principally as food for birds. In its early growth it is scarcely distinguishable from oats or wheat. With good cultivation it attains a height of three or four feet, and terminates in egg-shaped heads or ears, each containing upward of 100 seeds. The straw is of little value, either as fodder or 'itter, but the ears, especially when mixed with other kinds of chaff, are good food for horses. It requires a deep adhesive soil, and its produce per acre is about the same in quantity as wheat. It is a native of the Canary Islands, but is successfully cultivated

elsewhere.

Canary Wine, a wine that comes from the Canary Islands, chiefly from the island of Teneriffe. It is not unlike Madeira.

Canary-wood, the light orange-colored wood of Persea indica and P. canariensis, trees of the laurel family.

Canas'ter, or Kanaster, originally, the rush-basket in which South American tobacco was packed and exported, and hence applied to a kind of tobacco consisting of the leaves coarsely broken for smoking.

Canastota, N. Y., village in Madison County, on the Erie Canal, and on the New York C., the West Shore and the Lehigh Valley R.R.'s. It is the centre of an agricultural district and manufactures agricultural implements, gasoline engines, boats, canned goods, etc. It has two banks, public library, churches, high school and two grammar schools. Pop. (1900) 3,330.

Can'by, Edward Richard Sprigg, American army officer: b. Kentucky, 1817; d. 11 April 1873. He graduated at West Point in 1839; served in the Mexican war, 1846-8; commanded the United States troops in New York during the draft riots of 1863; succeeded Gen. Banks in the command of the army in Louisiana, 1864; became brigadier-general United States army, and major-general of volunteers, 1866. After the war special duties were assigned to him, and in 1869 he took command of the department of the Columbia. He was treacherously shot by an Indian chief, while negotiating for the removal of the Modocs from northern California, in the "Lava Beds."

Canby, William Marriott, American botanist: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 1831. He was educated privately, and though a business man, has devoted much time to the study of botany. He gathered a fine herbarium of over 30,000 species of plants, which is now owned by the New York College of Pharmacy. A smaller collection was brought together for the Delaware Society of Natural History. He was one of the botanists attached to the Northern Pacific Transcontinental Survey.

Can'can, a dance, something of the nature of a quadrille, but accompanied by violent leaps and indecorous contortions of the body. The earlier and usual meaning of the word in French is noise, racket, scandal; and is derived, oddly enough, from the Latin conjunction quamquam, "although," a great squabble having arisen in the French medieval law schools as to the pronunciation of this word.

Cancella'ria, a genus of univalve Testacea, belonging to the family Muricide, and Swainson's sub-family Scolymine, in which the shell is turbinate, scabrous, and generally reticulated, the spire and aperture nearly equal, and the

body ventricose. Tate in 1875 estimated the known recent species at 71, and the fossil ones at 60, the latter from the Upper Chalk till now.

Cancellation, a method of abbreviating certain arithmetical and algebraic operations. When the product of several numbers is to be divided by another such product, any factors common to both products may be left out, or "cancelled." If divisor and dividend do not appear in extenso as products, the process of cancellation may yet be applied if common factors exist and can be detected. The work is substantially the same as that of reducing fractions to their lowest terms.

Can'cer (Lat. cancer, "a crab"), Carcikär'sĭ-nus ( Gr. καρκίνος, “a crab"), nus, "cancer"), a disease so called from its hideous or Carcinoma, kär-si-no'ma (Gr. Kaρkiνwμa, appearance or on account of the enlarged veins which surround it and which the ancients compared to the claws of the crab. It is called malignant because its symptoms are so aggravated and destructive to human life.

