measures originated with or were directly promoted by him. Among such were the formation of the fencible regiments, the supplementary militia, the volunteer corps, and the provisional cavalry; in short, the whole of that domestic military force raised during the war consequent on the French Revolution. When Pitt resigned in 1801, Dundas did the same. In 1802, under the administration of Mr Addington, he was made Viscount Melville and Baron Dunira. In 1805 he was accused of 'gross malversation and breach of duty' while acting as treasurer of the navy. The trial commenced 29th April 1806; but in spite of the splendid array of Whig talent against him, Dundas was acquitted on all charges involving his honour, though it must now be allowed,' says Lockhart, that the investigation brought out many circumstances by no means creditable to his discretion.' Thereafter he lived mostly at Dunira, his seat near Comrie. He died at Edinburgh, 28th May 1811. A stately column, surmounted by a statue, was erected to his memory in Edinburgh in 1821, by officers and seamen of the navy. See Life by J. A. Lovat Fraser (1916), and Omond's Lord Advocates of Scotland (1883). Dundee is perhaps Dun-Tay, the hill or fort on the Tay.' The Latin form was Taodunum. Boece gives the fanciful version Deidonum, the gift of God.' Dunde appears to be the oldest form of the name, and occurs in documents of the 11th century. Dundee is a city in Forfarshire, on the N. bank of the Tay estuary, here 2 miles broad, and 10 miles from the river-mouth; 59 miles NNE. of Edinburgh, 20 ENE. of Perth, and 14 S. by W. of Forfar. In population it is the third town in Scotland. The city proper stands mainly on the slopes between the Law (571 feet high, composed of trap, and showing traces of ancient vitrification), Balgay Hill, and the Tay. The most striking architectural features of the town are the town-house, erected by the 'Elder Adam' in 1734, in the Roman Ionic style, with a spire 140 feet high; the Albert Institute (erected 1867, from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott), and Victoria Galleries (1889), containing free library, museum, and picture galleries; the Royal Exchange, in the Flemish Pointed style of the 15th century, opened 1856; the Eastern Club-House; the Kinnaird Hall, holding 2000 people; the Royal Infirmary, opened 1855, and largely extended in 1899 and 1907; the post-office; the technical college and school of art; the high school; the Morgan Academy; Dens Road School; the Provincial Training College; St Paul's Episcopal Church Balgay Industrial School; the branch public lib raries; the Tower of St Mary, called the Old Steeple,' 165 feet high, and dating from about the 15th century (restored 1872). The most important addition to the architecture of Dundee in recent years is the building containing the Caird Hall and the new Council Chambers. This structure took its origin in April 1914, when Sir James Caird, Bart., offered £100,000 for the purpose. He did not live to see the building completed; but his sister and heiress (Mrs Marryat) gave an additional sum of £75,000. The hall was opened in 1923. It is seated to accommodate 3300 persons. All the municipal departments are provided for within the same building, which also includes the Marryat Hall for special functions. Dundee College was founded in 1880, when Miss Baxter of Balgavies gave a donation of £120,000, and Dr Boyd Baxter the sum of £10,000, and teach ing was commenced in 1883. In 1890 it was affiliated to the university of St Andrews, the college retaining its individuality and a measure of financial authority, under the terms of the agreement. In 1895 the union was dissolved, but was reconstituted in 1897. manufacture of coarse linen fabrics (Osnaburgs, sheetings, ducks, dowlas, drills, canvas, and cordage). But since 1855 jute has formed the staple trade of the city. The raw material is imported from India, and the products are yarns, bags and sacks for grain, coffee, guano, and other commodities, tarpaulins, covers, and Hessian cloth (the foundation of linoleum), and carpets of great beauty. The trade in preserves and confectionery is important. The whalers of Dundee' have been world-famous owing to their employment in Antarctic exploration; but in recent years the whaling industry has been much restricted. Shipbuilding and marine engineering are carried on to a large extent. The harbour includes tidal basins, large wet docks, graving docks, and a slip. Direct railway communication