CANALS mainly from the accidental fact that Cumberland is near the Pennsylvania coal fields. The fortunes of the first company have been described. In 1823 commissioners appointed by Maryland and Virginia reported in favor of a new route in place of attempting to complete the old one; in 1824 the national system of internal improvements was inaugurated by act of 30 April, and a board of engineers in October 1826 reported on a canal from Georgetown to Pittsburg. As the cost was over $22,000,000, it was considered prohibitory then; and in 1829 the "eastern division" to Cumberland was authorized, by national, State, municipal, and private stock subscriptions. But the work had been inaugurated on 4 July 1828 by President J. Q. Adams, who struck the first spade; and it was fully opened in 1850. It is 184 miles long and 6 feet deep, 60 feet wide from Georgetown to Harper's Ferry, and 70 on an average from thence to Cumberland. It is fed from the Potomac by seven dams. The aqueduct at Georgetown over the Potomac was a very considerable engineering feat for its time; it rests on 12 masonry piers constructed by coffer-dams on rock 28 to 40 feet below the surface. At Paw Paw Bend, 27 miles east of Cumberland, the canal saves six miles by a cut-off and tunnel through the mounThe summit level is tain, 3,118 feet long. 61334 feet above tidewater; the rise is accomplished by 74 locks from 6 to 10 feet lift. The whole work had cost over $9,500,000 when opened, and its total capitalized outlay had been over $15,000,000 when the bondholders foreclosed in 1890. Erie Canal.-The State of New York finally bought the works of the Western Inland, above In 1803 Gouverneur Morris sugmentioned. gested or re-suggested a broader plan, to make a navigable way not to Ontario but to Erie, and therefore from the new West to New York. De Witt Clinton eagerly took up the idea, threw his whole energies into pushing it, and made it a foremost part of his political programme, bitterly opposed by the Tammany and Van Buren wing. In 1808 Simeon De Witt was appointed to survey the Mohawk route. On 3 March 1810 a commission was appointed, with Gouverneur Morris at the head and Clinton a member; it made several reports urging the feasibility and business advantage of the canal, and Clinton's memorial to the legislature in 1815 is said to At any rate, on 7 have carried conviction. April 1816 an act was passed authorizing the construction of the Erie and Champlain canals; on 4 July 1817 the first ground was broken, at Rome; and on 4 Nov. 1825, during Clinton's governorship, the canal was formally opened from Albany to Buffalo, 352 miles. It had cost $7,602,000, but it reduced the freightage time between the termini from 20 days to 10, and the passenger time shortly to 32, by a line of light packet boats with relays of horses at a trot; and reduced freights at once from $100 a ton to $10, and then to $3. It made central New York, largely uninhabited, at once a district of potential empire with settlers flocking in; secured for New York the domination of the American seaboard; and created or solidified the prosperity of the remarkable line of cities in its path. Its construction was justly considered a triumph of engineering ability: several of the stone aqueducts by which it was carried over the streams (it crosses the Mohawk twice) presented pecul Vol. 3-40 iar difficulties, and in places it was cut through In After the New York Central paralleled it, the business declined, and for many years after the war seemed doomed to extinction. In 1883 all tolls were removed on the State's canals, and the navigation made free; but even this did not wholly arrest the decline, due to reasons heretofore stated. It being evident that the Erie must be enlarged to be an effective competitor of the railroads, in 1896 a referendum was taken on an expenditure of $9,000,000 for deepening it to nine feet. was begun, this money was exhausted, and the little more than a year from the time that work task but partly completed. Elaborate plans were devised for turning it into a great barge canal, navigable for vessels of 800 to 1,000 tons. It has been officially estimated that this will cost $101,000,000, or $40,000,000 more than all the was presented to the people in November 1903, outlays upon the canal to date. The proposition and was carried by a popular majority of 250,000 votes. Illinois & Michigan Canal.