The causes of cancer are more or less obscure, but persistent local irritation and injuries are the established causes in a large majority of the cases. Hereditary influence has usually been considered a very powerful factor in the production of the disease. The consensus of opinion is opposed to the theory that cancer is of parasitic origin. It always begins as a local disease and is essentially a new growth and composed of tissue unlike that in which it grows. It is a disease of adult life as a rule, though it is frequently found in the young. In a general way it is most likely to attack an organ that has passed through its active period of existence, as the breast or womb. The womb and stomach are the organs in which primary cancer is most frequently found, though the disease may make its appearance in any organ or tissue of the body. When the disease begins it grows rapidly; there is loss of flesh, the are involved neighboring lymphatic glands through the absorbent glands; the tissue is in filtrated; and the body is affected generally. There is more or less pain, and the tumor is composed of cells and fibrous tissue in varying amounts, with more or less white fluid.

There are several varieties of cancer: Carcinoma Fibrosum.-This is the usual form seen in the Hard or Scirrhous Cancer, or female breast, on the testicle, tonsil, skin, bone, eye, rectum, or any tissue, and is more frequent in women than in men. The disease spreads, and soon takes possession of the neighboring structures by infiltrating them. In this way it becomes gradually less movable and finally fixed. No tissue is able to resist its influence, muscles, skin, fat, and bone becoming filled with cancerous deposits as the disease advances. When the glands become enlarged they may press upon nerves, causing pain, and upon veins, causing swelling. In many cases the skin over the cancer contains small hard tumors known as tubercles; these are always indicative of cancer. Sometimes the skin becomes swollen and of a brawny appearance, indicating the most rapid form of the disease. When it attacks the female breast there is generally some slight pain, and as it advances there is a depression over the growth. Soon the nipple retracts, and if let alone it will ulcerate or break down and

have an offensive discharge. This form of the disease destroys life in from three to five years. Medullary, Encephaloid, or Soft Cancer, in which the cell elements predominate, has all the cancerous peculiarities. Medullary cancer is the form which sometimes appears as a congenital tumor, and which attacks young adults and children, and is the cancer of young life. It grows rapidly, and runs its course much sooner than the hard form. It is found most frequently about the periosteum, bones, eye, uterus, tonsil, testicle, and ovary. It is specially liable to occur about the cavities and bones of the head and face. This form of cancer is so soft that it often seems like a sac of fluid.

Epithelioma is a term applied to cancers of the skin, because the composition of the cancer is similar to the epithelial elements of the true skin. These tumors affect the skin and mucous membrane, and never originate in any other tissue. They are called local cancers by many. Epithelioma first appears as a wart or small ulcer about the lips or face. It is also found in the tongue, scrotum, throat, rectum, penis, and clitoris. It grows slowly and is not liable to return when removed.

Rodent ulcers are forms of epithelial cancer, with the exception that the cells are smaller and do not extend by the lymphatics or have any secondary deposits. They usually begin on the face as dry warts and spread very slowly. They attack healthy people as well as weak or sick ones, and appear after middle age.

Colloid or Alveolar Cancer is one in which the intercellular spaces are filled with a glairy fluid like glue or mucus. It is most frequently found in the wall of the intestines or rectum and may be seen about the angles of the jaw, or in ovary and breast.

Melanosis, or Black Cancer, is a tumor containing pigment originating from a natural tissue which contains pigment, such as a mole or the choroid of the eye. Such tumors frequently appear in groups; the coloring matter being distributed throughout the mass in varying degrees. The secondary deposits are also distinguished by the presence of pigment. It is of the soft variety and runs a rapid course.

Treatment of Cancer.- There is no subject, perhaps, in the medical and surgical world, to which so much thought has been given in the last half-century as the treatment of this most formidable and alarming disease. A few years ago, when animal therapy was introduced, many of the preparations were extensively used in the treatment of cancer, and many persons proclaimed that a new era in the management of this disease had dawned upon the world, and in a little while no one would think of such a thing as a surgical operation in a case of cancer. While it has done some good, the beneficial results have not been satisfactory up to this time. Radiotherapy and phototherapy have been introduced recently in the treatment of cancer, and there are many experiments going on at this time, and much good has been accomplished in the treatment of cancers of the skin; but as yet there are no definite conclusions drawn from the use of these two agents. Perhaps in superficial carcinoma, involving large areas, radiotherapy is preferable to all other methods of treatment. Small superficial circumscribed areas are amenable to treatment with X-rays. In many cases it is best to remove the growth

