of the earth's axis"; and published his account of it in 1748. By these two discoveries astronomers were, for the first time, enabled to make tables of the motions of the heavenly bodies with the necessary accuracy. Bradley had already, in 1726, explained the method of obtaining the longitude by means of the eclipse of Jupiter's first satellite. In 1742, at the death of Dr. Halley, he received the office of astronomer royal, and removed to the observatory at Greenwich. Here he spent the remainder of his life, entirely devoted to his astronomical studies. His observations in manuscript appeared under the title of Astronomical Observations made at the Observatory at Greenwich, 1750-62) (1798, 1805). From this rich mine have been taken thousands of observations, on the sun, moon, and planets, of the highest astronomical value.

Bradley, John Edwin, American educator: b. Lee, Mass. He was graduated from Williams College in 1865, and was successively principal of high schools in Pittsfield, Mass., 1865-8; Albany, N. Y., 1868-86. He was superintendent of schools at Minneapolis 1886-92, and president of Illinois College 1892-1900. He is the author of Science and Industry); (School Incentives'; "Healthfulness of Intellectual Pursuits'; 'Work and Play'; 'Talks With Students.'

Bradley, Joseph Philo, American jurist: b. Berne, N. Y., 14 March 1813; d. Washington, D. C., 22 Jan. 1892. He was graduated at Rutgers College in 1836; admitted to the bar in 1839; and became a justice of the United States supreme court in 1870. As a member of the

electoral commission he cast the vote which gave the presidency to Gen. Hays, in 1877. He devoted much time to mathematical study.

Bradley, Milton, American manufacturer: b. Vienna, Me., 8 Nov. 1836. He organized the Milton Bradley Company at Springfield, Mass., in 1863, for the manufacture of kindergarten supplies. He has published Color in the School Room' (1890); Color in the Kindergarten' (1893); 'Elementary Color) (1895); Water Colors in the School Room' (1900).

a

Brad'shaw, John, English judge and regicide: b. Cheshire, England, 1602; d. London, 31 Oct. 1659. He studied law at Gray's Inn, and obtained much chamber practice from the partisans of the Parliament, to which he was zealously devoted. When the trial of the king was determined upon, the resolute character of Bradshaw pointed him out for president, which office, after slight hesitation, he accepted. His deportment on the trial some describe as lofty and unbending, others as harsh and overbearing. He was subsequently appointed permanent president of the council of state, and received other honors. He rendered himself obnoxious to Cromwell, when the latter seized the protectorate, and was deprived of the chief-justiceship of Chester. On the death of Cromwell in 1658, and the restoration of the Long Parliament, he obtained a seat in the council, and was elected president. He died in 1659, and on his death-bed asserted that, if the king were to be tried and condemned again, he would be the first to agree to it. He was magnificently buried in Westminster Abbey, from which his body was ejected and hanged on a gibbet at Tyburn, with those of Cromwell and Ireton, at the Restoration.

Bradshaw's Railway Guide, a well-known English manual for travelers, first issued by George Bradshaw, a printer and engraver of Manchester, in 1839. It is now published on the first of each month, and contains the latest arrangements of railway and steamboat_companies, beside other useful information. There are now many such hand-books in the field, and the idea has since been further developed in the descriptive hand-books of Murray, Bædeker, and others.

Brad'street, Anne, American poet: b. Andover, Mass., 16 Sept. 1672. She was the Northampton (probably), England, 1612; d. daughter of Gov. Thomas Dudley, and married the future governor, Simon Bradstreet, in 1628. She went with him to New England in 1630. She was the first woman of letters in America, her verse being written in the intervals of household cares, and by her contemporaries was styled "The Tenth Muse." Her volume of poems was published in London in 1650. A more complete edition appeared at Boston in 1678, containing, among other additional compositions, her best poem, entitled 'Contemplations.' A third edition was published in 1758. She was the mother of eight children, to whom she makes the following allusion:

I had eight birds hatch't in the nest;
Four cocks there were, and hens the rest;
I nurs't them up with pains and care,
For cost nor labor did spare;

Til at last they felt their wing,
Mounted the trees and learned to sing.

Her complete works, edited by J. H. Ellis, were reprinted in Boston in 1867, and again in 1897. See Tyler, American Literature) (1898).

