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very certain that the gradual evolution of the nervous system shows the extreme complexity of man's activities. Although throughout the entire series, nerve cells are alike, it is only in the great multiplicity of co-ordinations and connections that man's brain differs from the nervous system of a jellyfish or a worm. It is only in the animal series beginning with Amphioxus that a distinct brain mass mences to be seen. But from this point forward the modification in form, size, and complexity is gradual. While man has the most complex brain, he has not the heaviest brain, although in comparison with his size it is the heaviest. The brain of man is usually heavier that that of woman, although at birth and at the age of 14 the female brain is heavier. Taller and heavier persons have usually heavier brains. Weight of brain, however, has no direct relationship with intelligence, as idiots' brains are known that have weighed as much as those of many of the ablest of men. Intellectual capacity, as already said, consists in the great multiplicity of nerve cell connections. In which connection it might also be added that the shape and size of the outside skull bears no constant relation to the shape and size of the inside brain. Cuvier's brain weighed 84 ounces, Gambetta's only 39 ounces. While it is true that a number of celebrated men of recognized brain power have had large brains, there are many more of equal capacity whose brain weights have not been remarkable. Also see MOTOR AREA; MOTOR CO-ORDINATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM; SPEECH CENTRES; TASTE AREAS.

Consult: Barker, The Nervous System' (1901); Schäfer, Physiology) (1900). SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases.' Brain, Diseases of. These are so many and so diverse that a general article cannot readily be written upon them. In general they

may

be divided into: (1) Developmental defects. These are considered under idiocy, imbecility (qq.v.), etc. (2) Acute infections in which the brain itself or its surrounding membranes are attacked by some form of bacterium, such as the influenza bacillus, the pneumoccus, that ordinarily is the main cause of pneumonia, the typhoid organism, or certain forms of cocci. These diseases are discussed under the heads, encephalitis, meningitis, cerebral abscess, epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis (qq.v.). (3) Acute and chronic poisoning, including delirium tremens in alcoholism (q.v.), toxic manias (q.v.), etc. (4) Diseases of the blood vessels of the brain. Here is to be classed the general disease apoplexy. This is really three different diseases due to cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral

thrombosis, or cerebral embolism. These are discussed here. In all, the symptoms are much alike, as similar areas in the brain may be affected by each. In hemorrhage there is a bursting of one of the cerebral blood vessels, with pouring out of blood into adjacent brain tissue and destruction. A certain blocking of the artery also results. In thrombosis, the walls are diseased and a soft mass collects on the inside of the blood vessel in the brain and blocks it up. This shuts off the circulation in a certain area supplied by the artery and there is degeneration in that area with softening perhaps and cyst formation. In embolism some foreign

body from some other part of the arterial sys-
tem is swept into a blood vessel of the brain and
blocks it up. In all three forms of apoplexy
the attack may be very slight, if the cause is
slight, a temporary loss of consciousness, or a
paralysis in one limb, or a hemiplegia that is
transitory-these may be all that is noted. But
the usual attack of apoplexy is much more
severe. The patient is rendered unconscious,
the face is purple or congested, there may be
voiding of urine and feces, the breathing is slow
and snoring in character, the pulse is usually
slowed to 50, and often soft and full; nausea and
vomiting and lowered temperature may also
occur. The pupils may be dilated and the eyes
may appear crossed. There is usually noted a
difference in the two sides of the face, one side
of the body is different from the other, and on
lifting the limbs there is a change in their
resistance. The patient may remain in this con-
dition and die very soon, or he may have a rising
temperature for a week and then die, or he may
recover consciousness to find that one entire
side of his body is paralyzed, or incapable of
being moved by the will. If the right side is
involved the patient usually has defects in his
speech (aphasia, q.v.). After a few days, this
paralysis may pass away, but it usually persists
for life in some form or other. Almost invaria-
bly the paralyzed limbs improve greatly; at first
the leg and later the arm, and the improvement
may be very great so that only a slight trace of
what was a disabling affliction remains. The
shades and variations in symptoms and in the
outcome are numberless. The treatment of an
attack of apoplexy requires prompt attention.
Heat to the extremities, mustard bath to the
feet, absolute quiet, removal of constricting
bands about the neck, placing the patient on the
these are the generally recognized things to do.
non-paralyzed side, in many cases blood-letting;
The outlook is always serious. Hemorrhage is
apt to occur in those over 50, thrombosis in
those affected with syphilis, and may occur at
any age, embolism usually accompanies some
infectious disease, such as pneumonia, rheuma-
tism, scarlet fever, childbirth fever, etc.; and
may affect old or young (see DIPLEGIA; HEM-
to the brain. These may occasion various forms
IPLEGIA; MONOPLEGIA). (5) Accident or injury
of hemiplegia; diplegia, particularly in the in-
juries of childbirth; epilepsy, etc. (6) Tumors
of the brain (see TUMOR). (7) Organic disease
of the brain functions. Here the various in-
sanities may be classed. Softening of the brain
is a term denoting either a dementia (q.v.) of
old age, or the insanity known as general
paresis (q.v.). The insanities in their various
forms and phases are treated in their appro-
priate relations under one inclusive head. See
İNSANITY.
SMITH ELY JELLIFFE,