-This route connects the Mississippi system with the Great Lakes, and by the Welland Canal with the St. Lawrence. Its inevitability was plain by reason of the extensive use of the Chicago portage (from the Chicago River to the head-waters of the Kankakee, an affluent of the Illinois) by the Indians and trappers, it being only half a mile for boats, the shortest important portage on the continent. Chicago was one of the best came here. As early as 1822 Congress granted trodden sites in America before white men a right of way for such a canal, and in 1827 For some reaand 1854 made further grants. son it hung fire for many years, though a host of surveys and estimates were made by the State and the nation. Work was prosecuted on it 1836-41, then suspended till 1845, and the canal was finally opened in April 1848. It had then cost $6,170,226. The western terminus is La Salle, at the head of steamer navigation on the Illinois River; its eastern is on the south branch of the Chicago, about five miles from The its mouth in the city. The entire length is 96 miles, and the rise from La Salle to Lake Michigan is 145 feet, surmounted by 17 locks, 110 by 18; the capacity of boats is 150 tons. original intention was to make a straight cut from Lake Michigan to the Des Plaines River, the chief branch which with the Kankakee use the Chicago River instead. forms the Illinois; but to save expense it was decided to Thence it runs to Summit on the Des Plaines, 8 miles; then 42 miles to the junction with the It has five navigable feeders, the Kankakee; thence through the Illinois valley to La Salle. Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page, Kankakee, and Fox; and five large storage basins. The sum CANALS mit level at Bridgeport required pumping for supply; and two steam engines, delivering 15,000 cubic feet of water per minute, were used till 1870. These were also used for many years to help draw off the sewage of Chicago, which empties for miles into the river. By supplying the canal from the river, the lake water was drawn in to fill the vacancy, and so kept the river comparatively sweet. But the system was expensive, and the canal was deepened for some years, ending 1870, to carry the sewage by its own flow to the Des Plaines, reversing the current of the river. It proved insufficient, and in 1892 the Chicago Drainage Canal (q.v.) was begun, which was finished in 1900. miles long to Joliet, 22 feet minimum depth, It is 40 and 162 to 290 feet wide at top. A scheme has been mooted for years, to convert this into a huge ship canal to enable ocean-going steamers to ascend from New Orleans to Chicago, and so through the Great Lakes and to the St. Lawrence; but it depends on the co-operation of the national government. connect the Mississippi and Lake systems, which Another canal to has been under construction since 1892, is the Illinois & Mississippi, the only barge canal started for over half a century. It is a supplement to the Illinois & Michigan; running from Hennepin on the Illinois River, a little beyond La Salle, to the Rock River, 50 miles, and then by 27 miles of slack-water navigation down that river to Rock Island, Ill. It is to be 80 feet wide and 7 feet deep, with 37 locks. James River & Kanawha Canal.- This is a line partly existent and partly on paper, but interesting as probably the oldest North American canal scheme. The idea is accredited to Gov. Spotswood in 1716, when he explored the Blue Ridge; but the first active part was taken, as in all these early ventures, by Washington, who saw from his backwoods days the necessity of joining the eastern seaboard to the transAlleghanian territory by lines of communication. He personally explored the James River route in 1784, and induced the Virginia legislature on 5 Jan. 1785 to pass an act for improving the navigation of the James. Under this the James River Company was organized, 25 Jan. 1785, with Washington as president. No work was done, and in 1835 another company of the same name took up its task; beginning the_construction of the section from Richmond to Lynchburg in 1836, and completing it near the end of 1841. The second division, from Lynchburg to Buchanan on the upper James, was begun before this was opened, and completed in 1851. In 1853 an extension of 47 miles to Covington on Jackson River was begun, but the war interrupted it, and it has never been resumed. In 1874 the cost of completing it to the Kanawha, including an improvement of the navigation of that river, was estimated at $60,000,000. The Ohio Falls Canal.