Two years later Alfonso died; the assassins had already left the kingdom and taken refuge with Pedro the Cruel of Castile. An exchange of fugitives was carried out. Of the three murderers of Ines, one escaped, but the other two were tortured in the presence of the young king Pedro at Santarem in 1360. Their hearts were torn out, their bodies burned, and their ashes scattered to the winds. Two years later, it is said, King Pedro at Cataneda declared on oath that after the death of Constantia he had obtained the consent of the Pope to his union with Ines, and had married her. The archbishop and Lobato confirmed the assertions of the king; and the Papal document to which the king referred was publicly exhibited. The king caused the body of Ines to be disinterred, and placed on a throne, adorned with the diadem and royal robes, and required all the nobility of the kingdom to approach and kiss the hem of her garment, rendering her when dead that homage which she had not received in her life. The body was interred at Alcobaça, where a splendid monument of white marble was erected, on which was placed her statue, with a royal crown on her head. The history of the unhappy Ines has furnished many poets of different nations with materials for tragedies, and the Portuguese muse has immortalized her through the lips of Camoens, in whose celebrated 'Lusiad' the history of her love is one of the finest episodes.

Castro, Joao de, zhō-own' dã, Portuguese navigator: b. Lisbon 7 Feb. 1500; d. 6 June 1548. In 1538 he accompanied the viceroy Garcia de Neronha, his uncle, to India, as commander of a vessel, and in 1540 was in the expedition that explored the Red Sea, of which he made charts and scientific descriptions. His profound knowledge of mathematics and languages made these works of great value. They were published under the title of The Log-book of Don John de Castro, on the Voyage which the Portuguese made to the Red Sea.' After his return he was made commander of a fleet to rid the European seas of pirates; was appointed governor of India in 1545, in which office he defeated the great army of the Moors, under Adhel Khan, and completely subjugated Malacea. In 1547 he was commissioned viceroy of India, but died shortly afterward.

Castro, Jose Maria, hō-sä' mä re'a, Costa Rican statesman: b. San Jose 1 Sept. 1818. He was educated at the University of Leon, Nicaragua, and held positions under the government of Costa Rica. In 1846 he was vice-president and in 1847 was elected president. After Costa Rica withdrew from the Central American states, he resigned the presidency, but held diplomatic positions. From 1866 to the rise of the Jimenez government (1868) he was again president.

Castro Urdiales, a seaport town of Spain, on the Bay of Biscay, in the province of Santander. It was sacked by the French in 1811, but has since been neatly rebuilt. A ruined convent of the templars is in the vicinity. It has a safe harbor. and extensive fisheries. Pop. (1900) about 13,000.

Castro-Del-Rio, a town in Spain, Andalusia, 16 miles southeast of Cordova, on a slope above the Guadajoz. The more ancient portion is surrounded by a dilapidated wall, flanked

with towers, and entered by one gate, which was defended by an Arab castle, now also ruinous. The modern portion is outside the walls, and extends along the foot of the hill on its north side. The most of the streets are wide and regular, lined with well-built houses and handsome public edifices. The church is large and handsome, and there are also several convents, two colleges, primary schools, hospitals, and manufactures of linen, woolen, and earthenware. Pop. (1887) 11,290.

Castrogiovanni, or Castro Giovanni (anc. ENNA), a city of Sicily, in the district of Caltanisetta, on a plateau in the centre of the island, 4,000 feet above the sea. The climate is healthy, the soil fertile, and water abundant. The old feudal fortress of Enna is the chief edifice. It contains also a cathedral. It was the fabled birthplace of Ceres, and the site of her most famous temple. About five miles distant is the lake of Pergusa, where Proserpine, according to the poets, was carried off by Pluto. During the first servile war the insurgent slaves made Enna their headquarters. It was captured by the Saracens in the 9th and by the Normans in the 11th century. Pop. 19,800.

Cas'trum Dolor'is, a Latin term signifying castle of grief, has a different meaning from catafalco. The latter is used to denote an elevated tomb, containing the coffin of a distinguished person, together with the tapers around, ornaments, armorial bearings, inscriptions, etc., placed in the midst of a church or hall. The castrum doloris is the whole room in which the catafalco is elevated, with all the decorations. The sarcophagus, usually empty, is exposed for show upon an elevation covered with black cloth, under a canopy surrounded with candelabra. Upon the coffin is laid some mark of the rank of the deceased, as his epaulette or sword, and, when the deceased was a sovereign or a member of a ruling family, princely insignia are placed on surrounding seats. The French call the castrum doloris, chapelle ardente, sometimes also chambre ardente; but the latter has also a separate meaning.

Castuera, käs-too-a'rä, Spain, a town in the province of Badajoz, near the right bank of straight, clean, and well paved. It has two squares, lined with substantial houses; the principal one contains the town-hall, prisons, and spacious modern parish church. The inhabitants are engaged in weaving, making earthenware, tiles, bricks, shoes. Trade is carried on in cattle, wool, wine, grain, and oil. Pop. 7,133.

the Guadalefra. Most of its streets are

Casualty Insurance. See INSURANCE, CasUALTY.

Oak, the single genus of the natural order of Casuarina, kăs-ū-a-ri'na, or Botany-bay Casuarinacea, or cassowary-trees. There are about 30 species, natives chiefly of Australia. They are jointed leafless trees or shrubs, nearly related to the birches. having their male onestamened flowers in whorled catkins, and their fruits in indurated cones. Some of them produce timber called beefwood, from its color. C. quadrivalvis is called the she-oak, C. equisctifolia. the swamp-oak.

