him recover his bride. Jacopo, the Bravo, finds her in prison and contrives her escape to her husband; but is himself denounced to the Council of Three, and pays for his treachery to them with his head. The romance is of an antiquated fashion; and has not the genuineness and personal force of Cooper's sea stories and Leatherstocking Tales, which grew out of an honest love for his subjects.

Bravo-Murillo, Don Juan, dōn hoo-än' brä'vō-moo-re'lyō, Spanish statesman: b. Badajoz, June 1803; d. Madrid, 11 Jan. 1873. In 1825, he entered the College of Advocates at Seville, and showed great devotion to the monarchy. When the Progressistas came into power he went to Madrid, and founded a law magazine, the 'Boletin de Jurisprudencia.' In 1836, he became secretary of the Department of Justice under Señor Isturiz. In 1847 he became minister of Trade and Public Instruction, and, in 1849-50, of Finance. In 1851 he formed a cabinet, with himself as premier, but, in 1853, it was superseded by that of Gen. Lersundi. The oppressive measures adopted by Bravo-Murillo and his successors led to the revolution of 1854, and the attainment to power of Marshals Espartero and O'Donnell.

Bravura (bra-voo'ra) Air, an air so composed as to enable the singer to show her skill in execution by the addition of embellishments, striking cadences, etc. It is sometimes used for the style of execution.

Brax'ton, Carter, signer of the Declaration of Independence: b. Newington, King and Queen County, Virginia, 10 Sept. 1736; d. 10 Oct. 1797. He inherited several plantations, and passed the early part of his life in the enjoyment of his fortune in his native State, and in England, where he resided some years. In 1765 he took an active part in the eventful session of the house of burgesses of Virginia, in which the resolutions of Patrick Henry were adopted, and in the subsequent assemblies which were dissolved by the governor. He was next a member of the conventions which were the first step toward the substitution of popular for the royal government; and on 15 Dec. 1775, was elected delegate to the continental congress, as successor of Peyton Randolph, and as such affixed his name to the Declaration of Independence. He did not remain long in Congress, but served in the legislature of Virginia until 1786, when he became one of the executive council. The close of his life was embittered by pecuniary embarrassments, and the entire wreck of his fortune.

Brax'y, or Dysentery in Sheep, inflammation of the coats of the intestines. It is often

preceded by diarrhoea, and attended by fever and constitutional disturbances. A sudden change of pasturage, more particularly from a succulent to a high and dry pasture, is one of the most frequent causes, and to this may be added exposure to wet and cold after traveling. It is a much more serious disease than simple diarrhoea, and often becomes fatal in the course of a few days. The name is also applied to a blood disease resulting from plethora, which is considered by some to be the true braxy. In this case also a sudden change of pasturage is the most frequent cause of the disease, but the change which generally produces it is the reverse of that which produces the

former, namely, a change from a low diet to rich and nourishing food. This disease is even more fatal than the former, and runs its course in a few hours. As there is no means of saving an animal which is once attacked, the only course is to avoid the causes which lead to the disease.

Bray, Anna Eliza, English woman of letters: b. London, 25 Dec. 1790; d. there, 21 Jan. 1883. Her maiden name was Kempe; she studied for the stage, but in 1818 was married to Charles A. Stothard, son of the famous artist, and, after his death, became the wife of the Rev. Edward A. Bray, vicar of Tavistock. From 1826 to 1874 she wrote a series of novels, one of which, The Talba, or the Moor of Portugal,' brought her the acquaintance of Southey. In 1884 they were collected in a 12-volume edition. She wrote the Life of Thomas Stothard' (1856), and many books of travels. Her letters addressed to Southey, on the superstitions and scenery of Tavistock, entitled The Borders of the Tamar and the Tavy) (1836; new ed. 1879), and ‘A Peep at the Pixies; or, Legends of the West' (1854), are much esteemed. Mrs. Bray's Autobiography' appeared in 1884.