-This is a short canal, but from its location a very important one; it makes continuous navigation in one of the chief waterways of the continent. first canal was built 1825-30, and called the The Louisville & Portland. It was long, 64 feet wide, had 823 feet lift, and three I 7-10 miles locks, one at the head and two at the foot. An enlargement was begun in 1861, but interrupted by the war; in 1868 the national government included it in its river and harbor appro priation, and it was opened February 1873, having cost about $4,000,000. It runs west from in front of Louisville, Ky., to Portland; is a little over 11,000 feet long and 862 feet wide, with a minimum depth of 6 feet assured by a dam at the falls. The water in the river varies from 6 to nearly 43 feet, and earthen parapets on the sides of the canal rise to 44 feet, based on stone walls, themselves built on the limestone rock through which the canal is cut. The upper lock has been raised, the lower two left as they added. were, but a branch with two locks has been At the head are flood-gates 46 feet 11 inches high. The upper entrance is 400 feet wide. Among others existent or of past importance are the canal between the Chesapeake and Dela1824-9; 131⁄2 miles long, and supplied by pumps ware bays, across the Delaware isthmus, built for 10 miles of it. An enlargement has been projected. The Morris Canal, 101 miles_long, built in 1830, connects the Hudson at Jersey it is owned by the Lehigh Valley R.R. The DelCity with the Delaware at Phillipsburg, N. J.; connects those rivers, and therefore New York aware & Raritan, 43 miles long, built 1831-4, and Philadelphia. completed 1820, was once the great coal freight route between New York and the PennsylThe Delaware & Hudson, vania mines; its company transformed itself into the railroad company of the same name, and has abandoned the canal. The Schuylkill Coal long. & Navigation Company's canal is 108 miles mouth, Ohio, to Cleveland, and the Wabash The Ohio & Erie Canal from Portsfrom Toledo, Ohio, to Evansville, Ind., were tions. For the Sault Ste. Marie, see Ship Canals once of importance in building up these secbelow. Canadian Canals.- Canada has a very exwhich may be classified as follows: (1) The tended and important set of canal systems, St. Lawrence and Great Lakes system; which includes the Welland across the neck of land to the west of Niagara Falls, carrying continuous navigation from Lake Superior to Lake Ontario, and the canals around the rapids on the St. Lawrence, Islands and Montreal, making unbroken passage from Duluth to the ocean. between the Thousand will be spoken of below. The system also comprises the Burlington Bay Canal, through a bar The Welland Ottawa River systems, one around the falls on at the head of Lake Ontario; (2) the two the river between Ottawa and Montreal, the the connecting Rideau Canal to the lower St. other by the Rideau and Cataraqui rivers and Lawrence; (3) the Lake Champlain and St. Lawrence navigation, by the St. Trent River system, intended to connect Ontario Chambly, along the Richelieu River; (4) the Ours & with Huron through the Trent, but not comBras d'Or in Cape Breton with St. Peter's Bay pleted; (5) St. Peter's Canal, connecting the on the south coast. tant ones are projected. Several other very impor Ship Canals.- Great ship canals across isthmuses or peninsulas, to make shorter sea routes or avoid stormy passages, or surmount falls, the speculations of dreamers for ages; but the or to make seaports of inland cities, have been developed and hurried commerce of this age has made some of them imperative. The ship canals of the world are nine in number, as follows: CANALS 1. The Suez Canal, begun in 1859 and completed in 1869. 2. The Cronstadt and St. Petersburg Canal, begun in 1877 and completed in 1890. 3. The Corinth Canal, begun in 1884 and completed in 1893. 4. The Manchester Ship Canal, completed in 1894. 5. The Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, connecting the Baltic and North seas, completed in 1895. 6. The Elbe and Trave Canal, connecting the North Sea and Baltic, opened in 1900. 7. The Welland Canal, connecting Lake Erie with Lake Ontario. 