became connected with the history of the two first churches in Partick. For several years some of the lay brethern belonging to the Independent body, among whom was M'Gavin, known as The Protestant, had preaching in a school-room in the village. This school-room being found too small, permission was obtained to use one of the floors of the factory; at this time John Campbell, now of the Tabernacle, London, preached there while a student, and so successfully, that regular service was carried on at the usual hours on Sabbathday. The congregation becoming numerous, and losing the privilege of meeting in the factory, they resolved on building a meetinghouse, but then the question naturally arose, to what body this house should belong? The Independents were too few to form a party, and the result was, the erection of two churches-Relief and United Secession-now the two U.P's.

At this time, about 1823, the population of the village was given at 1,900; but the erection of Mr. Walker's bleaching work, and the occupation of the weaving factory by the Lancefield Spinning Company, gave the first great impulse to the progress of Partick. Previous to this period the principal trade for men was handloom weaving, and for females, sewing and agricultural labour, which soon gave place to the public labour of these factories. But however much these changed the kind of labour of the village and advanced it, it is little when compared with what the boatbuilding and other correlative labour has produced.

Let us take the two periods, 1823 and 1861, and extract from them the elements of time, and say that in Partick, a quiet rural village of 1,900 inhabitants were living happy and contented, as they had done for centuries before, but there came in amongst them from all directions upwards of 8,000 people, who threw down their huts and filled up the middens and ditches that surrounded them, converted their fields and gardens into streets and crescents, took their daughters and sons into marriage, and so acting and disposing themselves, in defiance of old customs, that before they were settled down only a few of the original 1,900 inhabitants were left to tell the tale, that a little country village was transmuted into a prosperous burgh, emulating successfully in its manufactures the greatest cities in the world. Such is often the way we read history-the events of an age being told in a few lines-by which the element of time is overlooked, and we are thus

led to wonder how people could survive such revolutions, but when allowing time its proper place the wonder ceases. Although all these changes have taken place in Partick-changes unparalleled in this locality-still it has taken thirty-eight years to produce it. Partick in 1823 had 1,900 inhabitants, in 1861 11,000, with a rental of upwards of £34,000.

Such are a few brief notes respecting Partick, which could have been greatly extended but for the taxing of your patience, which I am afraid has already been held too long in tension.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE GLASGOW ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

NO. XVI.

GLASGOW, 1st December, 1862.

The tribes of this

DR. SCOULAR gave an address on "The Necessity of Collecting the Crania found in Ancient Tumuli." In the lecture he demonstrated that if the crania from the cairns and barrows belonged to different races and were constant in their characters, then by their aid we could ascend a step higher in our researches where philological studies were unable to aid us. He stated that, although by far the greater part of the population of Europe were of Aryan or IndoEuropean descent, yet we found emerging from below the recent stratum detached portions of a more ancient race. original race, called Allophyllian by Dr. Prichard, were recognised in the Basques or Euskarians of France and Spain, and in the Finnei tribes of the east shores of the Baltic and the north of Russia. The same phenomenon was observed in India, where the Hindoos had driven the older race before them. It would be interesting to ascertain if, before the arrival of the Celts, this older race had inhabited the British Island; but on this question we had no historic or philological data. It hence became an important inquiry to ascertain whether we can derive assistance from any other source, and the only one open to us was a thorough investigation of the remains found in the oldest tumuli. The success of this method depended very much on ascertaining whether the crania of the Allophyllian and Aryan races were distinguished by well marked characters, by a comparison of the crania of the modern Aryan and that of the Finlander of the present day, as was easily seen in the elongated and oval cranium of the Swede, and the shorter and square head of the Fin. When we examine the crania from tumuli we find the same distinction of elongated and square heads. The inquiry, however, was only commenced, and the time for positive results had not yet arrived. A chronological classification of the tumuli was an essential preliminary, and it would be desirable to show some parallelism between the tumuli and their other contents and that of the crania.

NO. XVII.

GLASGOW, 5th January, 1863.

DR. SCOULAR gave some "Historical Notes on the Modes of Ancient Interment." He stated that at a time when the remains found in ancient tumuli were attracting so much attention, it was of importance to collect any traditional information which could be obtained respecting them. Ireland is the only country in Europe which has preserved any records of the Pagan modes of sepulture. Since the introduction of Christianity into that island, about the year 438, until the present day, Ireland has been in possession of an uninterrupted national literature, which gives us an insight into the usages of Pagan times. In these Irish writings, whether chronicles or poems, we find notices of every place of note, whether of fortified sites or places of sepulture. It is a strong presumption of the accuracy of these writings, many of them composed a thousand years since, that in all topographical details they are strictly correct, and easily verified. The countries of the kings of different races and ages were well described; as these sepulchres still existed we could easily ascertain the fidelity of the old writings. It is remarkable that the oldest of these indicate the greatest amount of labour and the most elaborate workmanship. Such are what may be called the Tuath de Dannan sepulchres, of which magnificent remains are to be seen in the vicinity of Drogheda. They consist of immense mounds covering stone galleries of cyclopian workmanship, which remained unmolested from a period long before the Christian era until the ninth century, when they were violated by the Danes.

The more modern cromlins of the Scots race consist of a collection of mounds of much smaller size, and the mound of Daltic, the Pagan king contemporary with St. Patrick, with its monumental pillar stone, is still to be seen at Rath Cragan in the county of Roscommon. An excellent account of these monuments is to be found in Dr. Petrie's work on the Round Towers.

It is remarkable that the Pagan modes of interment did not cease immediately after the introduction of Christianity, but continued to

be practised long after; and this, with other evidence which might be given, proves, not only the very imperfect conversion of the natives, but the fact that many of the chiefs remained Pagans long after Christianity became widely diffused. A very common mode of interment was to bury the chief in a standing position, and in his armour, and with his face toward the country of his enemies. King Lavghaire, who obstinately refused to listen to St. Patrick, was interred in the external rampart of Rath Lavghaire, at Tara, in a standing position, with his military weapons upon him, and having his face turned southwards upon his enemies, the Lacerions, as if fighting with them or bidding them defiance. What is more remarkable, we have an authentic statement that this mode of interment was practised even in the sixth century. In the year 537 Eagan Baul, King of Connaught, and father of St. Callagh, was buried in the same manner as Lavghaire; in his arms, and with his face toward Ulster. What is still more remarkable, the custom of erecting cromlechs over the dead was practised to as late a period as that of burying the dead in a standing position. Callagh, the son of Eaghan Baul, was murdered by his four foster brothers, the four Maols. The four youths were hanged, and the place of execution is still called Ard-na-maol. "The monument raised over these youths," says Dr. O'Denovan, "is still in existence." It is a remarkable cromlech, supported by three pillar stones, and fixed as level as a horizontal dial. This is the only cromlech in Ireland which can be satisfactorily connected with history.

Another custom of which we have historical evidence was that of erecting a pillar stone over the cairn or mound, and these stones appear to have had Ogham inscriptions on them; and as the art of deciphering them is making rapid progress, it is to be hoped that they will carefully be sought for by our Scottish antiquaries.