Bray, Sir Reginald, English architect: d. 1503. He was the second son of Sir Richard Bray, one of Henry VI.'s privy councilors, and stood high in the favor of Henry VII., for whom he is understood to have designed, if he did not actually execute, the beautiful chapel at Westminster which bears that monarch's name. Another of his works, and now his final resting-place, is the almost equally beautiful chapel of Saint George's at Windsor.

Marton, Shropshire, 1656; d. London, 15 Feb. Bray, Thomas, English clergyman: b. tablished Church he founded in 1698 the Society 1730. Having entered the ministry of the Esfor Promoting Christian Knowledge and in 1700 organized the Anglican Church in Maryland. In the following year he secured a charter for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. He was rector of Saint Botolph's, Aldgate, London, from 1706. He devised a system of lending libraries for parish purposes and in 1723 established the still existing society of Associates of Dr. Bray, which carries on his benevolent undertakings. He published a Directorium Missionarium) (1726); 'An Essay Toward Promoting All Necessary and Useful Knowledge) (1697), and several lesser works.

Bray, The Vicar of (SIMON ALEYN), incumbent of a small English parish near Maidenhead, Berkshire, from 1540 to 1588, during the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. He kept his vicarage by changing his faith according to that of the state for the time being, becoming a Protestant with and Protestant again on the accession of ElizaHenry, Catholic again in the reign of Mary, beth. His principle was to live and die Vicar of Bray, and to it he adhered. The modern makes the versatile vicar live in the reigns of ballad, In Good King Charles' Golden Days,' Charles II., James II., William III., Anne, and George I. The parish is 23 miles west of London and has a population of 5,750.

Bray, a maritime town of Ireland, partly in county Dublin and partly in Wicklow, though

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mainly in the latter, picturesquely situated on both banks of the Bray, which here forms the boundaries of these two counties, 12 miles southeast of Dublin. The town, which has been popularly designated "the Irish Brighton," has been much improved in recent years, new houses being built, and a broad esplanade formed. Pop. (1901) 7,000.

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Brayera, also known as Cusso or Kousso, handsome ornamental tree of Abyssinia belonging to the rose family. Its scientific name is Hagenia Abyssinica. The leaflets number 6 to 12 to each leaf, and its stamens are in separate flowers from its pistils. The bunches of pistillate flowers, made into an infusion, are used in medicine for the expulsion of worms, especially the tape worm. The taste is bitter and unpleasant. The active principle is kosin, which is sometimes given by itself.

Brayman, Mason, American soldier and lawyer: b. Buffalo, N. Y., 1813; d. 1895. He learned the printer's trade in early life, but took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1836. Removing to Illinois he was employed by that State to settle the difficulties with the Mormons of Nauvoo, and secured their removal in 1844. He served in the Federal army during the Civil War, and at its close was brevetted major-general. He was territorial governor of Idaho 1876-81, and after the last named date practised his profession at Ripon, Wis., until his death.

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Brazen Sea, the copper basin or which King Solomon placed in the priest's court for the uses of the servitors. It was 5 cubits high and 30 in circumference, and was supported on 12 oxen facing outward. It seems probable that its original purpose was symbolical rather than practical. King Ahaz removed it to a stone pedestal and it was finally destroyed by the Chaldæans, who carried off the copper to Babylon.

Brazen Serpent, a bronze or copper figure which Moses is said to have made and set up before the Israelites for the healing of all who had been bitten by venomous serpents. As this was subsequently superstitiously adored by the Israelites it was destroyed by King Hezekiah. Among the Phoenicians the serpent was regarded as the symbol of the god of healing.