8 and 9. The two canals, United States and Canadian, respectively, connecting Lake Superior with Lake Huron. The Suez Canal is usually considered the most important example of ship canals, though the number of vessels passing through it annually does not equal that passing through the canals connecting Lake Superior with the chain of Great Lakes at the south. In length, however, it exceeds any of the other great ship canals, its total length being 90 miles, of which about two thirds is through shallow lakes. The material excavated was usually sand, though in some cases strata of solid rock from 2 to 3 feet in thickness were encountered. The total excavation was about 80,000,000 cubic yards under the original plan, which gave a depth of 25 feet. In 1895 the canal was so enlarged as to give a depth of 31 feet, a width at the bottom of 108 feet and at the surface of 420 feet. The original cost was $95,000,000, and for the canal in its present form slightly in excess of $100,000,000. The number of vessels passing through the canal in 1870 was 486, with a gross tonnage of 654,915 tons; in 1875, 1,494 vessels, gross tonnage, 2,940,708 tons; in 1880, 2,026 vessels, gross tonnage, 4,344,519 tons; in 1890, 3,389 vessels, gross tonnage, 9,749,129 tons; in 1895, 3,434 vessels, gross tonnage, 11,833,637 tons; and in 1900, 3,441 vessels, with a gross tonnage of 13,699,237 tons. The revenue of the canal is apparently large in proportion to its cost, the Statesman's Yearbook for 1901 giving the net profits of 1899 at 54,153,660 francs, and the total amount distributed among the shareholders 51,538,028 francs or about 10 per cent of the estimated cost of $100,000,000. The canal is without locks, being at the sea level the entire distance. The length of time occupied in passing through the canal averages about 18 hours. By the use of electric lights throughout the entire length of the canal passages are made at night with nearly equal facility to that of the day. The tolls charged are 9 francs per ton net register, "Danube measurement," which amounts to slightly more than $2 per ton United States net measurement. Steam vessels passing through the canal are propelled by their own power. The canal connecting the bay of Cronstadt with Saint Petersburg is described as a work of great strategic and commercial importance to Russia. The canal and sailing course in the bay of Cronstadt are about 16 miles long, the canal proper being about 6 miles and the bay channel about 10 miles, and they together extend from Cronstadt, on the Gulf of Finland, to St. Petersburg. The canal was opened in 1890 with a navigable depth of 20% feet, the original depth having been about 9 feet; the width ranges from 220 to 350 feet. The total cost is estimated at about $10,000,000. The next of the great ship canals connecting bodies of salt water in the order of date of construction is the Corinth Canal, which connects the Gulf of Corinth with the Gulf of Ægina. The canal reduces the distance from Adriatic ports about 175 miles and from Mediterranean ports about 100 miles. Its length is about 4 miles, a part of which was cut through granite soft rock and the remainder through soil. There are no locks, as is also the case in both the Suez and Cronstadt canals, already described. The width of the canal is 72 feet at bottom and the depth 264 feet. The work was begun in 1884 and completed in 1893 at a cost of about $5,000,000. The average tolls are 18 cents per ton and 20 cents per passenger. The Manchester Ship Canal, which connects Manchester, England, with the Mersey River, for traffic January 1, 1894. The length of the Liverpool, and the Atlantic Ocean, was opened level to Manchester being 60 feet, which is dicanal is 351⁄2 miles, the total rise from the water vided between four sets of locks, giving an average to each of 15 feet. The minimum width is 120 feet at the bottom and averages 175 feet at the water level, though in places the width is extended to 230 feet. The minimum depth is 26 feet, and the time required for navigating the canal from 5 to 8 hours. The total amount of excavation in the canal and docks was about 45,000,000 cubic yards, of which about one fourth was sandstone rock. The lock gates are operated by hydraulic power; railways and bridges crossing the route of the canal have been raised to give a height of 75 feet to vessels traversing the canal, and an ordinary canal whose route it crosses is carried across by a springing aqueduct composed of an iron caisson resting upon a pivot pier. The total cost of the canal is given at $75,000,000. Two canals connect the Baltic and North seas through Germany, the first, known as the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, having been completed in 1895 and constructed largely for military and naval purposes, but proving also of great value to general mercantile traffic. Work upon the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal was begun in 1887, and completed, as above indicated, in 1895. The length of the canal is 61 miles, the terminus in the Baltic Sea being at the harbor of Kiel. The depth is 291⁄2 feet, the width at the bottom 72 feet, and the minimum width at the surface 190 feet. The route lies chiefly through marshes and shallow lakes and along