patches completely desolated by the pest; these have simply to be mown down and buried before new seed has set; while pains must be taken to procure clover-seed pure from those of the parasite. The temperate species are all annual, but C. verrucosa and other tropical forms are perennial. It is a remarkable circumstance that Cassytha, a totally unrelated oriental genus of Lauraceae, has not only assumed the same general mode of life and twining, leafless habit, but germinates and penetrates in a precisely similar way.

Doddridge, PHILIP, a great nonconformist divine, was born in London, 26th June 1702, the twentieth child of a well-to-do oilman of good descent. The Duchess of Bedford, to whom his uncle was steward, offered him an education at either university and provision in the church; but though dissuaded by Calamy, he determined to enter the nonconformist ministry on the advice of the famous Samuel Clarke. He was educated at a theological academy at Kibworth in Leicestershire (afterwards removed to Hinckley), presided over by John Jennings, a man not only of great intellect, but of uncommon breadth and toleration. In 1723 Doddridge became pastor of the dissenting congregation at Kibworth. After declining several invitations from congregations whose rigid ideas of orthodoxy he felt would be uncongenial to him, he settled in 1729 at Northampton as minister and president of a theological academy. Here he continued to preach and train young students for the ministry till shortly before his death, which occurred October 26, 1751, at Lisbon, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health. Doddridge was a man of the most amiable character, deep piety, and extensive accomplishments. He was at once liberal and evangelical, and with all his religious earnestness and enthusiasm had humanity enough for such 'levities' as cards and tobacco. His principal work is The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul (1745). His hymns have carried his name over the English-speaking religious world, perhaps the best known being 'Hark, the glad sound,' and 'O God of Bethel, by whose hand.' His Correspondence and Diary was edited by his great-grandson (5 vols. 1829-31). See also Stanford's Memoir (1880).

Dodecanese (Gr., 'twelve islands'), the islands of Kasos, Karpathos, Kharki, Tilos, Symi, Nisyros, Astropalia, Kos, Kalymnos, Leros, Lipsos, and Patmos, which, with Rhodes and Castellorizo, Italy seized in the war with Turkey, and retained as a pledge for the fulfilment of the terms of the treaty of Ouchy (1912). By the treaty of Sèvres (1920) all these islands were to be ceded to Italy, and by the Tittoni-Venizelos agreement of the same date (revoked by Italy in 1922), the Dodecanese was to be passed on to Greece. The treaty of Lausanne (1923) gave all to Italy. Area of the twelve islands, 455 sq. m.; pop. 64,000, nearly all Greeks.

Döderlein, LUDWIG, philologist, born at Jena, 19th December 1791, studied at Munich, Heidelberg, Erlangen, and Berlin, and in 1815 was appointed professor of Philology at the academy of Bern. In 1819 he went as second professor of Philology to Erlangen, where in 1827 he became first professor and also director of the philological seminary. He died there, 9th November 1863. His principal works were on Latin synonyms (6 vols. 1826-38), on Latin etymology (1836 and 1841), a Homeric glossary (3 vols. 1850-58), and editions of the Iliad, Tacitus, &c.

Dodgson, REV. CHARLES LUTWIDGE (Lewis Carroll), was born at Daresbury, near Warrington, 27th Jan. 1832, and, entering Christ Church, Oxford, graduated B. A. in 1854 with a first-class in mathematics. He was elected a student of his college, took orders in 1861, from 1855 to 1881 was

As

mathematical lecturer, and died 14th January 1898. He published some valuable mathematical works on Plane Trigonometry (1861), Determinants (1867), Euclid and his Modern Rivals (1879) Curiosa Mathematica (1888-93), &c. Lewis Carroll (whom he carefully distinguished from his other self) he issued in 1865 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, which, with its continuation Through the Looking-glass (1872), has become a nursery classic; Phantasmagoria (1869), Hunting of the Snark (1876), Doublets (1879), Rhyme? and Reason? (1883; new ed. 1897), A Tangled Tale (1886), Game of Logic (1887), and Sylvie and Bruno (1889-93). Symbolic Logic (1896), however, bore to be written by Lewis Carroll. See Life by S. D. Collingwood (1899).

