Boyle Lectures, a series of discourses so named from the founder, Robert Boyle (q.v.), who left a bequest amounting to $250 annually for this purpose, the theme of the lectures to be Christian apologetics. The first series was given in 1692 by Richard Bentley. Among Boyle lecturers whose discourses have been published since 1860 are: J. D. Maurice, C. Merivale, E. H. Plumptre, J. A. Hessey, and H. Wace. The lectures of this course are given annually in a series of eight at the Church of St.-Maryle-Bow, London.

Boyle's Fuming Liquor, so called from having been invented by Robert Boyle (q.v.), a fetid, yellow liquid, obtained by distilling sal ammoniac with sulphur and lime. It is sometimes used in medicine under the name of liquor fumans boylii.

Boyle's Law. See GAS ILLUMINATION. Boylston, Zabdiel, American physician: b. Brookline, Mass., 1680; d. Boston, 1 March 1766. He studied medicine, settled in Boston, and acquired a prosperous practice. In spite of the almost unanimous opposition of the medical profession and part of the public, he introduced the practice of inoculation for smallpox, having become a firm believer in it. Out of 286 persons inoculated in 1721-2 only six died, and he had the satisfaction of seeing the practice become general in New England long before it became so in England. He visited England in 1725 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Besides some papers published in the Transactions of that Society he wrote: Historical Account of the Smallpox Inoculated in New England, Upon All Sorts of Persons, Whites, Blacks, and of all Ages and Constitutions (2d ed. 8vo London 1726; reprinted, Boston, 1730).

Boyne, boin, a river of Ireland, which rises in the Bog of Allen, County Kildare, and flows northeast through Meath to Drogheda, below which it enters the Irish Sea. It is navigable for barges up to Navan. The Boyne will ever be memorable in English history for the important victory gained on its banks about three miles above Drogheda, 1 July 1690, by the forces under the command of William III., over those of James II. Though James' personal courage was beyond all question, he, on this occasion, allowed the prudence of the sovereign to outweigh the impulses of the soldier. Of his troops 1,500 were killed and wounded, while William lost barely 500 men. In 1736 an obelisk, 150 feet high, was erected at Oldbridge, on the site of the battlefield, in commemoration of this victory. See ORANGE

MEN.

Boynton, Edward Carlisle, American soldier: b. Vermont, about 1825; d. Newburg, N. Y., 13 May 1893. He was graduated from the Military Academy at West Point, N. Y.,

entered the artillery service, and in the war with Mexico was wounded at the battle of Cherubusco. He was professor of chemistry at West Point, 1848-55, and in the University of Mississippi, 1858-61. He wrote a History of West Point (1863); and a History of the United States Navy.'

Boynton, Henry Van Ness, American army officer: b. West Stockbridge, Mass., 22 July 1835; d. Atlantic City, N. J., 3 June 1905. He was graduated from Kentucky Military Institute in 1858; and was retained in the faculty of that institution. On the outbreak of the Civil War he resigned his office, and 27 July 1861 was commissioned major in the 35th Ŏhio Volunteers; was made lieutenant-colonel, 19 July 1863; and commanded the regiment at the engagement of Missionary Ridge, where he was severely wounded. He also commanded at Buzzard's Roost, and was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry at Chickamauga and Chattanooga. After the war he became a newspaper torical Raid' or 'The Memoirs in the Light of correspondent. He published 'Sherman's Histhe Record, a Review Based upon Compilations from the Files of the War Office' (1875). He Cleveland's order for the return of the Confedheaded the opposition in 1887 to President erate battle flags. In 1894 he received a Congressional Medal of Honor for distinguished bravery at Missionary Ridge, and in 1898 was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers for the war with Spain, and was in command of Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, after 15 August. He became chairman of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park Commission and president of the board of education of the District of Columbia.

Boy's Clubs, organizations in which boys constitute the membership. Among clubs formed by boys on their own initiation, those for games and athletics seem to predominate very largely. Clubs for hunting, fighting, etc., are also popular. Sometimes the organizations have a distinctly literary or musical character and sometimes they are chiefly social in their nature. Numbers of clubs are formed for industrial purposes, but judging from statistics secret societies do not meet with as great a degree of favor as would naturally be supposed. These societies for boys are organized by adults; the aims are in general to keep boys from bad surroundings and stimulate them to nobler ideals of life, to refine their taste and encourage them in habits of thrift, industry, and study. Clubs in large cities sometimes have hundreds of members and provide fine buildings, in which opportunity is offered for a variety of activities ranging from manual training and other forms of instruction to social entertainment. The religious interests of the boys are also cared for in various ways. The clubs connected with social settlements often small, thus affording a better opportunity for reaching the boys personally, an end difficult of achievement in societies with large membership. See Forbush, 'How to Keep Boys' (1900); Forbush, The Boy Problem (1901); Newman, The Boys' Club in Theory and Practice) (1900).