river valleys. The total excavation amounted to about 100,000,000 cubic yards, and the cost about $40,000,000. The number of vessels passing through the canal in 1900 was 21,571, with a tonnage of 4,282,258, and the dues collected amounted to 2,133,155 marks. Three ship canals intended to give continuous passage to vessels from the head of Lake Superior to Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River are the Welland Canal, originally constructed in 1833 and enlarged in 1871 and 1900; the St. Mary's Falls Canal at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., opened in 1855 and enlarged in 1881 and 1896; and the Canadian canal at St. Marys River, opened in 1895. In point of importance, measured at least by their present use, the canals at the St. Marys River by far surpass that of the Welland Canal, the number of vessels passing CANALETTO-CANARY through the canals at the St. Marys River being eight times as great as the number passing through the Welland, and the tonnage of the former nearly forty times as great as that of the latter. One of the important products of the Lake Superior region, iron ore, is chiefly used in the section contiguous to Lake Erie, and a large proportion of the grain coming from Lake Superior passes from Buffalo to the Atlantic coast by way of the Erie Canal and railroads centering at Buffalo. The most important article in the westward shipments through the Sault Ste. Marie canals - coal-originates in the territory contiguous to Lake Erie. These conditions largely account for the fact that the number and tonnage of vessels passing the St. Marys River canals so greatly exceed those of the Welland Canal. The Welland Canal connects Lake Ontario and Lake Erie on the CanaIdian side of the river. It was constructed in 1833 and enlarged in 1871 and again in 1900. The length of the canal is 27 miles, the number of locks 25, the total rise of lockage 327 feet, and the total cost about $25,000,000. The annual collection of tolls on freight, passengers, and vessels averages about $225,000 and the canal is open on an average about 240 days in a year. Canaletto (proper name BERNARDO BELOTTO), Venetian painter: b. Venice 1724; d. Warsaw 1780. He was a pupil of his uncle, Antonio Canaletto, whose style he imitated perfectly. He worked in Dresden, London, and other places, and painted principally suburban buildings and scenes. He excelled in perspective. Canaletto, Antonio, Italian painter of perspective views: b. Venice 1697; d. there 1768. In early life he was a scene painter, but having studied in Rome he returned to his native city and became an artist of note. He is said to have been the first who used the camera obscura in painting. His principal subjects, which are highly prized, are mostly views of the palaces and canals of Venice. As he was an extremely rapid worker and very industrious, he left a great number of works. His pictures of Venetian palaces and scenery, while greatly admired by some critics, are harshly censured by others, who consider his art as mere mechanism. Canandaigua, N. Y., a village of Ontario County, 29 miles southeast of Rochester; at the northern end of Canandaigua Lake, and on the New York C. & H. R. and Northern C. R.R.'s. It is finely situated, on high ground, with a commanding view of the lake. The fishing and boating accommodations are excellent. Industries, etc.- The chief manufactures are those of ale, pressed brick, and anti-rust tin and enameled ware. The Lisle Tin and Enamel Works have 600 employees, the Empire PressedBrick Works 150, the brewery 75. The powerhouse and shops of the Rochester & Eastern Interurban Electric railway, with 100 employees, are also located here. Public Institutions, Buildings, etc.- The churches are Congregational, Episcopalian, Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, and Wesleyan Methodist. There are two banks, with a combined capital of $200,000 and deposits of $1,200,000. Here are also located the Thompson Memorial Hospital, the Ontario Orphan Asylum (private), a` private insane asylum, and an association library. It is also the seat of Canandaigua Academy, a public high school, and of the Granger Place School for Girls, a private secondary school. Government.- The government is administered by a president, and a board of trustees of eight members, elected annually. History.