Brazil (The United States of Brazil), a republic bordering upon all of the South American countries except Chile, shares to a greater or less extent the natural resources and physical characteristics of each. But even more than its neighbors it requires, for the development of these resources on an adequate scale throughout its length (2,500 miles), and breadth (4,000 miles), both immigration and new industrial enterprises. The central fact concerning the vast Amazon region, stretching across the continent from a few degrees north to about 16° south of the equator, is that its rank vegetation defies the efforts of casual settlers, and nothing less than a teeming population could properly subdue it to human uses. The total area of Brazil, according to the most recent computation, is 3.218,130 square miles; and this includes the largest compact body of fertile and habitable territory that yet remains unimproved, and even, in part, unexplored. Nearly the entire population of the republic is still found on a com

paratively narrow strip of land extending southward along the Atlantic coast from Pará, below the mouth of the Amazon, to the line of Uruguay. In other words, the white people have clung to the fringe of the continent which their ancestors took possession of in the 16th century in the fashion we shall presently describe; and no civilizing conquest and occupation of the interior, such as occurred in North America, have been effectively undertaken. Except along or comparatively near the coast, the Brazilian states have less than one inhabitant per square mile. The number of inhabitants in the entire country was estimated at 21,565,000 in 1900, distributed as follows among the 20 states of the republic, and including 750,000 for the federal district:

There were 2,705,000 foreigners in Brazil, namely, Italians, 1,300.000; Portuguese, 800,000; Germans, 300,000; Spanish, 100,000; Poles, 80,000; French, 10,000; English, 5,000; North Americans, 500; other nationalities, 110,000.

Comparing the above figures with those given a decade earlier, we conclude that the estimate for 1900 is probably too high. The total population in 1890, including 600,000 uncivilized Indians, was stated to be only 14,333,915.

History.- Brazil was discovered in 1500 by a companion of Columbus, Vicente Pinzon, who made no settlement, and, indeed, would not have been justified in doing so. The bull of Pope Alexander VI. (4 May 1493) had bestowed upon Portugal the lands which should be found sioners of Spain and Portugal had agreed, on 7 east of the line of demarcation, and commisJune 1494, that the position of the line of demarcation should be changed so that it should pass, north and south, 370 leagues west of the only 100 leagues west of those islands, where the Cape Verde Islands, instead of at a distance of Pope had established it. Accordingly Spain was precluded by her own act from claiming the eastern portion of the continent of South America. A Portuguese commander, Pedro Alvarez Cabral, when on his way around the Cape of Good Hope to the Far East, in 1500, encountered severe storms which drove his vessels from their course; and through this mischance he reached the Brazilian coast in April. Mass was celebrated there on Easter Day; the country was declared a dependency of Portugal, and a stone cross was erected. There Cabral himself embarked for India, but first sent a vessel to Lisbon with a report of this important discovery. As soon as practicable after receiving the account of his new possession, Dom Manuel placed three vessels under the command of Amerigo Vespucci, instructing this Florentine to make good Portugal's claim to the land which a Spaniard had discovered. Thus, from the beginning, Brazil was marked out as a field for international competition. Vespucci's first voyage being unsuccessful, a second was undertaken

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with better results. He remained for five months at a point he named "All Saints," and when it became necessary to return left 12 men as a garrison in a small fort. The impression created by the experiences of the early adventurers was not highly favorable. Poor and unattractive, indeed, did this land seem in comparison with India and Africa. During the years that followed Portuguese merchants dispatched vessels to trade for Brazil-wood, and the Portuguese government jealously resisted French and Spanish attempts to gain a foothold or carry on commerce eastward of the line of demarcation; but the court at Lisbon continued to prefer the profits to be won along the course that Vasco da Gama had opened up. The first settlements, therefore, were not made by the government, but by grantees whom the government induced to colonize by assigning to each leader a splendid possession, or "captaincy" no less than 50 leagues of coast, with feudal powers and the privilege of extending his domain as far inland as he desired. Thus the province of San Paulo was settled by an expedition under Piratininga; next Affonso de Sousa explored the coast from Rio de Janeiro (so called because it was discovered 1 Jan. 1531) to the Rio de la Plata. Lopes de Sousa received two allotments of 25 leagues each, one being near Pernambuco and Paraiba. Fernandez Coutinho and Pedro da Campo Tourinho established themselves near the spot where Cabral landed. Francisco Pereiro Coutinho received a grant of a captaincy, extending from Rio San Francisco to Bahia. The captaincy of Pernambuco was given to Duarte Coelho Pereira; and so the most attractive portions of the coast were distributed. Cattle and sugar-cane being introduced from Madeira, the systematic cultivation of the latter began; though some authorities maintain that both sugar-cane and coffee are indigenous to Brazilian soil. Enormous difficulties were encountered from the first by proprietors and planters. Only men of large means (including some of those adventurers who had amassed fortunes in India), were able to equip and maintain such a considerable force as was necessary if these undertakings were to be successful. The natives were, as a rule, extremely mistrustful, besides being the most savage of their kind, as Southey has shown in his elaborate description of them. ('History of Brazil,' by Robert Southey, 1810). Cannibalism was universally practised. In general, the nature of these Indians appears to have been far more debased, and their practices more_revolting than the nature and customs of the Red Men of North America; the task of civilizing them seemed more utterly hopeless. Yet one striking exception to the general experience may be noted. The first settler in Bahia was Diogo Alvarez, a young man of noble family, who was wrecked on the shoals near that port. "Part of the crew," says Southey, "were lost, others were eaten by the natives." Diogo secured the favor of the Indians by recovering things from the wreck. Afterward he led them in battle, using his musket to such good effect that he became their sovereign, and took daughters of the chiefs of the savages to be his wives. "The best families in Bahia," we are told, "trace their origin to him."