are

Boy'ton, Paul, Irish-American swimmer: b. Dublin, 29 June 1848. He served in the United States navy, 1863-5, and was connected

with the United States life-saving service, 1867-9. He invented a rubber life-preserving suit, in which, in 1874, he leaped from a vessel off the coast of Ireland, and, after remaining seven hours in the water, reached land safely. On 28 May 1875 he crossed the English Channel in this suit, swimming across in 24 hours. In 1876 he made the run from the Bayou Goula to New Orleans, La., 100 miles, in 24 hours. In May, the same year, he descended the Danube from Linz to Budapest, 460 miles, in six days. Later he went from Oil City, Pa., to the Gulf of Mexico, 2,342 miles, in 80 days, being exposed at first to great cold and later to extreme heat. In November 1879, he descended the Connecticut River from Canada to Long Island Sound. On 17 Sept. 1881, he started from Cedar Creek, Mont., to swim to St. Louis, Mo., and accomplished the long journey, 3,580 miles, 20 November. In 1888 he made a voyage down the Ohio River. He published an account of his adventures under the title, 'Roughing It' (1886).

Boz, bōz, a pseudonym used by Charles Dickens in the publication of Sketches by Boz.' That the pronunciation of this name now in vogue is not correct is shown by Dickens' explanation of its origin. A younger brother of the author had in childhood received from the latter the nickname Moses, "which being facetiously pronounced through the nose became Bōses, and being shortened became

Bōz.»

Bozeman, bōz'măn, Mont., a city and county-seat of Gallatin County, on the Northern P. R.R., in the midst of a region of valuable ores, such as gold, silver, coal, and iron. Its industries are breweries, flour and lumber mills, brickyards, stone quarries, and the like, and it contains the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, opened in 1893. Pop. (1900)

3.419.

Bozen, a town of the Austrian Tyrol, 32 miles northeast of Trent; situated in a hilly region at the junction of the Talfer and Eisak, and on the Brenner Railway. The situation of the town in relation to Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, makes it an important trade centre. There are four annual fairs; the canning of fruit and vegetables is carried on, and manufactures of silk and linen. Among the public buildings are a Gothic church, castle, monastery, and gymnasium. Pop. (1900) 13,632.

Bozman, boz'măn, John Leeds, American historian and jurist: b. Talbot County, Md., 25 Aug. 1757; d. there, 23 April 1823. He studied law in London, and afterward practised that profession in his native State, where for several years he acted as deputy attorney-general. His legal reputation, however, rests upon the various law tracts which he published from time to time, as legal questions arose in the courts. He wrote a Historical and Philosophical Sketch of the Prime Causes of the Revolutionary War,' in which he praised Washington, and condemned Franklin; but it was suppressed. During the administration of Washington and the elder Adams, he wrote much in the journals of the day, and at a later period in Dennie's 'Portfolio. In 1822 he published at Washington an essay on the colonization society, in which he discussed the question of the origin of races. His literary reputation

chiefly rests on his 'History of Maryland, from the Earliest Settlement in 1633, to the Restoration in 1660,' a posthumous work, published in 1836, under the auspices of the general assembly of that State.

Boz'rah, boz'ra, an ancient city of Palestine, east of the Jordan, and about 80 miles south of Damascus. It was the capital of Og, king of Bashan, and subsequently belonged to the tribe of Manasseh. Early in the Christian era, it became a flourishing place, and was long a great emporium of trade. It is now a scene of ruins.

Bozzaris, Marcos, mär'cos bo'tsa-res, a hero of the Greek war of Independence against the Turks: b. Suli, in Epirus, about 1790; d. Missolonghi, 1823. He was descended from a Suliote family renowned for its bravery, and after the fall of Suli retired to the Ionian Islands, from whence he made a vain attempt to deliver his native country. He then entered an Albanian regiment in the French service,

and in 1813 became a member of the Hetaria, 1820, when the Turks were carrying on war a society formed for national regeneration. In against Ali Pasha, the latter sought aid from the exiled Suliotes, and Marcos Bozzaris returned to Epirus. On the outbreak of the Greek cause, and distinguished himself as war of independence he at once joined the much by his patriotism and disinterestedness as by his military skill and personal bravery. In 1822 he took part in the war which was going on in western Greece, and acquired special renown by his defense of Missolonghi. In the summer of 1823, when he held the commandin-chief of the Greek forces in that port, he was dangerously wounded at a night attack on the camp of the Pasha of Scutari, near Karpenisi, and died soon after. His deeds are still celebrated by the Greeks in many popular songs. Through Halleck's spirited poem, Marco Bozaris, his name and fame have been made familiar to several generations of American school boys.