- Canandaigua was settled by New Englanders in 1789, and became a village in 1815. The name was originally Canandarqua, an Indian word signifying "the chosen spot." Pop. (1890) 5,868; (1900) 6,151. Canandaigua Lake, N. Y., a body of water lying chiefly within the limits of Ontario County. It is 668 feet above the sea and 437 feet above Lake Ontario, and has an extreme length of 15 miles and an average width of one mile. Its outlet is the Clyde, a tributary of Seneca River. Canani, Giovanni Battista, jō-vän'nē băttes'tä kä-nä'nē, Italian anatomist: b. 1515; d. 1597. He discovered certain of the hand muscles, and was the first to observe the use of the valves in the veins. Cananore. See KANANUR. Canar, kä-ñär', Ecuador, a small province situated among the Andes, between the provChimborazo and Azuay; capital, Azogues. Pop. of province, 64,000. inces of Canard, ka-närd', or ka-när', a false report; a silly rumor. The origin of this use of the term is not known. It is the French word meaning "a duck," and is thought by some to be derived from the old phrase, Vendeur de canard a moitie, one who half-sells a duck or cheats in such a transaction; hence a liar, a guller, eac. According to an account of wide currency in different versions, the usage arose from a story of cannibalism among a flock of ducks that ate one of their number each day until they were reduced to a single survivor, who, it was argued, had eaten all his companions. The story became common in Paris, and afterward, when any marvelous recital was heard, the listener would shrug his shoulders and exclaim, C'est un canard! ("That's a canard, or duck!"). Canaries. See CANARY ISLANDS. Canarium, kăn-ã'ri-um, a genus of plants of the order Amyridacea. The gum of C. commune has the same properties as balsam of copaiva. The nuts are eaten in the Moluccas and Java, but are apt to bring on diarrhoea. oil is expressed from them, used at table when fresh and burned in lamps when stale. An Canary, a small, domesticated finch (Carduelis canaria), closely allied to the goldfinch (q.v.), and found throughout the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and Madeira. Domestication, besides having modified the size and colors of this bird, has developed its power of song. It was introduced into Europe as a cage-bird early in the 16th century, and is now familiar in all parts of the world. Canaries in their wild state are about five inches long, and, like other finches, live mainly upon seeds, seldom eating insects. They build nests of moss and feathers in bushes and trees, often near dwellings; and their pale-blue eggs number four or five. Canaries are bought, bred, and sold in large numbers in England, Scotland, Belgium, and in the Hartz CANARY-FLOWER-CANARY-SEED Mountains, where their breeding forms an important household industry. The varieties are named, to a great extent, from the localities in which they are bred. Among birds valued for their beauty rather than for their power of song are: the British crested Norwich canary, the Manchester canary, which is noted for its abnormal size, it sometimes reaching a length of eight inches. The Scotch Fancy is a slender bird with long neck, its body, trunk, and tail, when in certain positions, curving into almost a half circle. The gold- and silver-spangled canaries are considered the handsomest. Their ground color is dull, spotted with gold or silver markings. The Belgian or humpback canaries are also bred for their beauty of plumage, and are remarkable by reason of the peculiar appearance they present by their broad shoulders, short neck, and small head. Canaries bred for their power of song, and selling from $1 to $75, are those of the Hartz Mountains, which vary in color from a clear yellow to a bright green. The most valuable of all varieties is the South Andreasberg bird, bred solely for their power of song. Single birds are frequently utilized for the instruction of young birds, and are known as "campaninis." Other varieties are the cinnamon canaries and the cayernus, the brilliant red and scarlet of the latter being due to judicious feeding with red pepper. Canaries are easily cared for, the only essentials being cleanliness, food, and water. The principal danger to the bird is a cold draught. The best food consists of canary-grass seed, hemp-seed, and a certain amount of greens. Acids are to be avoided, but sugar is beneficial in small quantities. Lime is essential to its welfare, and is most easily obtained in cuttle-fish bone. If their nails grow so long as to be troublesome to the bird, they should be occasionally cut with a very sharp scissors, thus running no chance of injuring the foot. Consult: Wallace, The Canary Book'; Belts, The Pleasureable Art of Breeding Pet Canaries.' Canary-flower, an annual climbing plant (Tropeolum peregrinum), of the Indian cress