of Dundee with the south, established in 1878 by the erection of the Tay Bridge (single line), was interrupted by a disaster on the night of 28th December 1879, when, during a violent WSW. gale, the 13 large central spans of the bridge, with a passenger train containing 75 persons, fell into the river. The new bridge (double lines) is 10,700 feet, or fully 2 miles long, comprising an abutment at the south end, and 85 piers supporting girders. The rails at the south end are 83 ft. 6 in. above high water, and at the north end 26 ft. 6 in. Long spans of 245 feet occur near the middle of the river, where also the girders tion, to war against naval abuses, he was at once ordered off to the Mediterranean. In April 1809 he was selected by the Admiralty for the hazardous service of burning the French fleet of fifteen sail (848 guns), then blockaded in Aix Roads by a stronger force under Lord Gambier. On the night of the 11th the huge boom guarding the entrance was shattered. Explosion vessels and fireships caused a panic. Daylight showed almost the whole French fleet aground-an easy prey. Gambier, however, was fourteen miles away. Cochrane's signals met with no response; consequently only four of the enemy's ships were destroyed. It was the last blow he was to strike for England. are placed above the railway, to give the maximum room for shipping. The new bridge is parallel to the line of the old bridge, but 60 feet farther west, and the cutwaters of the old piers are still visible. It was opened for traffic in 1887, and cost £670,000, economy being effected by the utilisation of many of the girders of the old bridge. It has been proposed to use the piers of the old bridge to form a roadbridge connecting Fife with the North of Scotland. Pop. (1841) 63,732; (1871) 120,724; (1881) 140,239; (1901) 161,173; (1921) 165,004, including Broughty Ferry, annexed in 1913. Dundee sends two members to Parliament. Since 1889 it has been styled a city, and since 1892 its chief magistrate has been entitled Lord Provost. Among persons of note connected with Dundee may be mentioned He received the knighthood of the Bath; but Boece; Bluidy Mackenzie; James Bowman to Gambier were voted the thanks of parliament, Lindsay, linguist and electrical pioneer; Thomas after a most honourable acquittal' by the friendly Dick, the Christian philosopher'; Admiral court-martial which ensued on Cochrane's proDuncan; the saintly' M'Cheyne; George Gil- test against that vote. Thus discredited, put upon fillan; Thomas Erskine of Linlathen. On account half-pay, Cochrane pursued his crusade against of its geographical situation, its harbour and its naval corruption, till in June 1814 he, the hero, the castle, Dundee was frequently mentioned in early high-born, the Radical reformer, was placed in the documents. Edward I. was here twice. Wallace dock as a fraudulent stock-jobber. A lying rumour is said to have taken the castle in 1297, and there of Napoleon's overthrow had sent up the funds; after it was occupied by the Scots and English and he, with two others, was tried for propagatalternately until the decisive battle of Bannock-ing it, and selling out upwards of a million sterling burn. The Duke of Lancaster burned Dundee in with a gross profit of £10,000. Those two others1385, and the Marquis of Montrose pillaged it in an uncle one-were certainly guilty. Lord Cochrane, 1645. Charles II. lived here, after his coronation by some held innocent, was sentenced to pay a fine at Scone, in 1650. General Monk sacked and of £1000, to suffer a year's imprisonment in the burned it in 1651, killing 1200 citizens and soldiers. King's Bench, and to stand for an hour in the Dundee was one of the first Scottish towns to adopt pillory. The last part of the sentence was rethe Reformation. Wishart the martyr preached mitted; but his name was struck off the navy here during the plague of 1544. list, and he was expelled from parliament, and formally degraded from his knighthood. minster re-elected him; and in March 1815 he broke out of gaol, and reappeared in the House, to be torn thence by tipstaves, lodged in the strongroom for the three months yet to run of his sentence, and next year mulcted anew in £100. Dundee, an inland town of Natal, 34 miles NE. of Ladysmith, has coal-mines and a battlefield (1899); pop. 4000. Dundee, VISCOUNT. See GRAHAM (JOHN). Dundonald, THOMAS COCHRANE, EARL OF, seaman, was the eldest son of Archibald, ninth earl (1749-1831), who beggared himself over chemical