with a knife, and then follow it with the X-ray. treatment. Some of those using this method say it is preferable. There seems to be some danger, in the treatment of carcinoma, of causing an inflammation which might carry the cancer cells to normal or inflamed tissue surrounding the growth. Another condition to be feared is the very great danger of burning the healthy skin. The use of the X-rays as a curative agent in the treatment of cancer of the skin is, too, in its experimental stage, and the weight of evidence is not sufficient to warrant any fixed conclusions, either for or against it, other than to say the trend of the medical mind is in its favor. Destruction by the use of caustics is a time-honored method of treatment and will continue to be employed by many. The agent used for that purpose is the chloride of zinc. The most highly scientific and satisfactory treatment for all forms of cancer, if seen early, is removal by the use of the knife. All the glands involved should be removed at the same time, as well as the neighboring ones, whether they are affected or not. Early recognition and prompt treatment are the only ways in which this disease can be cured.

Cancer, in astronomy, the fourth sign in the zodiac, marked thus . The sun enters this sign on or about the 21st of June. He is at his greatest northern declination on entering the sign, and the point which he reaches is called the summer solstice, because he appears for the moment to stop in his progress northward and then to turn south again. The sun is then 232° north of the equator, and a small circle of the sphere parallel to the equator at 232° distant from it is called the Tropic of Cancer. The sun leaves this sign about the 22d of July. The constellation Cancer is no longer in the sign of Cancer. At present it occupies the place of the sign Leo.

Cancer-root, or Beech-drops, a branched parasitic plant (Epiphegus virginianus), of the order Orobanchacea, with brownish scaly leaves, indigenous in America, growing almost exclusively on the exposed root of the beech tree. The whole plant is powerfully astringent, and the root of a brownish color, spongy, and of a very nauseous bitter taste. It has been applied more externally than internally to the cure of cancer.. Other plants of the same order are also called cancer-root.

Cancrin, Georg, gå ōrg' kän-kren', COUNT, Russian general, statesman, and financier: b. Hanau, Prussia, 8 Dec. 1774; d. Saint Petersburg, 22 Sept. 1845. He served with distinction against the French (1812-15); was minister of finance from 1823 to 1844; and wrote on military and economic subjects, his most noted work being 'Military Economy in Peace and War.'

Cancrum Oris, or Noma, gangrene of the cheek, due to bacterial infection and mostly occurring in sickly children, especially those with scarlet fever or measles. It begins as a red spot on the cheek or at the angle of the mouth, spreads rapidly, and soon eats away the whole cheek, even the bone. There is fever, and death usually results. As soon as the disease is recognized it should be freely cauterized and the parts kept bathed in antiseptic solutions.

Candace, kǎn'da-sē, a name apparently common to the warrior queens of Ethiopia (Upper Nubia), between the Nile and the Atbara, in the later period of the kingdom of Meröe. The most distinguished of them invaded Egypt 22 B.C., was defeated by the Romans and obliged to sue for peace, which she obtained with a remission of the tribute imposed on her by Petronius. One of her successors is mentioned in Acts viii. 27; her high treasurer was baptized by Philip the Deacon on the road to Gaza.

Candahar'. See KANDAHAR.

Candaules, kăn-do'lez, king of Lydia, who lost his throne and life through his besotted admiration of the beauty of the person of his queen, in 718 B.C.

Can'dee, Helen Churchill, American journalist: b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1861. She is an editorial writer on the New York Evening Mail, and has published: Susan Truslow (1900); 'How Women May Earn a Living) (1900); 'Not on the Flag (1901); An Oklahoma Romance (1902).

Candeille, Amelie Julie, ăm-a-lē zhü-lē kän-da-yē, French actress and composer: b. Paris, 31 July 1767; d. there, 4 Feb. 1834. She wrote libretto and music of the very successful operetta, 'The Beautiful Farmer.'