family, a native of New Granada, cultivated for its showy yellow flowers. Canary-grass. See CANARY-Seed. Cana'ry Islands, or Canaries, a cluster of islands in the Atlantic, considered as belonging to Africa, the most easterly being about 150 miles from Cape Non. They are 13 in number, 7 of which are of considerable size, namely Palma, Ferro, or Hierro, Gomera, Teneriffe, Grand Canary (Gran Canaria), Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote. The other six are little more than mere rocks. The population in 1897 was 334,521, the area being about 2,808 square miles. The Canaries form a Spanish province. Lanzarote and Fuerteventura lie in the northeast of the group, Ferro is the farthest southwest. Through Ferro the first meridian used to be drawn. All are rugged and mountainous, frequently presenting deep ravines and precipitous cliffs to the sea, though having also fertile valleys and verdant slopes. The principal peaks are that of Teneriffe, 12.182 feet, and La Cruz, in Palma, 7,730 feet. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, which are nearest the African coast, are less elevated and also less fertile than the others, and have much of an African character. Evi The dence of volcanic action is almost everywhere present, and volcanic disturbances have taken place on some of the islands in quite modern times. The flora generally resemble that of the Mediterranean region, the trees and shrubs including the oak, chestnut, pine, cedar, laurel, heather, etc.; but there are also plants that belong to the African region, such as the dragontree and euphorbias. Among the fauna may be mentioned the canary, the red partridge, and several kinds of lizards; there are no snakes. The goat is the chief domestic animal. islands are somewhat deficient in moisture and severe droughts sometimes occur; tornadoes also are not infrequent. The climate is hot on the low grounds, temperate higher up, and generally healthy. The soil where suited for cultivation readily produces all kinds of grain, fruits, and vegetables in abundance; so that the name of "Fortunate Islands," which the ancients gave the Canaries, was well deserved. Some of the islands furnish good wine, especially Teneriffe and Palma. The Canaries constitute a valuable possession of Spain, and they serve as a winter resort for invalids from colder regions. This has led to the erection of hotels specially intended for visitors, to the making or improvement of roads, and to the providing of attractions of various kinds, including golf-courses, lawn-tennis grounds, etc. There are several places of worship for English-speaking visitors. The exports at present consist chiefly of bananas, tomatoes, and potatoes, shipped in great quantities to London and Liverpool, cochineal, sugar, wine, etc. The imports chiefly consist of textiles and other manufactured goods, cereals, coals, etc. Peaches, oranges, lemons, figs, and other fruits are cultivated. Teneriffe and Grand Canary are the two chief islands. Santa Cruz, the capital of the islands (pop. about 20,000), is a port on the northeast coast of the former, which also contains La Laguna, the old capital, Orotava, and other towns or villages. Orotava is a favorite resort of foreign visitors. Palmas, on the northeast coast of Grand Canary, Puerto de la Luz, between three and four miles is a more important place, with its new harbor, distant, protected by a breakwater. The city is rapidly extending, its streets have been improved and lighted by electricity. Numerous steamers engaged in the trade between Europe and Africa call here, and also at Santa Cruz. Though the Canaries were known to the ancients they fell out of the knowledge of Europeans till they again became known from the 12th or 13th century onward. They were claimed by the Spaniards in the 14th century, and in 1402-5 Jean de Bethencourt, a Norman adventurer, conquered Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gomera, and Ferro. By the end of the 15th century the Spaniards had subdued the original inhabitants entirely; and they almost extirpated them at a later period. These early inhabitants, who are known as Guanches, had attained some progress in civilization, as shown by remains still extant. They were no doubt of Berber stock. The pres ent inhabitants are mainly of Spanish blood, though it is said the Guanche element may still be detected. See the separate articles on Teneriffe, Grand Canary, Palma, Ferro, and Lanza rote. Las Canary-seed, the seed of a plant (Phalaris canariensis), belonging to the order of Graminacea, cultivated for its seed, which is usea |