in medicine, in the form of a fluid extract, as a cardiac stimulant. Its action resembles that of digitalis, but is less uniform.

Cactus Wren, a small wren (Campy lorhynchus brunneicapillus) inhabiting the arid and desolate regions of the Mexican border. It is grayish brown above, darker on the head, nearly pure white beneath, with a spotted breast, and a white line over the eye. It makes a large flask-shaped nest of grasses and twigs, lined with feathers, and laid in the crotch of a cactus. This nest is entered by a covered way or neck several inches in length. It is a very sprightly bird with a clear, ringing

song.

Ca'cus, in Roman legend, a huge giant, in some accounts a son of Vulcan, who lived in a cave on Mount Aventine. Having stolen and dragged into his cave some of the cattle which Hercules had carried away from Geryon in Spain, he was killed by that hero, who discovered his place of hiding by the lowing of the oxen within, in response to the lowing of the remainder of the flock as they were passing the entrance of the cave.

Cada Mosto, kä'da mo'stō, or Ca da Mosto, Alois da, Italian navigator: b. Venice about 1432; d. 1464. In 1455 he departed from Lagos, sailed into the river Senegal, which had been discovered five years before, and after trading in slaves and gold he steered for Cape Verd, where he joined two other discovery ships, and visited, in company with them, the mouths of the Gambia, the riches of which had been greatly extolled. In 1456 Cada Mosto, in company with two other ships, made a second voyage to the Gambia. On the way thither they discovered the Cape Verde Islands. The description of his first voyage, 'Il Libro de la prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle Terre de' Negri della Bassa Etiopia, di Luigi Cada Mosto' (Vicenza 1507, and Milan 1519), the oldest of the voyages of the moderns, is a masterpiece. The arrangement is admirable, the narrative interesting, the descriptions clear and accurate.

Cadamba, kǎ-dăm'ba, or Kudumba, the wood of several species of Nauclea, an Indian genus of Cinchonacea. N. (Uncaria) gambir is the source of gambier.

Cadas'tral Survey (F. cadastre, from It. catastro, from low Lat. capitastrum, "a register for a poll-tax"; Lat. caput, "the head"), a territorial survey in which objects are represented in their relative positions and magnitudes. A cadastral survey differs from a topographical one, in not magnifying the principal objects. It requires consequently to be made on a larger scale than the topographical survey, so as to admit of a proportionally accurate representation of towns, houses, roads, rivers, etc. scale on which the map of the United Kingdom is being prepared of the linear measure of the surface surveyed, is an example of the scale of a cadastral survey. This scale nearly corresponds with 25 inches to the mile. See SURVEYING.

The

Caddis-fly, the common name of any of the order Trichoptera, a group of aquatic insects, related to and by many supposed to be the ancestors of the moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera). They resemble the lower moths, but the wings are not scaled, except in a very

rudimentary way. They differ from moths in having no true "tongue" or well-developed maxilla adapted for sucking the nectar of flowers, but as in moths the mandibles are either absent or obsolete. About 150 species are thus far known to live in North America. The larvæ are called "caddis-worms," "case-worms," or "cad-bait." They are more or less cylindrical, with well-developed thoracic feet, and a pair of feet on the end of the abdomen, varying in length. The head is small, and like that of a tortricid larva, which the caddis-worm greatly resembles, not only in form, but in its habit of rolling up submerged leaves. They also construct cases of bits of sticks, sawdust, or grains of sand, which they drag over the bottom of quiet pools, retreating within when disturbed. They live on vegetable matter and on larvæ. When about to pupate they close up the water-fleas (Entomostraca) and small aquatic mouth of the case with a grating, or, as in the snail-shell, by a dense silken lid with a single case of Helicopsyche, which is coiled like a slit, and in some instances spin a slight, thin, silken cocoon, within which the pupa state is passed. The pupa is much like that of the smaller moths, except that the mandibles are present, and wings and limbs are free from the body. After leaving its case it makes its way over the surface of the water to the shore, sometimes going a long distance. The female deposits her eggs in a double gelatinous, greenish moss, which is attached to the surface of some aquatic plant. Consult: McLachlan,_ 'Monograph of the Trichoptera of the European Fauna'; Banks, A List, Synopsis, Catalogue, and Bibliography of the Neuropteroid Insects of Temperate North America'; Transactions of the American Entomological Society.' Vol. XIX; also a paper by Newham and Betten in 'Bulletin of the New York State Museum,' 47.

