that may serve its purpose. It does not therefore exhibit, in general, a refined wit or humour, but contents itself with grotesque rencontres and dialogues provocative of fun and jollity. The beginnings of Greek and Roman comedy consist of rustic farces or pantomimes (see ATELLANÆ); the first farces, in the modern sense, were composed by the fraternity of the Bazoche (q.v.) in Paris, as a contrast to the ecclesiastical plays performed by the religious orders. The most widely celebrated and most important of early farces is that of the advocate Maistre Pierre Patelin, which was acted in the 15th century, and quickly spread itself over Italy and Germany. It is full of genuine comic quality, and its dialogue has brightness and reality. Subsequently Molière elevated and refined the farce into his wonderful series of comedies of character. In England the origin of the modern farce dates from about the commencement of the 18th century. Of all the numerous farces which have been performed before English audiences only those of Samuel Foote, who reverted, however, to the abuse of personal mimicry which characterised the earliest farces, have kept a place in literature. See DRAMA. Farcy. See GLANDERS. Fardel-bound. See CONSTIPATION. tember 1565. His works were mainly polemical. Farewell, CAPE, the southern extremity of Greenland, lying in 59° 44′ N. lat. and 43° 54′ W. long., consists of a rocky hill, nearly 1000 feet high, situated on an island off the coast. It is generally beset with ice, which appears to come from the north-east and to sweep round into Davis Strait. Hence the cape is but little known; and, in fact, the Danish traders and seamen generally round it at more than 100 miles' distance. Fargo, capital of Cass county, North Dakota, on the Red River of the North, 234 miles W. of Duluth by rail. From an insignificant village in 1874 it has become the financial and commercial centre of the state, with flour and other manufactures and a Congregational college and state agricultural college. Pop. 22,000. Far Eastern Republic, in south-eastern Siberia, coincided roughly with the old Transbaikal, Amur, and Maritime provinces, with Chita for its capital. It extended from Lake Baikal to the Seas of Okhotsk and of Japan, and included Fargus, FREDERICK. See Conway (Hugh). north Sakhalin. This region, inhabited mainly Faria y Sousa, MANUEL DE, Portuguese by Russians, with some Buriats and others, was, historian and poet, was born near Pombeiro in after the fall of the tsardom, a theatre of military 1590, was secretary to his kinsman the Bishop operations for Czechs, Russian Whites' under of Oporto, and became in 1631 secretary to Koltchak, Cossacks under Semenov, Japanese and the Spanish embassy at Rome, where he enother foreign troops, against whom the peasantry joyed the favour of Pope Urban VIII. Three gradually made headway. In its difficult position years later he returned to Spain, and died at between the Japanese and the Bolsheviks, the Madrid in 1649. His writings fill more than sixty country, under the influence of Alexander Kras- volumes, partly in Spanish, and comprise works nostchekov, adopted a democratic constitution on Portuguese history, on Portugal and its posses(1920), recognised by Russia, and set up a coalition | sions in America and Africa, and commentaries on Camoens. His Portuguese poems comprise about two hundred good sonnets and twelve eclogues, and it is mainly by these, and also by three theoretical treatises on poetry, that he has influenced the development of the poetic literature of Portugal, in which he was long regarded as an oracle. His poetry exhibits talent and spirit, but is on the whole tasteless and bombastic. He must not be confounded with Manuel Severin de Faria (15831655), who was one of the most learned numismatists of his age. Faribault, capital of Rice county, Minnesota, on the Cannon River, 53 miles S. of St Paul, with a state institution for the deaf, dumb, and blind, and the Seabury divinity school. It has manufactures of flour, woollens, furniture, &c. Pop. 11,000. Faridkot, one of the Sikh cis-Sutlej states, south-east of Firozpur (area, 642 sq. m.; pop. 130,000). It is ruled by a raja, resident in the town of Faridkot (pop. 12,000), 60 miles SSE. of Lahore. Faridpur, chief town of a district of the same name in the delta of the Ganges, 110 miles NE. of Calcutta; pop. 13,000. Farina, a Latin term for meal or flour, is also applied to many substances which agree with the meal of the corn-plants or Cerealia in containing much starch.