Dodington, GEORGE BUBB, a 'person of im portance in his day,' was born plain Bubb in 1691, the son of an Irish fortune-hunter or apothecary, and took the name Dodington in 1720, on inheriting a fine property from his uncle. Resolved 'to make some figure in the world,' he had got into parliament in 1715, and from 1722 to 1754 sat for Bridgwater. Otherwise, he was always changing his place, from Walpole's service to the Prince of Wales's, from his to Argyll's, anon back to the Prince's, and so on: his one good action, that he spoke up for Byng. He was sometimes in office, but oftener out of it; and he had not long reached the goal of his ambition, a peerage with the title Baron Melcombe, when he died at Hammersmith, 28th July 1762. A soi-disant Mæcenas, he passed for something of a wit and poet, but is best remembered through Browning's Parleying, and by his posthumous Diary (1784), that odd self-revelation of à flunkey. See a study by Lloyd Sanders (1919). Dodo (Didus ineptus), a large bird which used to inhabit Mauritius, but became extinct some time after 1681. It appears to have been allied to the pigeons, was a little larger than a turkey, and incapable of flight. Our knowledge of the bird is derived from the reports of travellers, from pictures, and above all from the skeletons disentombed in 1866. It appears also to have been sometimes brought alive to Europe. The bill was large, longer than the head, and covered for half its length by soft naked skin. The end of the bill was hooked and turned downwards. The wings and the tail were rudimentary. The feathers seem to have been gray, with yellow on the wings and tail. The legs were short, thick, and scaly. It probably lived in the thick, tropical woods, and fed on vegetable materials.

in part at least, by human carelessness. The solitaire (Pezophaps solitarius) of Rodriguez is another well-known case.

There are rude figures of the dodo in several works of the 17th century, and in particular one, evidently superior to the rest, in Bontius (edited by Piso, 1658)-who calls the bird Dronte or Dodaers-which perfectly corresponds with the descriptions given of it, with a painting preserved in the British Museum, said to have been drawn in Holland from the living bird, and with a representation of it discovered by Professor Owen in 1838 in Savery's picture of Orpheus and the Beasts at the Hague, which he thinks must have been copied from a study of the living bird.' The skeleton has been partially reconstructed, and described by Professor Owen. Many bones of this extinct bird were discovered in 1865, when extensive marshes in the island were partially drained. There are bones at Paris, Copenhagen, and Haarlem. A foot of the dodo is amongst the valued treasures of the British Museum. In the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford are a head and foot; but the stuffed specimen to which these belonged was allowed to decay, and destroyed in 1755 by order of the curators. See Strickland and Melville, The Dodo and its Kindred (1848); Owen in vol. vi. of Trans. Zool. Soc.; and L. W. Rothschild's Extinct Birds (1907).

Dodo'na, the seat of the oldest Greek oracle, was situated in Epirus, in one of the wildest districts south-west of the Lake of Janina. The Greek and Egyptian accounts of its origin differ. The priests of Egyptian Thebes related that two holy women were carried off from that city by a party of Phoenicians, one of whom was sold in Libya, the other to the Greeks, and that these

women founded the oracles at Dodona and Ammon. The inhabitants of Dodona related that two black doves took their flight from the city of Thebes, in Egypt, one of which flew to Libya, the other to Dodona; that the latter perched upon an oak, and with a human voice commanded that an oracle should be founded on the spot. Herodotus thought that if the Phoenicians did actually carry off the two women already alluded to, one of them was probably sold into Greece; that the strange language and dark complexion had caused them to be likened to birds; and that when they became acquainted with the Greek tongue, they were said to have spoken with a human voice. Later authors ascribe the founding of the city to Deucalion. The sanctuary itself was dedicated to Zeus, who made known his will by the wind rustling through the boughs of a grove of lofty oaks or beech trees. This was interpreted by the priests, who were termed Selloi or Helloi. The goddess Dione, by some said to be Aphrodite, by others Hera, afterwards appeared by the side of Zeus, and the place of the priests was occupied by priestesses Peleiades), who announced the will of the deity. Dodona, though not equal in renown to Delphi, was yet frequently consulted on occasions of importance both by the Spartans and Athenians. Though the city was destroyed in 219 B.C. by the Ætolians, it recovered at a later period, and was in existence in the 6th century A.D. See Dodone et ses Ruines, by Carapanos (1878).