Caddoan (kä'dō-an) Indians, a family of kari tribe in North Dakota; the four Pawnee North American Indians, comprising the Arivillages, Grand, Tapage, Republican, and Skidi, in the Indian Territory; and the Caddo, Kichai, Wichita, and other tribes, formerly in Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas. The present number of these Indians is about 2,130, of which 416 are in North Dakota, the rest in the Indian Territory.

Cade, John (the Jack Cade of Shakespeare), Irish rebel: d. 11 July 1450. Early obliged to flee from Ireland, he took refuge in France. In 1450 he passed over to England at the moment of great popular dissatisfaction with the ministers of Henry VI. He at once pretended to be a relative of the Duke of York, assumed the name of Mortimer, raised the standard of rebellion in Kent, 8 May, and very soon found himself at the head of 20,000 men. He advanced to Blackheath, and interchanged notes with King Henry, to whom he made known the griefs of his companions. He defeated the royal troops which were sent against him, and entering London, I July, immediately caused the execution of two of the offensive ministers. At first he kept his army under rigorous discipline, but after a few days' residence in the capital their propensity to plunder could no longer be restrained, and they pillaged some of the finest houses. This aroused the citizens against them, and on the night of 5

July Cade met with his first defeat. A promise of pardon now dispersed most of his followers, and finding his force no longer sufficient for resistance he took to flight, but was overtaken and killed.

Cade, Oil of, a thick oily liquid obtained in France, Spain, and northern Africa by the dry distillation of the wood of Juniperus oxycedrus, of the pine family (Conifera). It has a not unpleasant tarry odor, and is largely employed in the treatment of skin diseases, especially certain forms of eczema.

Cadell', Francis, Scottish explorer in Australia b. Cockenzie, Scotland, 1822; d. 1879. Becoming assured of the navigability of the Murray River in Australia he made an extended exploration of that stream in 1850. Subsequently forming a navigation company he reached by steamboat a point 300 miles from the river's mouth, and in 1858 explored the Murrumbridgee River, and in 1858 the Darling River as far as Mount Murchison. While in command of a vessel sailing from Amboyna he was murdered by his crew.

Cadenabbia, kä-dě-näb'bē-a, a health resort, beautifully situated among orange and citron groves, on the western shore of Lake Como, Italy. Its famous Villa Carlotta contains works by Canova and Thorwaldsen.

Cadence, the concluding notes of a musical composition or of any well-defined section of it. A cadence is perfect, full, or authentic when the last chord is the tonic preceded by the dominant; it is imperfect when the chord of the tonic precedes that of the dominant; it is plagal when the closing tonic chord is preceded by that of the subdominant; and it is interrupted, false, or deceptive when the bass rises a second, instead of falling a fifth.

Cadency, in heraldry, a system of marks intended to show the descent of a younger branch of a family from the main stock.

Caden'za, in music, a flourish of indefinite form introduced upon a bass note immediately preceding a close.

Cad'er Id'ris, a mountain in Merionethshire, Wales, the beginning of a chain running northeasterly. The ridge is nearly 10 miles long, and with its breadth of from one to three miles makes an elevation of great massiveness. Its greatest height is 2,925 feet.

Cadet-Gassicourt, Louis Claude, loo-e klōd kä-da-gäs-i-koor, French scientist: b. 1731; d. 1799. He filled several important offices, such as apothecary to the Hôtel des Invalides, inspector of French hospitals in Germany, and chemical director to the Sèvres Porcelain Works. He published a variety of researches in pure and applied chemistry, but is best known by the fuming liquor still called by his name, and the subject of an elaborate research by Bunsen.

Cadet de Vaux, Antoine Alexis, än-twän ä-läks-is kä-da-de-vō, French chemist: b. Paris, 1743; d. 1828. He was at first an apothecary, but for many years devoted himself to agriculture, writing on the effect which the destruction of mountain forests has in diminishing the copiousness of the springs in the valleys, the improvement of vineyards, the cultivation of foreign plants, and the providing of

substitutes for the usual articles of food in times of scarcity. He was one of the principal editors of the Journal d'Economie rurale et domestique, and of the Cours complet d'Agriculture pratique.'