-Fossil farina, mountain milk, or Agaric mineral, is a deposit of silicified animalcules, obtained from China, &c. Farina, J. M. See EAU DE COLOGNE. Farinelli, the name under which the Neapolitan castrato (see EUNUCH) Carlo Broschi (1705-82) became famous for his marvellously powerful and flexible soprano voice in Rome (where he made his début in his seventeenth year), in Vienna, and in London (in 1734; see PORPORA, HANDEL); and in Madrid, where he settled in 1737, he was not nerely adored as an opera-singer by the court and the populace, but was made a royal favourite and, consulted by the king on all matters of state, was lavishly pensioned, knighted, and made a grandee of Spain. Ferdinand VI. founded an opera-house according to his suggestions and made him director. In 1761 he retired, enormously rich, to a country house near Bologna, where he lived and died respected for his character. Farington, JOSEPH (1747–1821), born a vicar's son at Leigh, was known only as an R. A. potentate and landscape artist till the discovery of his diary (ed. James Greig, 1922 et seq.) from 1793 to the day of his death (by falling downstairs in church), full of vivid jottings on great men and events. to a person who owns as well as cultivates land. In America the farmer usually owns the land he cultivates. In this work the history and present position of agriculture, agricultural statistics, and the division of land are dealt with under the head AGRICULTURE; and other matters relevant to farming (such as cattle, dairy, landlord and tenant, lease) are treated under the various heads cited at the end of that article. FARM BUILDINGS.-The buildings of a wellappointed farm in Great Britain consist of a for the farm-labourers, and the farm-steading. residence for the farmer and his family, cottages The dwelling-house varies to some extent with the size and character of the holding, the rules of the estate,' the fashion of the district, and the taste and social standing of the tenant. Modern farm dwelling-houses upon holdings of about 200 acres and upwards are, as a rule, both commodious and comfortable, substantial in construction if not ornate in external appearance, usually surrounded by simply but tastefully laid out grounds, with a moderately sized garden -for, despite the old adage, farmers are not now all bad gardeners. The dwelling-house should be from 50 to 200 yards distant from the steading, and, if possible, upon a slightly higher level, and so situated that from the farmer's parlour and bedroom windows the whole of the steading and stackyard may be in view. The servants' cottages should be near the stead. ing, perhaps at the opposite side from the farmer's substantial, and roomy; they are often in one dwelling-house. The cottages should be plain, continuous row, often in pairs, seldom built singly. Each family may have three or four compartments, with a separate door, and a separate plot of ground for garden produce. Cottages for farm-servants are now more fully provided than prior to 1870; and it is well known that, where there is ample cottage accommodation, the supply of agricultural labour is, as a rule, both abundant and of good quality. its narrowest and most generally accepted sense, The farm-steading, as the term is understood in consists of erections provided for the accommodation of the crops, stock, and farm implements and machines. The cost, character, and capacity of the farm-steading vary not only with the extent of the holding, the system of farming pursued, and the situation of the farm in regard to climate, but also to no small extent with the tastes and desires of the land-owner, and perhaps likewise, although to a smaller extent, with the fancies of the tenant. Farini, LUIGI CARLO, born in 1812 at Russi, It is the presumption that all the buildings and in the province of Ravenna, studied medicine at other permanent equipments of the farm are pro Bologna, and practised with success in his native vided by and are the property of the owner of the city, but in 1841 had to leave the Papal States. soil. The character of the steading is therefore, The amnesty and liberalism of Pius IX. attracted as a rule, determined by the rules of the estate.' him to Rome in 1846, where he held office under These estate rules too often enforce the observance Rossi. Called to Piedmont, in 1851 he became of certain plans irrespective of the exceptional minister of Public Instruction, in 1859 provisional necessities and peculiarities of individual farms. On governor of Modena, in 1861 minister of Commerce this account, and through a widespread ambition in the last cabinet of Cavour, and he was himself on the part of both landlords and tenants for im premier from December 1862 till the breakdown of posing and almost luxurious farm buildings-an his health in the following March. A strenuous ambition fostered by, if not born of, the times of labourer in the cause of a united Italy, he died exceptional prosperity experienced prior to 1875near Genoa on 1st August 1866; and in 1878 his an excessive and unreasonable amount of capital remains were translated to Russi. Among Farini's has in many cases been sunk in the buildings of the works may be mentioned Il Stato Romano, trans-farm, thus placing upon the land a burden which lated into English under Mr Gladstone's supervision it is ill able to bear, and which is therefore detri(4 vols. 1851-54), and Storia d'Italia, a continua- mental alike to the land-owner and to the tenant. tion of Botta's celebrated work. Farm (O.E. feorm; Low Lat. firma, from Lat. firmus, 'durable'), the term usually employed