Bradstreet, John, English soldier in America: b. 1711; d. New York, 21 Oct. 1774. He was, in 1746, lieutenant-governor of St. Johns, Newfoundland. In 1756, when it was considered highly important to keep open the communication with Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, he was placed at the head of 40 companies of boatmen, raised for the purpose of supplying it with stores from Schenectady. On his return, 3 July 1756, with 300 of his force he was attacked from an ambuscade, on the Onondaga River, but repulsed and routed the enemy with great loss. In 1758 he commanded a force of 3,000 men in the expedition against Fort Frontenac, which was surrendered 27 August, with all its military stores, provisions, and merchandise, on the second day after he commenced the attack. In 1764 he advanced with a considerable party toward the Indian country, and made a treaty of peace with the various tribes at Presque Isle. was appointed major-general in 1772.

He

Bradstreet, Simon, American colonial governor: b. Horbling, Lincolnshire, England, March 1603; d. Salem, Mass., 27 March 1697. Left an orphan at the age of 14, he was brought up under the care of Thomas Dudley (q.v.), whose daughter Anne he married. For a time he was steward to the Earl of Lincoln, and later to the Countess of Warwick. He, with Dudley and Winthrop, determined to emigrate and form a settlement in Massachusetts. Embarking with his wife on the Arbella, 29 March 1630, they anchored off Salem on 12 June. In 1631 Bradstreet was one of those who

commenced building at Newtown, now Cambridge, and he resided there for several years. In 1639 he was granted 500 acres of land at Salem. He was also one of the first settlers of Andover, building in 1644 the first mill on the Cochichewick. After the death of his wife in 1672, he seems to have spent his time mainly in Boston and Salem. He was the colony's first secretary, one of the first commissioners of the United Colonies in 1643, and in 1653 vigorously opposed making war on the Dutch in New York, and on the Indians; and it was prevented by his steady and conscientious opposition and the decision of the general court of Massachusetts. He was deputygovernor from 1672 until his election as governor in 1679, in which office he continued until 1686. When Charles II. demanded the colony's charter, Bradstreet thought it better that it should be surrendered than that it should be taken away by judgment. He opposed the arbitrary proceedings of Andros, and when, in 1689, the people put down his authority, they made their former governor their president, and he continued as the head of the administration til May 1692, when Gov. William Phipps arrived, bringing the new charter, in which Bradstreet was named as first assistant. For 62 years he had been in the service of the colony, and he lived to be the "Nestor of New England," for all who came over from England with him, died before him. He was a popular magistrate and official, a man of integrity and piety, and one of the few who stoutly opposed the witchcraft delusion of 1692. See New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. I., pp. 75-6, and Vol. VIII., p. 325, for a reprint of his Journal, 1664-83.'

an

Bradwardine, brăd'wer-din, or Bredwardine, Thomas (DOCTOR PROFUNDUS), English scholar: b. Hartfield, Sussex, about 1290; d. 1349. He was distinguished for his varied learning, and more particularly for his treatise, De Causa Dei Contra Pelagium,' extensive work against the Pelagian heresy, for centuries a standard authority. He was chaplain and confessor to Edward III., whom he accompanied to France, being present at Cressy and the capture of Calais. Being appointed archbishop of Canterbury, he hastened to England, but died of the black death on reaching London. Other works by him are: 'De Geometria Speculativa'; 'De Proportionibus); De Quadratura Circuli'; 'De Arithmetica Prac

tica.'

Bradwardine, Baron, a character in Scott's novel of Waverley.' He is represented as a rather opinionated retired soldier, living at his seat of Tully Vedlan.

Brady, Anthony Nicholas, American capitalist: b. of Irish parentage, Lille, France, 22 Aug. 1843. He came as an infant with his parents to the United States, and at the age of 13 began to make his own way in life. After engaging successfully in the tea business in Albany, and in that of granite quarrying, he became financially interested in gas companies, railway companies and the like. successfully developing the street railway system of New York and amassing a fortune of many millions. He has also been connected with oil and electric lighting interests.

Brady, Cyrus Townsend, American Episcopal clergyman and author: b. Alleghery, Pa., 20 Dec. 1861. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy, 1883, but resigned, studied theology under Bishop Worthington of Nebraska, and was ordained in 1890. For five years he served as a missionary in Colorado, Missouri, and Kansas; was archdeacon of Pennsylvania, 1895-9, and rector at Overbrook, Philadelphia, from 1899 until his resignation to devote himself exclusively to writing, in which he has attained popularity as a writer of stories and novels of adventure, romance, and history. He has written: For Love of Country) (1898); 'For the Freedom of the Sea' (1899); Stephen Decatur' (1900); 'Recollections of a Missionary in the Great West' (1900); 'American Fights and Fighters' (1900); Commodore Paul Jones' (1900); When Blades are Out and Love's Afield' (1901); Under Tops'ls and Tents' (1901); An Apostle of the Plains' (1901); Colonial Fights and Fighters' (1901); Under the Ban of the Red Beard' (1901); Border Fights and Fighters' (1902); Hohenzollern' (1902); In the Wasp's Nest' (1902); Quiberon Touch' (1901-2); Woven With the Ship' (1902); (The Bishop' (1903); Conquest of the Southwest' (1903); The Southerners' (1903).