Cadet, ka-dět', a word having several significations.

I. A younger son of a family; that is, one junior to the eldest or heir by primogeniture.

2. In the former French military service, a gentleman who served in the ranks without pay, for the purpose of learning the art of war.

3. In the United States and Great Britain a pupil of a military or naval academy or training-ship, as of the United States Military Academy at West Point; the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis; the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich; or the Royal Military College at Sandhurst.

Cadet's Fuming Liquid.

See CACODYLE.

Cadi, kä'de, or Kadi, in Arabic, a judge or jurist. Among the Turks cadi signines an inferior judge, in distinction from the mollah, or superior judge. They belong to the higher priesthood, as the Turks derive their law from their prophet.

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Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, än-twän de la môt ka-de-yäk, French military mander: b. Gascony, France, about 1660; d. France, 1720. He came of good family, and having entered the army was for some time captain in Acadia. In 1694 Frontenac placed him in command of Michilimackinac, where he remained until 1697. Cadillac then brought to the attention of Louis XIV. a well-considered scheme for a permanent settlement and trading post in the Northwest. On receiving the monarch's approval he founded Detroit in 1701, establishing 50 soldiers and 50 settlers at that point. From 1712 to 1717 he was governor of Louisiana, returning to France in the year last named. The town of Cadillac, Mich., was named in his honor. Consult: Burton, 'Cadil

lac's Village, a History of the Settlement, 1701-10 (1896); Parkman, 'A Half Century of Conflict (1892).

Cadiz, kä'deth or kā-diz (anciently GADES), a seaport, and one of the handsomest cities in Spain, is situated at the extremity of a long tongue of land projecting from the Isla de Leon, off the southwestern coast of Andalusia. The narrowness of the land communication prevents its capture by a military force while the garrison is master of the sea. It is walled, with trenches and bastions on the land side; the houses are high, and the streets narrow. The chief buildings are the great hospital, the custom-house, the old and new cathedrals, two theatres, the bull-ring, capable of accommodating 12,000 spectators, and the light-house of St. Sebastian. From the harbor the town has a fine appearance. The Bay of Cadiz is a very fine one. It is a large basin enclosed by the mainland on one side, and the projecting tongue of land on the other. It is from 10 to 12 leagues in circumference, with good anchorage and protected by the neighboring hills. It has four forts, two of which form the defense of the grand arsenal, La Caracca, in which are 3 basins and 12 docks. Cadiz has long been the principal Spanish naval station. It was the centre of the Spanish-American trade, and the

commerce of the port was very extensive before the separation of the colonies. The preparation of salt from pits belonging to the government was formerly an important branch of industry, but is now of comparatively little consequence. The manufactures of Cadiz are of comparatively little importance, but in regard to the extent and value of its commerce it ranks as one of the first ports in Spain. Its imports consist of all kinds of foreign and colonial produce, coal, cotton, and woolen manufactures, etc.; its exports of wines, fruits, oils, and other products of Spain. The town of Santa Maria, opposite Cadiz, is the principal depot of the wines of Xeres. Notwithstanding the political agitations of recent years, the commerce of Cadiz has continued comparatively prosperous. Cadiz was founded by the Phoenicians about IICO B.C., and subsequently belonged in succession to the Carthaginians and the Romans. It was taken by the Earl of Essex in 1596, and from its bay Villeneuve sailed previous to the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. In 1809 it became the seat of the central junta, and afterward of the Cortes. It sustained a long blockade from the French (1810-12), which was not raised till after the battle of Salamanca. In 1823 the French entered it after a short siege. An insurrection occurred in Cadiz in 1868, and the town was declared in a state of siege in December, but in the following January the siege was raised. Pop. (1897) 70,177.

Cadiz, Ohio, a village and county-seat of Harrison County, about 25 miles northwest of Wheeling, W. Va., and 120 miles east northeast of Columbus. Cadiz has commercial interests of some importance, and is the commercial center of a great wool-growing district. It is also noted as a banking centre. Cadiz was the home of Edwin M. Stanton (q.v.). Pop. (1900) 1,755.