By the middle of the 16th century the captaincies of those men whose names have been mentioned, and still other adventurers, were

scattered along the coast from the mouth of the Amazon to the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. The great mineral wealth of the country had not been discovered at that time, and the settlements were chiefly devoted to the cultivation of sugar. What with savages surrounding these widely separated posts; Spaniards threatening them from the rear (the Spanish troops then holding the regions afterward to be known as Paraguay and Argentina); and the French from time to time attempting to establish themselves on the coast; it was found necessary to provide for the common defense by concentrating the Portuguese power in the hands of a governorgeneral. The feudatories had to submit to the revocation of some of their privileges, though they remained on the soil which they owned.

The first governor-general was Trome da Sousa, and his capital was Bahia. In 1549 he was reinforced by a fleet of six vessels with 320 soldiers and officials, 400 convicts, 300 free colonists, and 6 Jesuits. At different times wards. of the Crown, female orphans of good family, were sent out, provided with portions from the royal estates, and given to the provincial officers in marriage. The establishment of the College of San Paulo in Piratininga followed hard upon the arrival of the first bishop of Brazil in 1552, and of a number of Jesuits in 1553. Avowed friends and protectors of the natives, these members of the Society of Jesus took upon themselves the pioneers' task, and their college became a centre of influence. Intrusive French settlers at Rio de Janeiro were driven out by the governor, and a Portuguese colony was founded there in 1567. But the progress of Brazil, in so far as it was dependent upon the aid of the mother country, was checked, if not entirely arrested, during a period of 60 years. Philip II. of Spain acquired the crown of Portugal in 1578-80, and the union of the two countries — or rather, the subordination of the weaker nation-continued until 1640. Brazil received little attention during all these years, in part because she was identified with Portugal, but still more for the reason that her inferiority to the Spanish possessions in mineral wealth was taken for granted. The transfer of allegiance invited attack by English fleets. In 1586 Witherington sacked Bahia; Cavendish, in 1591, burned San Vicente; Lancaster, in 1595, captured Olinda. A futile attempt to found a permanent colony was made by the French (161218), and the Dutch dispatched a fleet against Bahia in 1624.

The Dutch in Brazil.- Most important were the efforts made at this time by an association of Dutch merchants, the famous Dutch West India Co., which commissioned Count Maurice of Nassau to promote the interests of his countrymen in South America. The enormous power of this corporate company, which, as Bancroft says, was "given leave to appropriate continents," and, when "invested with a boundless liberty of choice, culled the rich territories of Guiana, Brazil, and New Netherland," was exerted in a large part of the region lying between Maranhão and Bahia. After the revolution of 1640, Brazil was, indeed, no longer Spanish, but the new Portuguese executive of the house of Bragança was too poor and weak to adopt such vigorous measures as were required. Accordingly a suggestion offered by a native of Madeira named Vieyra was welcomed, inasmuch as this plan re