Editor Journal of Nervous and Mental
Diseases.

Brain Fever. See BRAIN, DISEASES OF.

Brainard, David Legge, American soldier and explorer: b. Norway, N. Y., 1856. Entering the United States army in 1876 he served in Indian campaigns and subsequently accompanied the Greely Arctic expedition 1881-2. He was sergeant in the signal service, served in the Alaskan relief expedition in 1897 and went to the Philippines in 1900 as a major in the subsistence department of the regular army.

Brainard, John Gardiner Calkins, American poet and journalist: b. New London, Conn., 21 Oct. 1796; d. 26 Sept. 1828. After graduation at Yale in 1815 he studied law and practised at Middletown, Conn. In 1822 he went to Hartford and edited the Connecticut Mirror, in which many of his early poems appeared. In 1827 he was forced by failing health to resign his editorship. For a time he resided on Long Island, whence he returned to New London to end his days. He issued a volume of poems in 1825, a second and fuller edition of which, under the title of Literary Remains,' was published in 1832, with a biographical sketch by John Greenleaf Whittier.

Braine, Daniel Lawrence, American naval officer: b. New York, 18 May 1829; d. 30 Jan. 1898. He entered the United States navy in 1846 and became a rear admiral. He served with distinction through the Mexican and Civil wars. In 1873 he obtained the surrender by Spain of 102 survivors of the Virginius pris

oners.

Braine-le-Comte, bran-le-kont, Belgium, a small and ancient town of the province of Hainaut, about 20 miles southwest of Brussels. It contains a handsome church, founded in the 13th century, and a large well-built château. The Southern Railway branches off from this town, on the west side to Mons and Quiévrain, east to Namur and Charleroi. Among its manufactories are breweries, wire-works, dyeworks. oil, cotton, and corn-mills. At one time it manufactured and dealt extensively in tin wares, but this branch of trade is almost if not entirely extinct. Pop. (1899) 8,891.

Brainerd, David, a missionary to the Indians: b. Haddam, Conn., 20 April 1718; d. Northampton, Mass., 9 Oct. 1747. Early impressible by religious influences, he felt himself suddenly converted while taking a walk, 12 July 1739, and the same year entered Yale College to prepare himself for the ministry. Instead of graduating in the regular course he was expelled from the institution in 1742 for having said, in his zeal, of one of the tutors, that he had no more of the grace of God than a chair. He was, however, licensed in July as a preacher, and received an appointment from the society for the propagation of Christian knowledge, as missionary among the Indians near Stockbridge, Mass. He was ordained in 1744, and took up his work among the Indians at the forks of the Delaware in Pennsylvania, making two visits to the Indians of the Susquehanna. He met, however, with but little success, until, after a year, he went to reside among those at Crossweeksung, near Newark, N. J. Here he is said to have produced a great change among the savages, and to have baptized 78, of whom 38 were adults. Having worn out his health by his labors, he set out on a journey to Boston in the spring of 1747, and thence to Northampton, where he died after a short stay in the family of President Edwards, by whom his biography was soon afterward written. His published works are: Wonders of God Among the Indians,' and 'Grace Displayed.'