Cadmea, the name given to the acropolis of Thebes, Boeotia, because it was said to have been founded by Cadmus. Only fragments of its walls remain.

Cadmia, a name used by early writers (1) for the mineral calamine (q.v.); and (2) for the sublimate of zinc oxide that often collects on the walls of furnaces used in the re

duction of metallic ores, when those ores happen

to contain zinc.

Cad'mium, a metallic element resembling zinc in its chemical properties, and discovered by Stromeyer in 1817, in a specimen of zinc carbonate. Cadmium often occurs in ores of zinc to a small extent, blende sometimes containing as much as 3 per cent of cadmium sulphide. The commercial supply of the element is obtained as a by-product in the smelting of zinc, chiefly in Belgium and Silesia. Cadmium sulphide also occurs native as the mineral greenockite (q.v.), otherwise known as "cadmium blende." In the distillation of zinc ores the cadmium, being more volatile, passes over first; and advantage is taken of this fact for the isolation of the metal in the arts. In Silesia, where the zinc ores often contain considerable quantities of cadmium, the first portion of the distillate is likely to contain as much as from 3 to 10 per cent of cadmium. This is mixed with coal or charcoal and redistilled at a low, red heat. Cadmium, mixed with a little zinc,

passes over; and by one more distillation the metal is obtained in a fairly pure form. To eliminate the last traces of zinc, the crude metal is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and its sulphide is then dissolved in concentrated hydroa current of sulphuretted hydrogen. The sulphide is then dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the subsequent addition of carbonate of soda precipitates the carbonate of cadmium, which is reduced to the oxide upon ignition. The pure oxide thus obtained may then be reduced to the metallic form by distillation with charcoal.

Metallic cadmium is lustrous and resembles tin in appearance, though it has a bluish tinge. It is stronger than tin, but, like that metal, it emits a peculiar crackling sound, or “cry," when bent. At ordinary temperatures it is quite ductile and malleable, and may be drawn into thin wire, rolled into thin sheets, or hammered into foil. At about 175° F. it becomes brittle, however, so that it can be pulverized in a mortar. Cadmium has the chemical symbol Cd. Its specific gravity is about 8.65. It melts at 600° F., and boils at about 1,500° F., yielding a yellow vapor. Its atomic weight is 112.4 if O=16, or 111.6 if H=1. Its specific heat is about 0.055, and its linear coefficient of expansion is about 0.0000185 per Fahrenheit degree. Metallic cadmium is used to a limited extent in the preparation of alloys, its general effect being to reduce the melting-point of the alloy to which it is added. The total production of the metal per annum is probably about two tons.

In its chemical relations, cadmium, like zinc, is a dyad. Metallic cadmium undergoes a slow, superficial oxidation upon exposure to the air; and when sufficiently heated in the presence of air it oxidizes rapidly and may even take fire. The resulting oxide, CdO, is brown in color and readily dissolves in acids, with the production of the corresponding cadmium salts. One of the best known of these salts is the iodide, CdI2, which is used in photography and in medicine, and may be obtained by the action of hydriodic acid, HI, upon cadmium carbonate, or metallic cadmium. The bright yellow sulphide, CdS, is formed when the stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gas is passed through a slightly acid solution of a cadmium salt; and this fact is used in the detection and isolation of cadmium in qualitative analysis. The sulphide is used as a pigment, under the color, and does not change upon exposure to air name of "cadmium yellow"; it is brilliant in or light.

Cad'mus, in Greek mythology the son of Agenor and grandson of Poseidon. With his brothers he was sent by his father to seek for his sister, Europa, who had been carried away by Zeus, and he was not to return without her. After several adventures, the oracle at Delphi commanded him to desist from further search, to intrust himself to the guidance of a heifer, and where she should stop to build a city. He accordingly went to Boeotia, where he wished to sacrifice the cow to Athena. But his companions, attempting to bring water from the fountain of Ares for the purpose of the sacrifice, were slain by the dragon that guarded it. Cadmus killed the dragon, and, at the command of Athena, sowed its teeth in the earth; armed men immediately sprang up, whom he