song of the Belgians during the revolution of Brabançonne, bra-bän-sun, the national 1830, composed by Jenneval, at that time an actor at the theatre of Brussels, and set to music by Campenhout. Every verse of the song ends with the refrain:

"La mitraille a brisé l'orange
Sur l'arbre de la liberté."

Brabançons, bra-bän-sôn, a class of adventurers and lawless soldiers in the Middle

Ages, ready to fight for pay on either side and in any quarter. They derive their name from Brabant, the chief nursery of these troops, and were particularly notorious in France in the 12th century.

Brabant, brä'bănt, or bra-bänt', the central district of the lowlands of Holland and Belgium, extending over an area of 4,341 square miles, from the left bank of the Waal to the sources of the Dyle, and from the Meuse and the plains of Limburg to the lower Scheldt. In the Middle Ages it formed a separate independent duchy, called Lower Lorraine. It is divided at present between the kingdoms of Holland and Belgium, into three provinces: (1) Dutch or North Brabant, with an area of 1,980 square miles; (2) the Belgian province

of Antwerp, with an area of 1,093 square miles; (3) the Belgian province of South Brabant, with an area of 1,268 square miles. The country is comprehended in a plain, gently sloping to the northwest, occupied in the north by heathy and marshy tracts, and in the south passing into the gentle rising ground which forms the first ascent of the forest of Ardennes. It is copiously watered by the Meuse in the north and the Scheldt in the south, in the former of which the internal transit is furthered by means of canals, among others the South William and the Breda canals, and in the latter by railways, which have their point of union at Mechlin. Under the influence of a northerly, indeed, and moist, but in general healthful and mild climate, the great fertility of the soil renders agriculture and the raising of cattle the principal and most profitable employment of the inhabitants. With this is associated the general diffusion of an active industry, which supports an extensive trade, consisting chiefly of lace, cotton, woolen, and leather goods.

Through Cæsar's campaigns the Romans became acquainted with the inhabitants of Brabant as a mixed race of Germans and Celts. The Menapians, particularly, inhabiting the country between the Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheldt, made, as the most powerful and warlike among the various tribes, a gallant though ultimately ineffectual resistance to the Roman arms, by whose conquests this portion of Lower Germany was incorporated with the province of Gallia Belgica. In the 5th century the Franks gained possession of Brabant, which in the sixth was, at the partition of the Frank kingdom, assigned to the primitive country of Austrasia; in the 9th century it was united to Lorraine; and on the division of the latter, in 870, became the property of France, from which, however, in the commencement of the 10th century, it was transferred by Henry I. again to Lorraine; in 959 to Lower Lorraine, and thus to Germany. In the beginning of the 11th century it was separated from Lorraine, on Duke Otho, the son of Charles the Fat, who had been invested by the Emperor Otho with Lower Lorraine, dying childless in 1005. After this several Counts of Ardennes and Godfrey of Bouillon possessed it till 1076; the Emperor Henry V. mortgaged it to Godfrey the Bearded, of the family of the Counts of Louvain and Brussels, whose house reigned over Brabant to the middle of the 14th century. As early as 1190 we find the title of Duke of Brabant, in which the former title of Duke of Lower Lorraine or Lothier was gradually absorbed. Under the government of its own dukes Brabant gained rapidly in power and independence, but was engaged in numerous contests with its neighbors, and shifted much in its leanings between Germany and France. Of the six dukes of Brabant, Henry I., II., and III., and John I., II, and III., there are more especially to be mentioned John I., who, by the celebrated battle of Wöringen (1288), united Limburg to Brabant, and is also renowned in Germany as a minnesinger or troubadour, and John III., who, in 1349, received from the Emperor Charles IV. the important privilege of a free judicature, under the name of the Brabantine Golden Bull, in consequence of which his subjects ceased to be amenable to any foreign

