because the tube is lined with hairs that force him downward to the bottom of the tube, which is usually partly filled with water. Some other genera in which the carnivorous habit is developed are Darlingtonia, Aldrovandra, and Pinguicula. Consult: Darwin, 'Insectivorous Plants.'

Carnochan, kär'no-kăn, John Murray, American surgeon, famous for his bold and skilful operations: b. Savannah, Ga., 4 July 1817; d. New York, 28 Oct. 1887. He studied at Edinburgh and at various European universities; and began his practice in New York in 1847. In 1851 he became professor of surgery at the New York Medical College, and surgeonin-chief to the State Immigrant Hospital. At one time he cured neuralgia by excising the whole trunk of the second branch of the fifth pair of nerves. In 1852 he tied the femoral artery to cure exaggerated nutrition. He also tied the primitive carotid artery on both sides, to cure elephantiasis of the neck. In 1853 he exsected the entire radius, in 1854 the entire ulna. He published a treatise on Congenital Dislocations, and a translation of Rokitausky's 'Pathological Anatomy.'

Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte, lä-zär e-pō-lēt kär-no, French statesman, second son of the preceding b. St. Omer, 6 April 1801; d. 16 March 1888. He was of liberal opinions, became a disciple of St. Simon, and wrote the 'Exposition générale de la doctrine Saint Simonienne,' the authorship of which was, with his consent, ascribed to Bazard. But as soon as St. Simonism assumed the form of a religious creed, Carnot parted with his friends, and became a journalist, and the chief editor of the 'Revue encyclopédique.' He was also entrusted with the publication of Grégoire's and Barère's 'Mémoires. He was elected to the chamber of deputies in 1839, and re-elected in 1842 and 1846. After the revolution of February 1848, he was minister of public instruction until July, and improved, as such, the condition of the teachers, rendered the normal schools free, and established free lectures. In 1848 he was elected to the constituant, and 10 March 1850, to the legislative assembly. After the coup d'état of December 1851, he left France; during his absence, he was elected a member of the corps législatif, but refused to take the oath. He was re-elected in 1857, but again refused to serve. He published the memoirs of his father (1860-4).

Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, lä zär nik-ō-lä mär-gā-rēt, French soldier and statesman: b. Nolay, Burgundy, 1753; d. Magdeburg, 2 Aug. 1823. From his youth he exhibited an uncommon talent for the mathematical and military sciences, entered the corps of engineers, and rose in office by the favor of the Prince of Condé. He published, afterward, 'Mathematical Essays, which caused him to be elected a member of several learned societies. His eulogy on Vauban received the prize of the Academy of Dijon. In 1791 he was appointed deputy to the constituent assembly, but at first took part only in military affairs. On his proposal the officers of the nobility were removed from the army, and others substituted from the citizens. He also proposed that implicit obedience should only be demanded of the soldier in presence of the enemy, at other times he should have all the

privileges and rights of the citizen; a strange proposal to come from a military chief. As a member of the convention he voted for the death of Louis. In the following March he was sent to the army of the north, where he put himself at the head and repulsed the enemy. On his return to the convention he was made a

After

member of the Committee of Public Safety. The influence of Carnot in the military operations now began to be more deeply felt. In possession of all the plans deposited in the archives of Louis XIV., he organized and directed the French armies; and his direction undoubtedly contributed very much to their success. the fall of Robespierre he was often accused, but always acquitted, because his duty had been to take care of the defense of the country, and he could not be made answerable for the cruel decrees of Robespierre, in which Carnot's name, as he was a member of the committee, was of course to be found. At the establishment of the directory in 1795 Carnot was chosen a member, and for some time maintained an important influence. Barras at length succeeded him in the department of war, and was ever after his enemy. His plan for the overthrow of Barras was unsuccessful, and with some others he was sentenced to transportation on the 18th Fructidor (Sept. 4) 1797. He fled to Germany and published a defense, which was eagerly read in Paris, and by the exposure of the conduct of his former colleagues hastened their overthrow on the 30th Prairial (June 18) 1799. After the 18th Brumaire Carnot was recalled, and appointed inspecteur aux revues, and two months later, in April 1800, minister of war. He soon after retired into the bosom of his family, but was called to the tribunate, 9 March 1802. He often opposed the views of the government, voted against the consulship for life, and his was the only voice raised against the proposal for the imperial dignity. He remained, however, a member of the tribunate till it was abolished, passed the next seven years of his life in retirement, and published several valuable military works. In 1814 Napoleon gave him the chief command at Antwerp. He connected a vigorous defense with a careful regard for the interest of the city, which, by the command of Louis XVIII., he afterward surrendered to the British General Graham. He still retained his titles and his honors, but as a firm republican he could never expect the favor of the court; particularly as, in his memorial to the king, he openly and severely censured the measures of government, in consequence of which he was passed over in the new organization of the Academy of Sciences. When Napoleon was once more at the helm of state in 1815, he made Carnot count and peer of the empire, and pressed upon him the ministry of the interior. Carnot discharged the difficult duties of this office with his usual integrity. After the emperor's second fall he was made a member of the provisory government of France, and was afterward the only one of the members of it comprehended in the ordinance of 24 July. He retired to Cerney, where he employed his pen on political subjects; then to Warsaw with his family; and finally to Magdeburg. Among Carnot's writings the most valuable are his Essai sur les Machines'; 'Réflexions sur la Métaphysique du Calcul infinitésimal'; 'Sur la Géometrie de Position'; 'De la Défense des Places fortes'; 'Ex