to denote a piece of land, either pasture or arable, held in lease by a tenant from the proprietor; but of course the term farmer is often applied The greatest amount of steading accommodation is required upon mixed husbandry farms, where a large quantity of home-grown produce is consumed by cattle in winter. Unfortunately upon such a farm the maximum expenditure is required where the land is, as a rule, least able to bear heavy burdens-viz. in the cold northern districts, where substantial and comfortable houses have to be provided for the stock during the long and severe winters. In many instances there is four or five times as much money sunk in buildings-i.e. apart from the dwelling-houses-upon mixed husbandry farms in the north of Scotland as upon similar farms in the south of England. to the vicarage of Kilsheelan, to which, not being in orders, he appointed a deputy. He went to London in 1599, and died there in 1605. His First Set of English Madrigals appeared in 1599, his treatise, Divers and Sundry Ways of Two Parts in One, in 1591. He contributed to East's Whole Book of Psalms (1592) and Morley's Triumphs of Oriana (1601). See Fellowes, English Madrigal Composers (1921), and for his music, English Mad rigal School (vol. viii. 1914). The farm-steading is usually situated as near as possible to the centre of the holding, on a dry, airy, yet well-sheltered elevation, with the water-supply Farmer, RICHARD, D.D., a well-known 18thabundant, if such is to be had on the farm, but not century scholar, was born at Leicester, August 28, in close proximity to stagnant water or swampy 1735, and in 1753 was entered a pensioner of ground. The open part of the steading should, as Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where four years a rule, have a southern exposure, yet the immediate later he graduated a senior optime. Appointed situation as to shelter may warrant variations from classical tutor of his college, he took orders, this rule. The most common and convenient plan and served the curacy of Swavesey, a village 9 for a farm-steading is in the form of three sides of a miles from Cambridge. On Dr Johnson's visit to square or parallelogram, with a wing down the Cambridge the two scholars had a joyous meetcentre, and perhaps also stretching out a shorting,' and ever after kept up the most friendly distance at the back of the cross wing, the dimen- relations. Dr Farmer became a member of the sions of the square or parallelogram being so regu- famous Literary Club, and helped Johnson with lated as to provide the required capacity in the Cambridge notes for his Lives of the Poets. He soon various compartments. Modern experience has fully abandoned his projected history of Leicester, and demonstrated the advantages of covered courts for published in 1767 his only work, the once famous cattle. In most improved steadings, therefore, the Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare, which showed whole or greater part of the spaces between the that the great dramatist derived his knowledge of centre and side wings is roofed and arranged as the ancients from translations, having often precourts for cattle. The whole of the season's dung served the phraseology and even the errors of the is often accommodated in these courts, and is translators. In 1775 Farmer was elected to the benefited by the treading of the cattle, while the mastership of Emmanuel College, and in 1778 beroof saves it from damage by washing with rain- came chief-librarian to the university. In 1780 he water. Where good management prevails, the obtained a prebendal stall at Lichfield, in 1782 at liquid manure is collected in a tank close to these Canterbury, which he exchanged in 1788 for a resicourts, and periodically pumped over the heap of dentiary prebend in St Paul's. The remaining solid manure. Quantities of gypsum are sprinkled years of his life he divided betwixt residence in over liquid manure wherever it is exposed, to fix London and at Cambridge, beloved alike by the free ammonia, which would otherwise volatilise and members of his college and by London men of pass away in the atmosphere. letters for his geniality and his brilliant talk over a pipe of tobacco and a bottle of port. He was careless of his appearance, an inveterate collector of old books, and habitually indolent-a failing which alone prevented his making a figure in literature. He died September 8, 1797. A point worthy of careful consideration is the placing of the various compartments of the steading in such relation to each other that there may be no unnecessary moving of food, manure, or dairy produce, so that time in performing the various operations going on in the steading may as far as possible be economised. The straw-barn should be near the centre of the steading, and the classes of stock receiving most straw accommodated nearest to the straw-barn. The root-stores should be easily accessible from the cattle compartments, the hay-store from the stable, the dairy from the cowhouse, and the stack-yard from the threshing-mill and straw-barn. The