Brainerd, Minn., a city and county-seat of Crow Wing County, 115 miles west of Duluth, situated on the east bank of the Mississippi River and on the Brainerd & N. R.R. It lies in a fertile farming region and trades in grain

and other agricultural produce. Lumber and furs are also exported. Here are situated the extensive shops of the Northern P. R.R. There are foundries, flour-mills, a large saw-mill, etc. There is a United States signal service station, a hospital for employees of the Northern P. R.R., and another for lumbermen, a public park, waterworks, electric street railway, electric lighting plant, etc. The city is governed by a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council. Pop. (1900) 7,524.

Brain'stone Coral, a madrepore of the genus Meandrina, so named from the general resemblance to the brain of man exhibited in its large rounded mass and numerous winding depressions. When the hemispherical mass is broken, the ridges which bound its furrows (each of which represents the place of a polyp) may be traced inward through its substance.

Brain'tree, Mass., a town in Norfolk County, on the New York, N. II. & H. RR., 10 miles south of Boston. It contains the villages of South and East Braintree; is connected by electric street railroads with the principal neighboring towns and villages, and its industries include granite-quarrying, and the manufacture of rails, tacks, shoes, wool, rubber goods, fans, etc. John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and John Hancock were born in a part of Braintree now within the limits of Quincy. The town was settled about 1629 and was incorporated in 1640. Pop. (1900) 5,981.

Braintree Resolutions, The. There were instructions given by the town of Braintree, Mass., on 24 Sept. 1765, to its representative in the Massachusetts General Court, Ebenezer Thayer, relative to his action in the matter of the Stamp Act. They were drawn by John Adams, one of a committee appointed by the Braintree town meeting for that purpose, accepted unanimously, and published in the Boston Gazette. Some 40 Massachusetts towns subsequently adopted them verbatim as their instructions to their own representatives; and John Adams says that Samuel Adams copied several paragraphs into his own draft for the Boston town-meeting. The resolutions declared the tax, even if legal, an unbearable burden and a vexatious interference with the business of a poor and sparsely settled province; that moreover, it was contrary to British common law, and the "foundation principles of the British constitution, that we should be subject to any tax imposed by the British Parliament, because we are not represented in that assembly in any sense, unless it be by a fiction of law"; that to put the cases in the decision of one judge without a jury was "an alarming extension of the power of courts of admiralty," and repugnant to the Great Charter itself, especially as the judges held office only during the pleasure of the Crown, and moreover had a commission on the goods condemned. They enjoin the Braintree representative to "comply with no measures or proposals" for executing the law, but "by all lawful means" obstruct it; to favor entering on the public records "the most clear and explicit assertion of our rights and liberties"; and- most significant of all-"to agree to no steps for the protection of the stamped paper or the stamp officers, because any addition to the laws for preserving the peace would only exasperate the people and endanger public tranquillity."

Braith, Anton, än'tōn brit, German painter: b. Biberach, Würtemberg, 1836. He was educated at the Stuttgart Art School and the Munich Academy, and soon obtained distinction by his skill in landscape and animal painting. Among his best works are 'A Yoke of Oxen'; 'A Grazing Herd'; 'Going to Drink'; 'Herd Overtaken by a Storm'; 'After the Storm.’

Brake, Bracken, common names for a fern (Pteris aquilina) of the family Polypodiacea, widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America, where it often dominates the vegetation of heaths, neglected meadows, etc. It does not fall when the top is killed by frost, and affords excellent cover for small game. From its long, creeping rootstocks, naked stalks, 6 to 20 inches in length, are sent up. Each stalk produces three branches with numerous fernlike pinnate leaves, along the covered edges of which are borne the sori, or spore-producing organs. The rootstock, which is bitter, has been used as a substitute for hops in beer-making, and is still somewhat employed in dressing chamois and kid leather. The tops are often used for bedding animals, and are sometimes mixed with hay as fodder. Although land covered with brake is considered inferior, many such soils, when cultivated, are found to be good. By frequent mowing, or by plowing, the land is readily freed from brake. Several other species of Pteris have been called brake and bracken, and some are cultivated as ornamental plants in greenhouses and window-gardens. The rootstocks of a New Zealand species (P. esculenta) are often used for food, and are better suited for such use than those of the first-named species, which have served such a purpose only when ordinary food-supply has been scarce.