discoveries. Born at Annsfield, Lanarkshire, on 14th December 1775, he was destined for the army, but, after a desultory education, was permitted to enter the navy (1793). He served in the fiords of Norway, for five years on the North American station, then in the Mediterranean, and in March 1800 received the command of a crazy little sloop of 14 four-pounders and 54 men. In a fifteen months' cruise he took or retook upwards of fifty privateers and merchantmen, 122 guns, and 534 prisoners; his most dashing achievement being the capture by boarding of a Spanish frigate of 32 heavy guns and 319 men, with a loss to himself of but 3 killed and 18 wounded. His own capture by three French line-of-battle ships followed shortly, his speedy exchange, his promotion to post-captain, a half-year of study at Edinburgh University, fifteen months on a 'collier,' protecting non-existent Orkney fisheries-at length, in February 1805, he returned to prize-taking, and in April came sailing into Plymouth Sound, with £75,000 of prize-money for his own share, and a tall gold candlestick at each mast-head. The next four years were mainly spent in harass ing the enemy's coasts-cutting out ships, blowing up semaphores and batteries, and in 1808, with 80 of his own men and as many Spaniards, defending for twelve days the almost untenable Fort Trinidad at Rosas. Meanwhile, in 1805 he had stood unsuccessfully for Honiton on patriotic' (no bribery) principles, but by rewarding his few supporters with double the current price, had secured a cheap victory at next year's election. In May 1807 Westminster returned him at the head of the poll; and at once proceeding, with more zeal than discre West Weary of inactivity and of fruitless attempts at self-justification, in 1818 he once more girt on his sword, to rescue Peru and Chile from Spanish thraldom. As commander-in-chief of Chile's small, illequipped navy, he stormed with 300 men the fifteen strong forts of Valdivia (1819), and cut out a frigate from under the batteries of Callao (1820), in two and a half years making Chile mistress of her own waters, and her flag respected from Cape Horn to Panamá. He squabbled over his reward, as also over that (including the marquisate of Maranham) for his services, only less brilliant, on behalf of the infant empire of Brazil (1823-25). For the cause of Greek independence he could do little or nothing, through lack of both ships and men (1827-28); so, returning to England, he devoted himself to the task of procuring his reinstatement in the navy. But it was not till May 1832, under the Sailor king' and Lord Grey's Whig administration, that a free pardon was granted to the Earl of Dundonald-he had succeeded to the title ten months earlier-and that he was gazetted a rear-admiral. Restored to the honour of knighthood (1847), commander-in-chief on the North American and West Indian station (1848-51), and rear-admiral of the United Kingdom (1854), he died at Kensington, 31st October 1860, in his eighty-fifth year, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He had married in 1812 Miss Katherine Corbet Barnes-a runaway Scottish marriage; she bore him Thomas, the eleventh earl (1814-85), and three other sons, of whom two entered the navy. Much might be written of Lord Dundonald's inventions, his application of steam-power and the screw-propeller to war-ships; still more of his 'secret war-plan' to overwhelm fleets and fortresses But by sulphur fumes and the like. It was submitted to committees in 1812 and 1846, and condemned as too inhuman, though irresistible, infallible. from the inventor one ever reverts to the tall, big, splendid sea-captain, brilliant, daring, cool, prompt, and sagacious, faultless afloat, though ashore out of his element. He equalled the old Elizabethan adventurers; he might, had Fate suffered it, have rivalled Nelson. See the Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brazil (1859), nominally his own, and Autobiography of a Seaman (2 vols. 1860-61), which breaks off in 1814, and has been completed in the Life by the eleventh earl and H. R. Fox Bourne (2 vols. 1869); also the monograph in the 'Men of Action' series (1896) by the Hon. J. W. Fortescue; a book on the trial by J. B. Atlay (1898) in defence of the verdict; and Lord Ellenborough, The Guilt of Lord Cochrane (1914). Dundrum Bay, an inlet of the Irish Sea, in County Down, is 13 miles wide across the entrance, and forms a long gentle curve cutting 5 miles into the land. Dunecht. See CRAWFORD (EARL OF). Dunedin, capital of the provincial district of Otago, and the most important commercial city in New Zealand, is situated at the head of Otago Harbour, on the east side of South Island, towards its southern extremity. It is 190 miles by sea from Lyttelton, and 150 miles from Invercargill, and 139 by rail. Since its foundation by an association of members of the Free Church of Scot land in 1848, the city has rapidly increased in importance; chiefly after the year 1861, when the discovery of extensive gold-fields in the neighbour hood caused a sudden increase of population. Dunedin is as well laid out as the hilly nature of its site will allow; it is well paved and lighted. It is supplied with water from the Water of Leith valley and the Silverstream. For additional supplies it looks to the Waipori, whose falls furnish electric power. Dunedin is the seat of an Anglican and a Roman Catholic bishop. There are many handsome churches and buildings; the Bank of New Zealand, completed in 1882, is one of the finest in the city. Other edifices are the post-office, hospital, government buildings, mechanics' institute, lunatic asylum, &c.; and the inhabitants of the city possess places of recreation in the Botanical Gardens and the grounds of the Acclimatisation Society. The theatre was burned down in 1875, and rebuilt. There is a carriage-drive through the reserve called the Town Belt, which encircles the city, and a fine racecourse, near Ocean Beach, 2 miles distant. The high school and the university, which is affiliated with that of New Zealand, are flourishing institutions. The erection of an observatory in the Town Belt was sanctioned in 1920. There are several daily papers and numerous weeklies and monthlies. Woollens are manufactured and frozen meat prepared. The street tramways are mostly electric. Railways connect Dunedin with Christchurch to the north and Invercargill to the south. Dunedin has frequent communication with the other dominion ports, with Melbourne and the home country; and since the opening and deepening of the Victoria Channel from Port Chalmers, large steamers can approach the wharf. For purposes of defence, two batteries have been erected on the headlands at Ocean Beach, and a third on Otago Heads. The city was originally to have been named New Edinburgh, but on the suggestion of Dr William Chambers of Edinburgh designation of the Scottish capital. Pop. of the its name was changed to Dunedin, the Celtic city proper (1871) 14,857; (1881) 24,372; (1911) 41,529; (1921) 58,074, or with suburbs, which largely consist of adjacent boroughs, 72,255. ་ It Dunfermline, a 'city' of Fife, the chief town of its western district, 16 miles NW. of Edinburgh, and 20 E. by S. of Stirling. It stands on a long swelling ridge, 3 miles from and 300 feet above the Forth, and, backed by the Cleish Hills (1240 feet), presents a striking aspect from the south. is a place of hoar antiquity, from 1057 till 1650 a frequent residence of Scotland's kings, and for more than two centuries their place of sepulture. Malcolm Canmore here founded in 1072 a priory, which David I. remodelled in 1124 as a Benedictine abbey. The nave alone of its church, Romanesque to Third Pointed in style, was spared at the Reformation, and now forms a stately vestibule to the New Abbey Church (1818-21), in building which Robert Bruce's grave was discovered. There are ruins of the frater-house' or refectory, of the 'pended tower,' and of the royal palace (circa 1540); but of Malcolm's Tower only a shapeless fragment is left, and the Queen's House' (1600) was wholly demolished in 1797. Abbot Pitcairn's house is assigned to the 13th century. Little else survived the great fire of 1624. Quite modern are the Gothic corporation buildings (1876-79), with their peaked clock-tower; the spired county building (1807-50); St Margaret's Hall (1878), with a fine organ; the Carnegie Public Library (1881); the Carnegie Baths (1877-1905); the high school (1886-1915); and St Margaret's Roman Catholic Church. 