Candeish'. See KHANDESH. Candela'brum, a word originally signifying candlestick, but usually denoting a support for a lamp or lamps among the Romans. The candelabra were of considerable size and often intended to stand upon the ground. They were made of wood, bronze, silver, or marble, and were often elaborately and beautifully adorned. Sometimes they had shafts in the shape of columns, which could be shortened or drawn out; sometimes the luxuriant acanthus formed a part of them; sometimes they represented trunks of trees entwined with ivy and flowers, and terminated by vases or bell-flowers at the top, for the reception of the lamps; and not infrequently the lamps were supported by figures. In ancient times Tarentum and Ægina were famous for their elegant candelabra, and Corinth also manufactured them. The Etruscan candelabra of bronze were celebrated.

Can'dia, or Megalokastron, Crete, a fortified seaport and capital of the island, situated on the north coast, 65 miles east of Canea. Its harbor admits only vessels of small draught. The governor and the Greek archbishop reside here. Soap is manufactured and exported. The fortifications of the city date from the time of the Venetian occupation, and in 1669, after a prolonged siege, it submitted to the Turks. Pop. estimated at 20,000.

Candia. See CRETE.

Can'didate, an applicant for an office, from the Latin candidatus, "white-robed," because, among the Romans, a man who solicited a public office appeared in a white garment-toga candida and wore this during his candidature, which lasted for two years. In the first year the candidates delivered speeches to the people, or had them delivered by others. After this year they requested the magistrate to enter their names on the list of candidates for the office sought for. Before this was done the previous life of the candidate was subjected to

a scrutiny in the senate, after the prætor or consul had received his name. If the senate accepted him he was permitted to offer himself on the day of election as a candidate. The formula by which permission was granted was "Rationem habebo, renuntiabo"; if he was not accepted he received the answer, "Rationem non habebo; non renuntiabo." The tribunes often opposed a candidate who had been accepted by the senate. The morals of the aspirants, in the purer ages of the republic, were always severely examined. In the later period of the republic, nobody could obtain an office if he was not present and if he had not offered himself on three market days. On these days the candidates tried to insinuate themselves into the favor of the people. They went from house to house (ambitio, whence the word ambition), shook hands with everybody whom they met (prensatio), addressed each one by his name, for which purpose they generally had a nomenclator with them, who whispered the names of those whom they met into their ear. Cicero, therefore, calls the candidates natio officiosissima. They placed order to be seen. themselves on market days in elevated places in On the day of election they did the same. Favorites of the people accompanied them (deductores); some of their suite (divisores) distributed money among the people, which, though prohibited, was done publicly. Interpretes were employed to bargain with the people, and the money was deposited in the hands of sequestres. Sometimes a number of candidates united into parties (coitiones), in order to defeat the endeavors of the others. At last the grounds on which each candidate rested his claims to the office were read, and the "tribes" delivered their votes. The successful candidate then sacrificed to the gods in the capitol. To oppose a candidate was called ei refragari; to support him, suffragari, or suffragatores esse. In the early Church newly baptized Christians were called candidates, on account of the white robes worn by them for a certain period after celebrating the rite. The word "candidate" is also used by Protestants to designate a theologian who, having finished his studies at a university, is waiting for an appointment in the Church.

Candide, ou l'Optimisme, a famous novel by Voltaire, forming ar epoch in French literature. In this book he ridicules the system of optimism with his usual spirit, and attacks revelation with plausible but superficial arguments, aiming to controvert the celebrated maxim of Leibnitz, "All is for the best in the best of all possible worlds." Among the descriptions in this work, that of the carnival at Venice is notable.

Candle, a solid cylindrical rod composed of beeswax. tallow, paraffine, or some other fatty substance, with a wick running longitudinally through its centre, designed for slow combustion with illumination. The wick is generally composed of a few threads of cotton yarn lightly twisted or plaited; but formerly, in home-made candles, dried rushes (Juncus effusus) were employed for this purpose. The process of making rushlights is described at length by the Rev. Gilbert White in his well-known "History or Selborne.'

Candles are mentioned in several places in the Bible, but no direct evidence is given as to