cart and implement sheds should be near to the stable. In close steadings most careful attention should be given to ventilation, so as to secure a sufficient current overhead to keep the atmosphere pure and equable without allowing draughts to play directly upon the animals. Besides stone and bricks, concrete-1 part of stale Portland cement to 6 parts of broken stones or pure gravel (free from earthy matter) is now largely employed in the construction of farm buildings, notably servants' cottages. Galvanised corrugated sheet-iron is extensively used in roofing courts for cattle. Covered stack-yards have not come into use, as was at one time expected, but large hay-barns, roofed with corrugated iron, are now very common, and are a valuable acquisition to farm-steadings. On the American continent farm buildings are generally constructed of wood. It is common there to find all the compartments of the farm-steading grouped under one roof, which is often of great dimensions. Farmer, JOHN, English madrigalist, born probably about 1565, was appointed organist of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublín, in 1595, deserted and in 1597 resumed his post, and in 1598 was presented Farmers-general (Fr. fermiers-généraux) was the name given before the Revolution of 1789 to the members of a privileged association in France, who farmed or leased the public revenues of the nation. This system of tax-gathering became general in France from the year 1546, when Francis I. let out the gabelle or salt-tax in this way. The privileges of the position were sold to the highest bidder; but they were largely in the hands of the king's favourites. The powers, rights, and duties of the class were defined by special decrees; but, however severe may have been the fiscal laws against fraud and contraband, it is notorious that shortly before the Revolution abuses of the most flagrant description had demoralised the system and the men. During the Revolution most of these odious taxgatherers perished on the scaffold, the innocent among them being occasionally confounded with the guilty. Farmers of the revenue were an institution of ancient Rome (see PUBLICANS). Tolls on roads and duties of various kinds were at one time farmed also in Great Britain. See MONOPOLY. Farm-servants. See LABOURERS. Farnborough, an urban district on the east border of Hampshire, 32 miles SW. of London, contains part of the camp of Aldershot (q.v.). Near it is Farnborough Hill, the residence of the Empress Eugénie, with a mausoleum, in which she is buried with her husband and son. Farnborough gave a title to Sir T. E. May (q.v.). Pop. 12,645. Farne Islands, or the STAPLES, a group of seventeen islets and rocks (area, 80 acres), some being visible only at low-tide, two to five miles off the north-east coast of Northumberland, opposite Bamborough, are an important bird-breeding station, acquired by the National Trust in 1924. On House Island are remains of a Benedictine priory, dedicated to St Cuthbert (q.v.). The passage between the isles is very dangerous in rough weather; and on the group there are two lighthouses. Here the Forfarshire was wrecked in 1838 (see DARLING, GRACE); and here, in 1843, the Pegasus met the same fate, when sixty persons were drowned. Farnell, LEWIS RICHARD, born at Salisbury, 10th January 1856, studied at Oxford, Berlin, and Munich, travelled in Greece and Anatolia, and wrote Cults of the Greek States (1896), and other works on Greek and comparative religion. wounded a brother-performer, and was so shocked by the occurrence that he at once quitted the boards. Accompanied by the actor Wilks, he proceeded to London, and shortly after received a commission in the regiment commanded by the Earl of Orrery, which was then stationed in Ireland. Urged by Wilks, and perhaps stimulated by the gaiety and leisure of a military life, he in 1698 produced his first comedy, entitled Love and a Bottle, which proved a success. Two years afterwards his Constant Couple appeared, which met with a brilliant reception, and to which he wrote a sequel, called Sir Harry Wildair. In 1703 he produced The Inconstant, founded on the Wild-goose Chase of Beaumont and Fletcher, a version in which Farnese, the name of an illustrious Italian all the coarseness, and none of the poetry, of the family, three members of whom occupy a prominent elder dramatists is retained. Having married in position in history. ALESSANDRO FARNESE was the same year, he fell into serious pecuniary diffiraised to the papal see in 1534 as Paul III. (q.v.). culties, sold his commission, and, struggling with He founded the duchy of Parma and Piacenza.- adverse fortune, succumbed. He died of decline ALESSANDRO FARNESE (1546–92), son of the second in 1707, leaving two helpless girls' to the care duke, and one of the most skilful generals of his of his friend Wilks. During his last illness he age, first distinguished himself at Lepanto (1571). wrote the best of his plays, The Beaux' StrataAfterwards, as governor of the Spanish Nether-gem-in six weeks, it is said and died while its lands, he captured Antwerp (1585) for Philip II., wit and invention were making the town roar. and compelled Henry IV. of France to raise the The Recruiting Officer had been produced in 1706. siege of Paris (1590).