jurisdiction. With John III. the male heirs of the family of the Counts of Louvain became extinct in 1355, and, by the bequest of his daughter, Joanna, who reigned till 1406, and married Wenceslaus of Luxemburg, Brabant came into the possession of the house of Burgundy, and in the first instance to Antony of Burgundy, Joanna's grand-nephew, and second son of Philip the Bold. On Antony's death at the battle of Agincourt, in 1415, and his two successors, his son, John IV., and his brother, Philip, Count of St. Pol, dying childless respectively in 1427 and 1430, Brabant, as the inheritance of Philip the Good, became formally incorporated with the dominions of the house of Burgundy. In this state, however, it did not long continue, and, by the marriage of Mary of Burgundy with the Emperor Maximilian, was transferred to the house of Austria, and subsequently to the Emperor Charles V., who abdicated in favor of his son, Philip II., of Spain. The persecuting edict of the latter, and the Duke of Alva's cruelties, excited a revolt in Brabant, but it was only the northern portion (Hertogenbosch) which succeeded in asserting its independence, and in 1648 was incorporated with the United Provinces under the name of the Generality Territory, while South Brabant remained till 1714 in the possession of the Spaniards. On the extinction of the Spanish-Austrian line in the latter year, Brabant, with the other southern provinces of the Netherlands, reverted to the imperial house of Austria, which, however, was unable long to retain it in peace. On a violent contest breaking out under the Emperor Joseph II., as to the explanation of the provincial privileges which Brabant possessed under the Joyeuse Entrée (q.v.), and the consequent dismissal of the assembly of the states of Brabant and Limburg, the Brabantines assembled of their own authority, and boldly pronounced the separation of Brabant from the supremacy of the house of Austria. Leopold II. settled the dispute after Joseph's death by granting their ancient privileges to the people of Brabant. See BELGIUM.

Bra'bourne, Edward Huggessen Knatchbull-Huggessen, Lord, English juvenile story writer: b. Mersham Hatch, Kent, 29 April 1829; d. 6 Feb. 1893. His literary fame is due mostly to his stories for children, including: Crackers for Christmas (1870); Moonshine' (1871); Stories for My Children' (1869); Tales at Tea Time' (1872); Queer Folk' (1873); River Legends (1874); Uncle Joe's Stories (1878); Friends from Fairyland' (1885). He also published "The Truth About the Transvaal (1881), and edited the 'Letters of Jane Austen,) his great-aunt (1885).

Braccio da Montone, Andrea, än-dra'-a brä'chō-da-mon-tō'ně, Italian captain: b. Perugia, of the illustrious family of the Fortebracci, 1368; d. 1424. He early embraced the profession of arms, and entered the service of Ladislas, king of Naples, under the promise that he, if successful, would make him master of Perugia; but when the Perugians, determined to keep out Braccio, offered to open their gates to Ladislas, if he would retain it for himself, he broke faith with Braccio, and accepted their terms. Braccio next served under Florence, afterward attaching himself to

Pope John XXIII., who, on repairing to the council of Constance, where he was deposed, intrusted Braccio with the defense of Bologna. Ladislas being now dead, and the Church without a head, Braccio saw that the moment for which he had waited had arrived; and allowing the Bolognese to redeem their liberty by a money payment, suddenly, in 1416, pounced on Perugia. The Perugians vainly endeavored to resist, and saw themselves, compelled to receive Braccio as their lord. His rule, though firm and occasionally severe, was milder than might have been anticipated; and he soon showed that his wisdom as a statesman was not less than his ability as a captain. Though Braccio had now gained the great object of his life, ambition led him to attempt the conquest of Rome, and he gained several advantages over Sforza, who had long been his rival. Ultimately, however, the new Pope, Martin V., proved more than a match for him, and Braccio, defeated and severely wounded, took the disgrace seriously and would neither take food nor allow his wounds to be examined.

Bracciolini, Poggio Giovanni Francesco, podg'o brä-cho-le'ē, Italian classical scholar: 5. Terra Nuova, near Arezzo, 11 Feb. 1380; d. Florence, 30 Oct. 1459. In 1416 he undertook the laborious task of searching the ancient monasteries for manuscripts, and succeeded in recovering seven orations of Cicero, and a great number of other classical writings. Having impoverished himself in these researches, he accepted an invitation of Cardinal Beaufort to go to England, but, disappointed in his hopes of preferment, and in the literary atmosphere of the country, returned to Italy in 1421, and became apostolic secretary to Martin V. and to several succeeding popes, having served not less than eight popes in the same capacity. On the appearance of the plague at Rome in 1450, he withdrew to Florence, where he was chosen chancellor three years afterward. His 'History of Florence (translated by his son Jacopo, from Latin into Italian) comprises the period from 1350 to 1455. Among his most finished productions is his 'Dialogue on Nobility. His writings are on moral, philosophical, and controversial subjects, and comprise many translations, orations, and letters, the latter deriving peculiar interest from their reference to contemporary life. His works have not yet been properly collected, the Basel edition of 1538 being considered imperfect. His biography, by Rev. William Shepherd (1802), was translated into Italian, German, and French. Brace, Charles Loring, American author and philanthropist: b. Litchfield, Conn., 19 June 1826; d. Campier, Switzerland, 11 Aug. 1890. He graduated at Yale in 1846, and studied the ology, but held no pastorate. He devoted himself to philanthropy in New York, and lectured, wrote, and worked to enlist aid for the children of the poor. His books include: 'Hungary in 1851 (New York 1852); 'Home Life in Germany (1853); The Norse Folk (1857); 'Short Sermons to Newsboys (1861); 'The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years' Work Among_Them? (1872, 3d ed. 1880): Free Trade as Promoting Peace and Good Will Among Men' (1879); Gesta Christi (1883), a review of the achievements