Brady, Henry Bowman, English paleontologist: b. Gateshead, England, 1835; d. 1890. He was prominent as a manufacturing pharmacist and his success in business enabled him

to devote much time to scientific research,

becoming in time the highest English authority regarding foraminifera. He was the author of several monographs on Mesozoic, Cenozoic, and other foraminifera, and of the more important works: Report on the Foraminifera Dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, During the Years 1873-6, and Scientific Results of the Challenger Voyage,' Vol. IX. (1888).

Brady, Hugh, American general: b. Northumberland County, Pa., 1768; d. Detroit, 15 April 1851. He entered the United States army as an ensign, 7 March 1792; served with defeat of St. Clair; was made lieutenant in Wayne in his western expedition, after the 1794, and captain in 1799. Having left the military service, he was restored to it in 1808, by President Jefferson, who then began to reform of the 22d foot, and led his troops in the hardthe army. 6 June 1812 he was appointed colonel fought battle of Chippewa. They were almost annihilated, but displayed the greatest courage, Gen. Scott saying in his report, "Old Brady showed himself in a sheet of fire." He displayed equal courage at the battle of Niagara Falls, where he was wounded. He was retained in service, on the reduction of the army, as colonel of the 2d foot, a commission he held until his death. After 1835 he was in command of the department of which Detroit was the headquarters; and while at that place contributed, in no small degree, to the pacification of the frontier, during the Canadian troubles. He was looked on by the army as one of its fathers. He received two brevets, as brigadiergeneral, 6 July 1822, and as major-general, for long and faithful service, 30 May 1848. Immediately before his death, the chaplain of his corps visited him and sought to speak to him of religious matters. Gen. Brady listened to him,

and said, "Sir, that is all right; my knapsack, however, has been packed, and I am ready to march at the tuck of the drum."

Brady, James Topham, American lawyer: b. New York, 9 April 1815; d. there, 9 Feb. 1869. He was educated by his father, an eminent jurist, and admitted to the bar' in 1836. His eloquence, skill, and ability at once brought him reputation and a fine practice. Conspicuous for his knowledge in all departments of law, he won verdicts from judges and jurors alike in important patent cases, such as Goodyear v. Day; cases involving questions of medical jurisprudence, like the Allaire and Parish will cases, the Huntington forgery case, and Cole homicide case; divorce cases, like that of Mrs. Edwin Forrest, and civil actions of all kinds. He was at his best in criminal cases, where he usually appeared on the side of the defense. At one time he defended successfully in a single week four clients charged with murder. In 1859 he was counsel for Daniel E. Sickles in his trial for the assassination of Philip Barton Key, his opening address for the defense being one of his most notable forensic efforts. Though a States-rights advocate before the War, he supported Lincoln's war measures, making speeches which had considerable influ

ence.

Brady, John, Irish-American ecclesiastic: b. County Cavan, Ireland, 1842. He prepared for the priesthood at All Hallows College in Ireland, was assistant priest in Newburyport, Mass., 1864-8, and since 1868 has been pastor of St. Joseph's Church at Amesbury, Mass. In 1891 he was consecrated auxiliary bishop of Boston and titular bishop of Boston, but still continues his parochial work.

Brady, Nicolas, English prelate: b. Bandon, Ireland, 28 Oct. 1659; d. Richmond, Surrey, 20 May 1726. He was educated at Westminster School, and afterward received the degree of B.A. both at Oxford and at Dublin, and took orders in the Irish Church. Having come to England he obtained several ecclesiastical preferments; among others the rectory of the Church of St. Catharine Cree, London, and that of Richmond, Surrey. This put him in possession of an income which might, but does not seem to have sufficed for his wants, as he thought it necessary to increase it by keeping a school at Richmond. His largest work, a translation of the Eneid, was an absolute failure, but he has made his name a kind of household word, at least in England, by executing, in concert with Nahum Tate, the New Versions of the Psalms of David' (1695), which soon came to be commonly used in the Episcopal Church.