1903 Mr Andrew Carnegie made over £500,000, and in 1911 £250,000, to be held by trustees for behoof of his native town, to maintain Pittencrieff as a pleasure-ground, encourage horticulture, establish a theatre for first-class plays, provide education in music and the arts, and promote social well-being. The staple industry is damask linenweaving, which dates from 1716. Dunfermline is the chief seat of the table-linen manufacture in the United Kingdom. Engineering works, iron-founding, &c. are also carried on; and in the neighbourhood are many collieries. Dunfermline was made a royal burgh in 1588. Its area was increased wellnigh fourfold in 1911 by the inclusion of Rosyth and intervening country. At Rosyth a tract of land extending over 3 miles on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, at St Margaret's Hope, opposite In South Queensferry, and just above the Forth Bridge, was acquired by the government in 1903, and a naval base of some importance was thereafter constructed. Docks, roads, and dwellings grew rapidly during the Great War, and Dunfermline's population was greatly increased. The ruined 16thcentury castle of Rosyth, a rock-island connected with the shore by a causeway, was said, by baseless tradition, to have been the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell's mother. Population of Dunfermline (1801) 5484; (1881) 17,085; (1901) 25,250; (1921) 39.886. The parliamentary burgh unites (since 1918) with Cowdenbeath, Inverkeithing, and Lochgelly, to return one member. For Dunfermline's worthies, reference may be made to our own articles on St Margaret, James I., Robert Henrysoun, Charles I., Ralph Erskine, Sir Noel Paton, and Mr Andrew Carnegie. Dungannon, a municipal borough in County Tyrone, 40 miles W. of Belfast by rail, and 8 W. of Lough Neagh. It has manufactures of linen and coarse earthenware; and in the vicinity are the largest lime-quarries and collieries in Ulster. Pop. Till 1885 (1851) 3835; (1881) 4081; (1911) 3830. Dunit returned one member to parliament. gannon was the chief seat of the O'Neils till 1607. Its castle was destroyed in 1641. Dungans. See ZUNGARIA. Dungarvan, a seaport of County Waterford, 141 miles SW. of Dublin by rail. Population 5000, chiefly engaged in hake, cod, herring, and other fisheries. The exports are grain, butter, cattle, and fish. Dungarvan has the remains of an Augustinian abbey, founded in the 7th century by St Garvan. It has besides the remains of walls built by King John, who also built the castle. Till 1885 Dungarvan returned one member to parliament. Dungarvan Bay is 3 miles wide, about the same in length, and one to five fathoms deep. Dung-beetle, a name given to a number of lamellicorn beetles (in the sub-families Coprophaga and Arenicole), which live in great part on the dung of quadrupeds. One of the commonest, the Black Dor (Geotrupes stercorarius), is interesting in many ways, for its elaborate burrows and stores under cow-dung and the like, for the 'stridulating noises made by both sexes by rubbing part of the abdomen against a ridge on the hindmost leg, for the little ticks (Gamasus coleoptratorum) by which it is generally infested, and for its association with another nearlyrelated beetle (Aphodius porcus) which finds its way into the burrow, eats the Geotrupes' eggs, and lays its own in the liberal supply of food thus thievishly appropriated. Among the other British species of Geotrupes, G. typhæus, with three horns on the front of the thorax in the males, is found especially on heaths where there are sheep. The sacred beetle or Scarabee (q.v.) (Ateuchus or Searabaus sacer) is a well-known dung-beetle. They roll pellets of dung along with great industry, and often appear unable to resist stealing them from one another. A related form (Sisyphus schafferi), the pill-rolling beetle, is said to lay its eggs inside the pellets of dung, and both sexes are described as taking part in rolling these to a place of safety. The scarabee used also to be credited with laying eggs within the pellets, but this appears Dung-beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius). to be erroneous. Copris lunaris is a common European dung-beetle, which makes burrows and stores dung for the larvæ. There are many other forms. The Dor and others feign death, stretching out their legs in rigid epileptic-like fashion. Crows and other birds are said to prefer them alive. Dungeness, a headland on the south coast of Kent, 10 miles SE. of Rye, with a lighthouse. Dungeon. See DONJON. Dunite, so named from Dun Mountain, near Nelson, New Zealand, is a crystalline rock consisting almost entirely of olivine. A black granular mineral akin to chromite and picotite also occurs in it. The olivine may be altered into serpentine. Dunkeld, a town of Perthshire, 16 miles NNW. of Perth. It lies in a deep romantic hollow, on the great east pass (of Birnam, q.v.) to the Highlands, on the left bank of the Tay, which here is spanned by Telford's handsome