Dodsley, ROBERT, author and publisher, was born in 1703 near Mansfield, in Nottinghamshire. His father, who was a schoolmaster, apprenticed him to a stocking-weaver; but the boy was so illtreated that he ran away, and was afterwards engaged as footman. His leisure he gave to reading, and at length published in 1732 a volume of poems, entitled A Muse in Livery, which was patronised by many fashionable ladies. His next production, The Toy Shop, a dramatic piece, was submitted in

manuscript to Pope, who undertook to recommend it to Rich, the manager of Covent Garden Theatre, under whose management it was acted in 1735 with great success. With his profits, and the interest of Pope, who helped him with £100, Dodsley now commenced business as a bookseller, and was very successful, but still continued to write bright and successful plays, as The King and the Miller of Mansfield (1737), Sir John Cockle at Court (1738), The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (1741), and Rex et Pontifex (1745), which were republished in a collected edition of his dramatic works with the title of Trifles (1748). Meantime, he was conducting his business with such ability and spirit, that in the course of three years after commencement, he was in a position to buy copyrights. In 1738 he bought London from the yet unknown Johnson for ten guineas, and among the other famous authors for whom he published were Pope, Young, Akenside, Lord Chesterfield, Horace Walpole, Goldsmith, and Shenstone. Among his schemes were The Museum (1742-47), a collection of historical and social essays; The Preceptor, a book of instruction for the young; and the Annual Register, started in 1759, and long edited by Burke. Dodsley's most successful work was a tragedy called Cleone (1758), which was acted at Covent Garden with extraordinary success. With Cleone he closed his career of dramatic authorship. Dodsley's name is now chiefly remembered on account of his Select Collection of Old Plays (12 vols. 1744; 2d ed. by Isaac Reed, 12 vols. 1780; 3d. ed. by J. P. Collier, 13 vols. 1825-28; 4th ed. by W. C. Hazlitt, 15 vols. 1874-76); and his Collection of Poems by Several Hands (3 vols. 1748; 6 vols. 1758). Dodsley died 1764. He was not only an honest and able, but an on a visit to Spence at Durham, 25th December

amiable man.

See Knight's Shadows of the Old Booksellers (1865), Austin Dobson's Eighteenth Century Vignettes (2d series, 1894), and R. Straus's Robert Dodsley (1910).

Doe, a female Deer (q.v.), in contrast to buck.

Doe, JOHN, in Law, the fictitious plaintiff in ejectment, whose services (like those of Richard Roe, his opponent) are dispensed with since the abolition of the fiction. See EJECTMENT.

Doesborgh (Drususburg), a fortified town in the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, at the confluence of the Old and New Yssel; pop. 5000.

Dog, the popular name of the Canis familiaris of Linnæus, as well as of several more or less closely allied forms. The word is not co-extensive with any zoological term, but all the animals to which it is

applied belong to the family Canidæ (q.v.), which may be defined as digitigrade carnivora, with small head, pointed muzzle, somewhat contracted neck, slightly compressed body, and slender legs; forefeet bearing five, hinder four toes, claws not rewanting, a gland often present at the root of the tractile, hair thick, tongue smooth, anal glands tail. The teeth usually consist of three incisors, one canine, and four premolars (teeth which are preceded by temporary or milk molars) in each jaw.

The

upper jaw has two, the lower three molars on each side. The last premolar of the upper jaw, and the first molar of the lower jaw are decidedly larger than any of the others, and bite against one another; they are known as the 'carnassials.' The distribution of the Canidæ is universal; many are nocturnal or semi-nocturnal; they run swiftly and persistently, swim well, and climb and leap, though not so well as the cats. Their senses are acute, especially that of smell, and they possess higher mental qualities than those of any other animal. They frequently combine to procure food, and live on other mammals and birds, devouring fresh meat or carrion with equal avidity; some

wolf. Neither of these earlier views, however, takes a sufficiently wide survey of the whole subject to be worthy of much consideration. Put very briefly, the principal facts which help us to the solution of this problem are the following: The different breeds are very unlike each other, which would suggest the likelihood, though it would not prove, that they were descended from different ancestors. This variety of breeds obtains even in the earliest domestic dogs of which we have any record. There is no difficulty in imagining that various races of men have domesticated dogs in different places and at different periods. Wild canine species are scattered over the whole world; they are social animals, hunting in packs, and such are most easily tamed. When first in contact with man, too, animals are not as a rule shy. Savages are known to value dogs highly, and it has been suggested that perhaps the sight of their combined pursuit of their prey may have given man the idea of employing them. Furthermore, the dogs of semi-civilised or barbarous peoples often present a very close resemblance to the wild forms surrounding them; thus, the Indian dogs of North America so closely resemble the wolves of that region, that they have been mistaken for them even by well-trained naturalists. The Eskimo dogs are very like the gray Arctic wolves, with which their owners not unfrequently cross them to improve the breed. The dog of the Hare Indians differs but very slightly from the prairie-wolf or coyote (C. latrans). The natives of Guiana seem to have partially domesticated two aboriginal forms. Many European varieties approximate closely to the wolf, as, for instance, the Hungarian sheep-dog. The Indian pariah dogs are but little removed from the native wolf, whilst some other breeds show a close affinity to the jackals. These latter, when tamed, wag their tails, crouch to their masters, and behave in other respects like domestic dogs. From these statements, and many others which might be added, it seems fair to conclude that the various domesticated canine forms have arisen from the following separate sources: two well-defined species of wolf (C. lupus and C. latrans); certain doubtful species, European, Indian, and North African, from several species of jackal, and perhaps also from some extinct forms.