-ELIZABETH FARNESE (16921766) became the wife of Philip V. of Spain in 1714, and was a warm supporter of the policy of Alberoni, Philip's minister. See Life by E. Armstrong (1892). The three pieces of antique sculpture (the Farnese Hercules, Flora, and Bull) were removed about 1790 from the Farnese Palace at Rome to the national museum at Naples. Farnham, a town of Surrey, 38 miles SW. of London by rail, stands on the Wey, embosomed in hop-gardens. The principal feature is the old castle of the bishops of Winchester, first built by Bishop Henry de Blois, King Stephen's brother. Razed by Henry III., and afterwards rebuilt, it was garrisoned by Charles I., and restored in 1684 to its present state by Bishop Morley. A handsome Italian town-hall was built in 1866. Moor Park, the seat of Sir William Temple, with memories of Swift and Stella,' is in the vicinity; so, too, are the remains of Waverley Abbey (1128), whose Annales Waverlienses suggested to Scott the name of his first romance. The chief trade is in hops, a very fine variety being grown here. Pop. 12,000. Toplady and Cobbett were natives. Aldershot Camp (q.v.) is 3 miles NE. of Farnham. Farnworth, an urban district of Lancashire, 3 miles by rail SE. of Bolton, with cotton-spinning, coal-mining, machine-making, and chemical manufactures; pop. 28,000. Faro, the capital of the Portuguese province of Algarve, on the south coast, behind three islands which form a good roadstead. It has considerable exports of fruits, cork, sumach, and fish. Pop. 13,000. Faro was burned by the English in 1596, and partly destroyed by the earthquake of 1755. Faro, a widely-known game of hazard, played with cards by a banker against an indefinite number of players. It is so called from Pharaon or Pharaoh, the old name of one of the court cards. 6 Farquhar is one of the best of our comic dramatists, although Pope called him a 'farce writer;' less brilliant than Congreve, the Smollett, not the Fielding, of the stage, he possesses on the whole more variety and character than any of his compeers. With wit in abundance, he had humanity too, and was a tender-hearted, somewhat melancholy man- very splenetic, and yet very amorous.' See Ewald's edition (1893); also Archer's of four plays ('Mermaid Series,' 1906); Dr D. Schmid, George Farquhar, sein Leben und seine Original-Dramen (1904); Allardyce Nicoll, Restoration Drama (1923). Farr, WILLIAM, born at Kenley, in Shropshire, 30th November 1807, studied medicine at Paris and London, but devoted himself mainly to medical statistics. In 1839 he received an appointment in the Registrar-general's Office in London, where he eventually became superintendent of the statistical department, a post which he held until 1880. He died in London, 14th April 1883. His chief books are Tables of Lifetimes, Annuities, and Premiums (1864); English Reproduction Table (1880); and Net Premiums for Insurance against Fatal Accident (1880). His Vital Statistics, a memorial volume, appeared in 1885. On the out American seamen, was born of Spanish origin, near Farragut, DAVID GLASGOW, the greatest of Knoxville, Tennessee, 5th July 1801. Entering the navy in 1810, he became a lieutenant in 1825, combreak of the civil war he held by the Union, and in mander in 1841, and captain in 1855. 1862 was given the command of the armament of wooden steamers and mortar-boats fitted out for the capture of New Orleans. The approach to the city was defended by two strong forts, a number of Confederate steamers and an ironclad ram, besides chains stretched across the river, whilst sharpshooters and fire-rafts had been prepared to harass the attacking force. After the forts had been Faroe Islands. See FAEROE ISLANDS. shelled for six days and nights without effect, FarFarquhar, GEORGE, was born at Londonderry ragut decided to force the passage in the darkness, in 1678, and received his education at Trinity Col- and actually carried through all but three of his lege, Dublin, where, although he did not take any vessels, in spite of the terrible raking fire poured in degree, he secured among his comrades the reputa- as they passed the opening made in the boom. The tion of a wit who was a spendthrift of his witticisms. Confederate fleet was sunk or burned, and, on the When he left the university he was engaged as an 25th April, the last batteries having been silenced, actor at one of the Dublin theatres, but, like most the city was evacuated, and Farragut's men landed. dramatists who have figured on the stage, he proved For many months thereafter he was employed on but an indifferent performer. Playing a part in the Mississippi, until in July 1863 the last fort surDryden's Indian Emperor, and forgetting that he rendered, and the entire river was open to navigawore a sword instead of a foil, he accidentally tion. In July 1862 he had been commissioned rear |