bridge (1805-9). It is environed by dark-wooded and craggy mountains. Dunkeld is a place of great antiquity, and a Culdee church was founded here about 815. In 1107 Alexander I. revived the bishopric, one of whose holders was Gawin Douglas (1474The place 1522), translator of Virgil's Eneid. was successfully held by a small Cameronian regiment, under Cleland, against 5000 Highlanders, 21st August 1689. The cathedral, mainly in Pointed style, was built between 1318 and 1501, and comprises nave, choir, chapter-house, and tower. the Reformation it was unroofed, but the choir has been renovated, and is now the parish church. Of two or three ancient monuments, the most interesting is one to the Wolf of Badenoch (Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, who died in 1394). The Duke of Athole's grounds, unsurpassed in Scotland for extent and beauty, lie on the west and north of Dunkeld, and include Craigvinean and Craig-yBarns; 50 miles of walks, and 30 miles of drives; falls of the Bran (upper one 80 feet), near Ossian's Hall at the Rumbling Bridge; and wide larch-woods, including what are claimed to be the first two larches planted in Britain (in 1738), although the point has been disputed. Dunkers. See TUNKERS. Dunkery Beacon. See EXMOOR. At Dunkirk, or DUNKERQUE, the most northerly seaport of France, on the Strait of Dover, in the department of Nord, 161 miles N. of Paris, and 67 W. of Ghent. It is a very strong place, as well from fortification works, as from the ease with which the surrounding country can all be laid under water. As a seaport it is one of the most important in France; and great harbour works have been sanctioned and in part carried out under the laws of 1879, 1903, and 1919. The town itself is well built and cleanly, Flemish rather than French; its principal features, the Gothic church of St Eloi with a handsome though rather incongruous Corinthian portico, the fine detached belfry (196 feet), and the statue of Jean Barth (q.v.). Dunkirk has manufactures of linen, jute, hemp, fishinglines, oils, soap, beet-root sugar, &c. Forming as it does the outlet for the great manufacturing department of Nord, its trade by sea is very extensive. It is an important market for nitrates, sugar, and wool. Its cod and herring fisheries are actively prosecuted. Pop. (1872) 34,342; (1886) 38,004; (1901) 40,329; (1921) 34,748. Dunkirk is said to owe its origin to the church built by St Eloi in the 7th century, in the midst of the dreary sandhills or dunes, and hence its name, 'Church of the Dunes.' It was burned by the English in 1388, taken by them under Öliver Cromwell in 1658, but sold to Louis XIV. by Charles II. for 5,000,000 francs in 1662. By the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the French were compelled to destroy the fortifications of Dunkirk, which were again restored, however, in 1783. In 1793 the Duke of York laid siege to Dunkirk, but was forced to retire, with severe loss. Dunkirk, a port of entry of New York, on Lake Erie, 40 miles SW. of Buffalo by rail, with a commodious harbour and a busy lake traffic. The terminus of a division of the Erie Railroad, Dunkirk contains large workshops and warehouses of the company, besides extensive locomotive works, lumber-mills and several ironworks. Pop. 19,000. Dunlin (Pelidna alpina or cinclus), one of the Sandpipers (q.v.), a common British shore-bird, Occurring in great flocks. It generally breeds further north, and is widely distributed in Europe. The plumage varies considerably; in winter it is ashen-gray above and white beneath; in summer there is much less uniformity, more brown and black, and a black horseshoe band on the breast. Dunlin, Summer and Winter Plumage. It exhibits great activity in running about, searching and probing for its food. Another species (P. temminckii) is common in Europe and North America. The Curlew Sandpiper (P. subarquata), with a more curved bill and deep-red breast, also occurs on European and British shores. These three species are sometimes included in the genus Tringa, along with the Knot (T. canutus) and other Sandpipers (q.v.). When flying in great autumnal flocks, the aerial movements of the dunlin are extremely beautiful, each individual of the vast assemblage yielding so instantaneously to the same impulsion as to exhibit alternately the upper and the under surface of the body, so that we have for a time a living moving cloud of dusky brown, and then a brilliant flash of snowy white ness. Dunlop, JOHN BOYD (1840-1921), inventor, was born at Dreghorn, Ayrshire, and educated at Irvine and Edinburgh. He practised as a veterinary surgeon in Belfast, and in later life lived in Dublin. His principal invention was the pneumatic tire, for which he opened a factory in Dublin, afterwards removed to Coventry. Dunmore, a borough of Pennsylvania, adjoining Scranton, has silk, woollen, sparking-plug and stove works, and coal-mines; pop. 20,000. Dunmow, GREAT, a small market-town of Essex, on the Chelmer, 11 miles NNW. of Chelmsford, and 32 NNE. of London. -At Little Dunmow, 2 miles ESE., are remains of a stately Augustinian priory, founded in 1104. The Dunmow Flitch of Bacon (see Piers Plowman, passus x.) was prize instituted in 1244, by Robert Fitzwalter, on the condition that whatever married couple will go to the priory, and kneeling on two sharp-pointed a stones, will swear that they have not quarrelled nor repented of their marriage within a year and a day after its celebration, shall receive a flitch of bacon.' The first recorded award was in 1445, two hundred years after it had been instituted. After 1751, up to which date only five presentations had taken place, the flitch was not again claimed till 1855; since then many awards have been made. See W. Andrews, History of the Dunmow Flitch (1877). Dunnage, on shipboard, is a name applied to miscellaneous fagots, boughs, bamboos, odd mats or sails, and loose wood of any kind, laid in the bottom of the hold to keep the cargo out of the bilge-water; or wedged between parts of the cargo to keep them steady. Dunnottar Castle, the ancient seat, now in ruins, of the Keiths, the Earls Marischal of Scotland, on the Kincardineshire coast, 1 miles S. of Stonehaven. It occupies the top of a rock 4 acres in extent, and 160 feet high, overhanging the sea, with a deep though dry chasm between it and the mainland, and it is approached by a steep winding path. The area is surrounded by a wall, and covered with dismantled buildings of very various ages, the oldest the square tower and the chapel. Blind Harry records a fabulous story that Wallace in 1296 took the rock, and burned the castle together with the kirk and 4000 Englishmen. During the Commonwealth, the Regalia of Scotland were hid in the castle from the republican army, and before the garrison surrendered to Cromwell's troops in 1651, the Regalia were carried out, according to one account, by Mrs Granger, wife of the minister of Kinneff, a neighbouring parish, and buried under the flagstones of its church, where they lay in safety till the Restoration. Rival claims upon the king's gratitude then involved the Keiths, the Ogilvies of Barras (the family of the governor), and the Grangers in bitter feuds, in which none of the royalists showed up well. For three months in 1685 no fewer than 167 Covenanters were confined with the most barbarous cruelty in the Whigs' Vault.' Dunnotar Castle was dismantled after the rebellion of 1715, on the attainder of the last Earl Marischal. Dunois, JEAN, called the Bastard of Orleans, Count of Dunois and Longueville, one of the most brilliant soldiers that France ever produced, was born in Paris, 23d November 1402, the natural son of Louis, Duke of Orleans, brother of Charles VI., and was brought up in the house of that prince along with his legitimate children. His first important military achievement was the overthrow of the English at Montargis (1427). He next threw himself into Orleans with a small body of men, and bravely defended the place till the arrival of the famous Joan of Arc, whose religious enthusiasm combined with the valour of Dunois restored the drooping spirits of the French, and compelled turning-point in the fortunes of the French nation. the English to raise the siege. This was the In 1429 Dunois and the Maid of Orleans won the battle of Patay, after which he marched, with a small body of men, through the provinces then overn overrun by the English, and took the fortified towns. The capture and death of Joan of Arc arrested for a moment the progress of the French arms, but the heroism of Dunois was irresistible. He took Chartres, the key of Paris, forced Bedford to raise the siege of Lagny, chased the enemy from Paris, and within a very short period deprived them of all their French conquests except Normandy and Guienne. In 1448-50 he drove the English from Normandy, and in 1455 he had swept them from Guienne also, and permanently secured the freedom of France from all external pressure. For his par |