:

It must not, however, be supposed that the differences between the various breeds are entirely due to this difference of parentage, for there can be no doubt that they are largely the effect of careful breeding and selection. Variations occur in almost every part of the animal's organisation. As regards size some are six times as long as others (the tail being excluded); the ratio of the height to the length varies from 12 to 1 4. The number of caudal vertebræ, the number of teats, and the number and disposition of the teeth, are all subject to modifications. Among peculiarities which are confined to domestic as opposed to wild dogs may be mentioned the drooping ears and the curled up tail; the former correlated with a diminished need for watchfulness; the latter with a decreased use of the tail as a helm. Barking, too, is almost universal in domestic breeds, but does not characterise a single wild form. Certain tame dogs, which were left on the island of Juan Fernández, were found after thirty years to have quite lost the faculty, and only gradually reacquired it on renewed contact with man.

No account of the domestic dog would be com plete without an allusion to his mental qualities, which lift him high above all other animals, and pre-eminently fit him to be the companion of man. Anecdotes illustrative of his keenness of sense, reasoning faculties, fidelity, and conscientiousness,

might be multiplied indefinitely. For these we may refer our readers to the pages of Jesse, Walsh ('Stonehenge'), and Gordon Stables; for their scientific treatment, to the works of Darwin, Avebury, and Romanes. See also INSTINCT.

The natural qualities of the dog enable him to be of service to man chiefly in the chase, but he has been utilised also (to say nothing of his consumption by the Chinese and certain barbarians as food) as a guardian and a guide, as a saviour of life from drowning, and a beast of draught; he has ministered to a depraved curiosity in the ancient sports of bull and bear baiting, and has even acted as an instrument of torture and as a minister of justice. Dog-farming is regularly pursued in Manchuria for the sake of the skins, the breed cultivated being remarkable for the length and fine quality of the hair. There are thousands of such dog-farms, keeping from a score to several hundreds of dogs. The dogs are strangled in mid-winter, that the furs may be got in the best condition, but they must be at least eight months old. (2) The Wolf (Canis lupus) will be considered in a special article.

(3) The Indian Wild Dogs (C. dukhunensis, C. primavus, C. rutilans) are sometimes separated as a distinct genus (Cuon). They occur in different parts of India, and are variously known as Kolsun, Buansuh, or Dhole. They are generally reddish-brown in colour, with a moderately long tail, full below, not a round brush like the fox; the pupil is round, and the ears erect, large, and hairy. They hunt in packs of from six to thirty, with such keen scent and pertinacity that competent observers declare that, when once a pack of them put up any animal, no matter whether deer or tiger, that animal's doom is sealed; they never leave it.' Certain half-domesticated individuals are employed for coursing and pig-sticking.

It was

(4) The Australian Wild Dog or Dingo (Canis dingo) is particularly interesting, as being the only higher mammal found in that country. formerly believed that it was sprung from some domestic form which had run wild, but this opinion is now abandoned owing, amongst other reasons, to the discovery of fossil dingoes in the diluvial deposits. It resembles the larger varieties of shepherds' dogs. The forehead is flat, and the ears short and erect. The body has two kinds of hair, silky and woolly. When running, the head is carried high and the tail horizontally. The earliest settlers in Tasmania suffered much from the loss of their sheep owing to these animals; now the dingoes are almost destroyed. They are sometimes domesticated by the aborigines, who, however, never capture the adults, but secure a litter of pups, which they bring up by hand. They are easily tamed, but almost invariably run wild again when the breeding season comes on. See DINGO.

(5) The Jackals (Canis anthus, C. aureus, &c.). See JACKAL.

(6) The Pariah Dogs form a nondescript breed of animals, which inhabit the towns and villages of the East, where they act as general scavengers. They associate in bands, each of which has its own allotted territory, beyond whose bounds no member dares to pass.

(7) The Racoon Dog (Canis procyonoides) is so called because it presents a superficial likeness to the racoon. It is, however, a true dog, and it is more than doubtful whether the generic name (Nyctereutes) proposed for it should be allowed to stand. The body is arched, the legs short and slender, the tail also short but bushy. It is found in Japan and Northern China.

(8) The Hyæna Dog (Canis or Lycaon pictus) occurs in South Africa. It is about the size of a