Brake, a mechanical device for retarding or arresting by means of friction the motion of a wheel or shaft. A wood or metal block, so arranged as to be pressed by levers against the rim of a wheel, constitutes a shoe-brake, the kind used in checking ordinary vehicles, such as wagons. A band passing around a wheel, and which, by tightening, retards its motion, forms a band-brake. The air-brake is the form of mechanism generally used on railroads. See AIR-BRAKE.

Brakelonde, Jocelin de, English chronicler: b. Bury St. Edmunds, in the 12th century. In 1173 he entered the convent of St. Edmunds and began his chronicle which extends over a period of nearly 30 years. The character of the abbot, Samson, described in these annals, influenced Carlyle in the writing of 'Past and Present.'

Bramah, brä'mä, Joseph, inventor of the Bramah lock, the Bramah press, etc. b. Stainborough, Yorkshire, England, 1749; d. 1814. He was first apprenticed to a carpenter and joiner, but finally established himself in business in London as manufacturer of various small articles

in metal-work. His subsequent life was distinguished by a long series of inventions, many of which have been found of great utility. Beside those already mentioned, he invented the apparatus used in public houses to bring liquids from the cellar to the bar, and ingenious printing machines. He also made improvements in fireengines, steam-engines, the manufacture of paper,

etc.

Bramante, brä-män'tě, Donato d'Agnolo, Italian architect: b. Monte Asdroaldo, near Urbino, about 1444; d. 11 March 1514. He applied himself first to painting, but his passion for architecture soon gained the ascendency, and he shares with Brunelleschi the credit of restoring this art. While yet a young man he went to Milan, where his time was mainly spent at the cathedral. Pope Alexander VI. named him as his architect, and Julius II. made him superintendent of his buildings. At the command of the latter he united the Belvidere with the palace of the Vatican. He persuaded the Pope to order the Church of St. Peter to be torn down, and another to be erected in its place, which should be without an equal in the world. In 1513 the foundation of the present St. Peter's was laid, according to the plan of Bramante. It yet remains the greatest achievement of modern architecture. Bramante did not live to see this work completed. He had begun the edifice with incredible dispatch, but his successors, Raphael, Julius of San Gallo, Peruzzi, and Michael Angelo, altered the original plan, and left nothing of Bramante's workmanship standing except the arches which support the tower of the dome. His writings, in prose and verse, first discovered in 1756, were printed in the same year at Milan.

Bramathe'rium, a genus of antilopidæ, consisting of a gigantic species with four horns. It is allied to sivatherium, which also is fourhorned. Both occur in the Upper Miocene, or Lower Pliocene beds of the Sewâlik Hills in India.

Brambach, Kaspar Joseph, kas'par yo'zěf bräm'baн, German composer: b. Bonn, 14 July 1833. He was a pupil at the Conservatory in Cologne (1851-4), and at Frankfort-on-theMain he studied under Ferdinand Hiller. In 1859 he became a teacher at the Cologne Conservatory, and in 1861 went to Bonn as state musical director. Giving up that position in 1869, he devoted himself to the work of composing and private teaching. His best works are his cantatas, including The Eleusinian Festival; A Hymn to Spring'; The Power of and Lorelei.' He has also written an opera, Song); Alcestis'; 'Prometheus'; 'Colombus'; Ariadne, and several minor pieces.

Brambanan, bräm-bä'nän, a district of the province of Surakarta, Java, rich in remains of Hindu temples, of which there are six groups, with two apparently monastic buildings. The edifices are composed entirely of hewn stone, and no mortar was used in their construction. The largest is a cruciform temple, surrounded by five concentric squares, formed by rows of detached cells or shrines, embracing an area 500 feet square. In several of these dagobas the cross-legged figures of Buddha remain, but the larger figures which must have occupied the central temples have disappeared from all but one.

Bramble, a common, but, in America, little used name for various species of the genus Rubus, including blackberry, raspberry, and dewberry. In Europe it is more restricted to R. fruticosus, which, from its abundance and its weedy character, has not received the atten

tion of horticulturists.

Brambling, or Mountain Finch, a large migratory finch (Fringilla montifringilla), found throughout Europe and in Asia, where it breeds