Cas'uistry, the science or art of determining cases of conscience and the moral character of human acts; so called from casus conscien

tiæ, a case of conscience. Wherever the question rises, Is such an act allowable by inoral law? there is a case of conscience and matter of casuistry, and in deciding the question for himself, as everyone habitually does, everyone is a casuist. But in current usage a casuist is one who, skilled in the prescriptions of the divine moral law and its interpretation whether by lawgivers, moralists, or theologians, studies either suppositions or actual cases of conscience and judges whether a given act, or even a given thought is consistent with or in violation of moral law-for, unlike the civil lawgiver or the ministers of civil law, the casuist must determine the moral character of thoughts no less, or rather more, than of acts. The professional casuist is inevitable in the system of the Catholic Church, where the minister of religion, in his capacity of confessarius or confessor must be the counselor and director of penitents and resolve for them questions of guilt or innocence, questions touching the obligation to restitution, for example of goods, or reparation of damage to a neighbor's reputation by slander; granting or withholding absolution according to the merits. For the minister of the sacrament of penance acts under Jesus Christ's commission, whose sins ye shall forgive, whose sins ye shall retain, shall be forgiven or retained; and to execute that commission the minister of the sacrament must decide for himself and the penitent the moral character of the acts. The science or art of casuistry has doubtless been carried to extraordinary lengths; but though the questions which it treats are such as touch individually and most intimately daily and hourly the many millions of souls who resort to the confessional, the works of writers on casuistry, though voluminous, would count as a scant armful compared with only one part of the works contained in a law library-those which record the decisions of the civil courts. It is true also and inevitable that casuistry like law lore is often employed as a means of escaping from legal penalty or of quieting the sense of guilt. As there are lawyers who for a fee will defend any cause however defenseless morally, even to the extent of working injustice-loss of property, loss of reputation to the party opposite so there are casuists who by their overinclining to an indulgent interpretation of the divine moral law, release or cut the nerve of moral responsibility, administer an opiate to conscience.

Probabilism is the name given to the doctrine which declares to be lawful in foro conscientia an act the moral correctness of which is affirmed by any moral theologian of weight (doctor gravis); or, as defined by Liguori, a probable opinion is one which rests on a solid foundation (fundamento gravi) both of reason and of authority, so that it is able to move the assent (fleetere assensum) of a prudent man, though with fear regarding the opposite. But a writer in a great encyclopædia, who regards probabilism as "the most remarkable doctrine they (the casuists) promulgated-a doctrine which it is hard to believe that any one ever ventured to assert" teaches that "according to probabilism" "any opinion which has been expressed by a grave doctor' may be looked upon as possessing a fair amount of probability, and may, therefore, be safely followed, even

though one's conscience may insist upon the opposite course": the last clause is gratuitous and has no warrant in the teachings of Catholic moralists, who unanimously hold that an act done in defiance of conscience, even be it a plainly erroneous conscience, is a sin. Viewed in the abstract, the rule of the probabilists is not an unreasonable one: it is acted upon daily by whoever, doubting his own judgment, asks counsel of others whom he regards as trustworthy advisers, even though they be not grave doctors (graves doctores). It is admitted that some of the probabilists, even the greatest of them, as Escobar, Suarez, Busembaum, did not always guard the doctrine against misconstruction, and gave occasion for views of moral obligation which were too lax: but the ecclesiastical censure has fallen upon such erroneous teachings, without discrediting for Catholic moralists the principle of probabilism. Let any other school of moral teaching set to itself the same task which confronts the moral theologian of the Catholic Church, that is, to define with precision the moral character of every act, every thought, every imagination that has relation to the moral law, and it will be seen whether probabilism must not have a place in its system.

Ca'sus Bel'li, the material grounds which justify (or are alleged by one of the parties concerned to justify) a declaration of war (q.v.). The casus belli is not seldom a very trifling one, and does not necessarily indicate the real causa belli or cause of the war.

Cas'well, Richard, American lawyer: b. Maryland 3 Aug. 1729; d. 20 Nov. 1789. He removed to North Carolina in 1746; was president of the Provincial Congress which framed the State Constitution (1776), and first governor of the State, three times re-elected; was also a delegate to the convention which framed the Federal Constitution in 1787.

Cat (Felis domesticus), a well-known domesticated quadruped of the order Carnivora, the same name being also given to allied forms of the same order. Some have thought that the domestic breed owed its origin to the wild cat; but there are considerable differences between them, the latter being larger, and having a shorter and thicker tail, which also does not taper. The domestic cat belongs to a genus that which contains the lion and tiger. better armed for the destruction of animal life than any other quadrupeds. Its short and powerful jaws, trenchant teeth, cunning disposition, combined with nocturnal habits (for which its eyesight is naturally adapted) and much patience in pursuit, give it great advantages over its prey. It is characterized by six incisor teeth above and below; two canine teeth in each jaw, powerful and formed for tearing; molar or cheek teeth, four in the upper jaw and three in the lower, thin, pointed, and wedge-shaped, formed for cutting. The head is large, round, and wide; the eyes have the pupil often oblong; the tongue has strong horny papillæ, directed backward. The feet are formed for walking; the toes are five in number on the fore feet, and four on the hind feet, armed with strong, sharp, and hooked claws. retracted when the animal walks. The intestines are very short, as in all animals living almost exclusively on animal food. The cat in a degree partakes of all the attributes of its race. Its food in