Brady, William Maziere, Irish theologian: b. Dublin, 1825. He was for a long period a clergyman in the Established Church of Ireland, but was prominent in the agitation leading to its disestablishment in 1869, and lost several of his preferments by that event. In 1873 he entered the Roman Catholic Church. He has published The Episcopal Succession in England, Ireland, and Scotland, 1400-1875' (1876-7); Annals of the Catholic Hierarchy in England and Scotland' (1883); AngloRoman Papers) (1890).

Brady-car'dia, an abnormally slow heart. Brady-cardia occasionally is a family trait, and is then normal. Napoleon is said to have had a heart beat of only 40 to the minute. It may occur during pregnancy, and is often present in the convalescence of fevers, particularly typhoid, acute rheumatism, diphtheria, and of the digestive tract; is often present in pneumonia. It sometimes accompanies disease emphysema, and further present rarely in a number of conditions. Among these may be mentioned fibroid changes in the heart, nephritis, lead, alcohol, tobacco, and digitalis poisoning, in melancholia, general paresis, and insignificant, and its importance is largely meain apoplexy. It may mean much or may be sured by its causative factors.

Braekeleer, Ferdinandus dé, fer-de-nän'doos de brä’kè-lār, Belgian artist: b. Antwerp, 1792; d. 1883. He was a member of the Antwerp Academy and a director of the Antwerp Museum, and as an instructor was especially successful. Among his works are 'Tobit Burying a Jew by Night) (1817); The Baker'; Bombardment of Antwerp in 1830'; 'Happy Family); Unhappy Family.'

Braemar, brā-mär', Scotland, a mountainous district in the southwest corner of Aberdeenshire. It contains part of the Grampian range, with the heights of Ben Macdhui, Cairntoul, Lochnagar, etc. The district has some fine scenery, valleys, and hillsides covered with birch and fir, but consists largely of deer-forests. The Balmoral Castle, formerly the residence of the late Queen Victoria, is situated here, on the banks of the Dee, midway between Ballater and Braemar village (Castleton of Braemar).

Brag, a game of cards, played with a fullpack. It is so named because each player endeavors to impose upon his neighbor, by "bragging" about his hand, in an endeavor to make his opponents believe it more valuable than it is. The cards rank as in whist, except the nines and knaves, which take their value from the cards with which they are held. Thus an ace, a nine, and a knave are equivalent to three aces. The hands are shown, not played, the strongest one taking the stakes.

Braga, Theophilo, Portuguese philologist and critic: b. San Miguel, Azores, 24 Feb. 1843. He was educated at the university of Coimbra, and became professor of literature in the Curso Superior de Letras in Lisbon. He is a very voluminous writer and takes important rank as a historian of the literature of the Iberian peninsula. He is also noted as an exponent of the Comtian philosophy. In politics he has been prominent as an active democrat. In addition to other literary activity, he has published sevmentioned: Stella Matutina (1863); Temeral volumes of poems. Among these may be pestades Sonoras) (1864); (Torrentes) (1868), and a collection entitled 'Alma Portugueza' (1893). Of his other works may be noted: Historia da Litteratura Portugueza) (187081); Manual da Litteratura Portugueza' (1875); 'Parnaso Portuguez Moderno' (1877); a volume on Camöens (1880); Traços Geraes de Philosophia Positiva (1877); Contos Tradicionaes do Povo Portuguez (1883); Systema de Sociologia) (1884); Historia da Universidade de Coimbra' (1892).

Braga, brä'gä, Portugal, a town in the province of Minho, and its capital, situated on a rising ground between the Cavado and D'Este, about 32 miles north-northeast of Oporto. It is surrounded by walls flanked with towers and defended by a castle. The houses are old, the streets broad, but not well laid out. It is the seat of an archbishop who is primate of Portugal, and contains an archiepiscopal palace, a richly ornamented Gothic cathedral of the 13th century, parish churches, monasteries, a college, etc. The manufactures are of some importance. Braga is supposed to have been founded by the Carthaginians, and there exist remains of a Roman temple, amphitheatre, and aqueduct. On a hill some distance east of the town stands the famous pilgrimage church of Bom Jesus do Monte. Pop. (1890) 23,089.

Bragança, brä-gän'sä, the name of two considerable towns in Brazil: (1) A seaport, 100 miles northeast of Para, at the mouth of the Caite, which is here navigable to the town. Pop. of town and district, 6,000. (2) An inland city of about 10,000 inhabitants, 50 miles northeast of Sao Paulo.

Bragança, or Braganza, Portugal, the capital of a district (of the same name) in the province of Tras-os-Montes. It was in former times the capital of the province, and is a place of considerable importance. It has the ruins of an ancient castle, one of the finest feudal remains in Portugal. It is the see of a bishop, and there is an extensive manufactory of velveteens, printed calicoes, and woolens. Bragança has given its name to the present royal family of Portugal. Pop. about 5,500.

Bragança, or Braganza, House of, the present reigning house of Portugal, derived from Affonso, Duke of Bragança, a natural son of João I., king of Portugal. The constitution of Lamego, 1139, declares that no foreign prince can succeed to the throne; consequently in 1578, on the death of the Portuguese hero Sebastian, in Africa, without issue, his people had recourse to the illegitimate line of Bragança. Philip II. of Spain, however, claimed the throne, and supported his pretensions by an army under the Duke of Alva, who, though in disgrace, was summoned from his retreat for this express purpose. In 1668 the Portuguese shook off the Spanish yoke. In 1801 Napoleon I. declared that the line of the Bragança sovereigns had ceased. John, regent of the kingdom, withdrew to Brazil in 1807, but returned in 1821. At his death in 1826 his son, Don Pedro, resigned the throne in favor of his daughter, Maria da Gloria, preferring to remain emperor of Brazil, to which office he had been elected by the Brazilians, 18 Nov. 1825.

Bragg, Braxton, American military officer: b. Warren County, N. C., 22 March 1817; d. Galveston, Tex., 27 Sept. 1876. He graduated at West Point in 1837; was appointed second lieutenant in the 3d Artillery; served with distinction under Gen. Taylor in the Mexican war; and retired to private life in 1856. At the outbreak of the Civil War he became a brigadier-general in the Confederate army, and was stationed at Pensacola to act against Fort Pickens. In 1862, having been appointed a general of division, with orders to act under Gen. A. S. Johnston, commanding the army of the Mississippi, he took an important part in the two

Vol. 3-3

days' battle of Shiloh. On Johnston's death he was appointed to his command, with the full rank of general, and succeeded Gen. Beauregard as commander of the department in July of the same year. The last command he resigned in December 1863. His chief success was at Chickamauga in September 1863, when he inflicted a defeat on the army of Gen. Rosecrans, but was himself, in turn, defeated by Gen. Grant, which led to his temporary removal from command in January 1864, and he was appointed military adviser to Jefferson Davis. In 1864 he assumed command of the department of North Carolina. After the war he was chief engineer of the State of Alabama, and superintendent of the improvements in Mobile Bay.

Bragg, Edward Stuyvesant, American legislator: b. Unadilla, N. Y., 20 Feb. 1827. He was educated at Geneva (now Hobart) College, and admitted to the bar in New York in 1848. He removed to Fond du Lac, Wis., and was admitted to the Wisconsin bar in 1850, to that of Illinois in 1869, and to that of the United States supreme court in 1877. He served in the Union army during the Civil War, and won his way to the rank of brigadier-general. He was a member of the Union convention at Philadelphia in 1866; representative in Congress in 1877-85; and a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1872, 1884, 1892, and 1896. In the convention of 1884 he seconded the renomination of Grover Cleveland, when he uttered the memorable phrase, "We love him for the enemies he has made." In 1888 he was

appointed minister to Mexico; and in June 1902, became the first United States consul-general in Havana under the new republic of Cuba.

Bragi, brā'je, the Scandinavian god of poetry. He is represented as an old man with a long flowing beard, like Odin; yet with a serene and unwrinkled brow. His wife was Idunna.

Braham, bra'am, John, English tenor singer: b. London (of Jewish extraction), 1774; d. 1856. He made his first appearance as a vocalist at the age of 10. On attaining manhood he proceeded to France and Italy with the view of improving himself in his art, and accomplished this so successfully that on his return after an absence of several years he soon rose to the position of the first English singer of his day. He sung much in opera, but gained his greatest triumphs in national songs, such as The Bay of Biscay, O', and 'The Death of Nelson,' and till within a few years of his death he continued to appear in public. His sons, Charles, Augustus, and Hamilton, also adopted the musical profession.

Brahe, Tycho, ti'kō brä, or bra, Swedish astronomer: b. Knudstrup, near Lund, 14 Dec. 1546; d. Prague, Bohemia, 24 Oct. 1601. The district where he was born was then a province of Denmark, but the family was of Swedish origin. He was sent at the age of 13 to the University of Copenhagen with the intention that he should be educated for government service. He evinced great promise as a Latin scholar, but an eclipse of the sun turned his attention to astronomy. His uncle sent him later to Leipsic to study law, but Brahe, while his tutor slept, busied himself nightly with the stars. He succeeded, as early as 1563, in detecting grave errors in the Alphonsine tables and