of Christianity from the earliest days in bettering the moral and social condition of the world; and To the Unknown God' (1889).

Brace, De Witt Bristol, American physicist: b. Wilson, N. Y., 1859. He graduated at Boston University, 1881; took post-graduate courses at Johns Hopkins, and received his degree of Ph.D., from the University of Berlin, Germany. Since 1887 he has been professor of physics at the University of Nebraska, and has made a special study of radiation and optics. He has written: Laws of Radiation and Absorption' (1901).

Brace, Julia, American blind deaf-mute: b. Newington, Conn., 13 June, 1806; d. Bloomington, Conn., 12 Aug. 1884. She lost both sight and hearing at the age of four years and five months, and soon forgot the few words she had learned to speak. At the age of 18 she entered the American asylum for the deaf and dumb at Hartford, then under the care of the Rev. Dr. Gallaudet, in which institution she remained for the greater part of her life. Never prepossessing in her appearance, and at her admission, in consequence of over-indulgence, selfish, sullen, and exacting, her case was one of great difficulty. The existence of the triple infirmity under which she labored was hardly known at that time, and she was regarded, consequently, as a psychological curiosity. As compared with some other blind deaf-mutes, whose history has been recorded within a few years past, she did not seem possessed of any extraordinary abilities, and, but for her misfortune, would probably have passed as a very ordinary woman. In all that concerned the outward and physical nature she manifested much intelligence. She sewed very well, threading her needle readily with her fingers and tongue; was very neat and particular in her dress, and exhibited marked habits of order. She possessed great tenacity of memory and nice powers of discrimination. She kept herself apprised of the progress of time, days, weeks, and months, but in her intellectual education never made much progress. Limited as was her knowledge of the alphabet of religion, she was not wanting in manifestations of the moral sense. She appeared to have a perception of right and wrong, and while tenacious of her own rights, did not knowingly invade those of others.

Brace, a beam or bar employed to stiffen a framed structure. In a roof or bridge truss this bar is placed in an inclined position and serves to bind together the principal members. The tool for holding a bit, which carpenters employ in boring, is called a brace, while in nautical phraseology braces are ropes fastened to the yard-arms by means of which sails are shifted horizontally around the masts to catch a particular breeze. In all forms of construction a brace supports by resistance to compression and is thus opposed to a tie or strut which furnishes support by resistance to tension.

Bracebridge Hall, a series of studies of English life by Washington Irving, published in 1822 with the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon,

Gent.'

Bracegirdle, Anne, English actress: b. about 1663; d. London, 1748. She appeared on the stage as a child in The Orphan. and from 1688 appeared in many popular plays of that

time, including several tragic roles, although her forte seems to have been comedy. She was noted for her beauty and numbered adorers by hundreds. She left the stage in 1707. See Russell, 'Representative Actors (1875); Baker, 'English Actors' (1879).

Bracelet, an ornament usually worn on the wrist, the use of which extends from the most ancient times down to the present, and belongs to all countries, civilized as well as uncivilized. The word has come to us from the French and is ultimately derived from brachium, the Latin word for the arm. Bracelets were in use in Egypt at a very remote period. They were of different colors, painted on them in enamel in very bright as well as very delicate shades. They were also then as now frequently made of gold, enchased with various kinds of precious stones. They were not always worn, as with us, on the wrist, but frequently on the upper part of the arm. The ancient Medes and Persians were well known to be extremely fond of this method of adorning themselves; and in the Bible the bracelet is frequently mentioned as an ornament in use among the Jews, both men and women. Among the ancient Greeks, in historical times, bracelets do not appear to have been worn by the men; but, on the other hand, they were worn by the Greek ladies, made of every variety of material, and in every possible form. A preference was generally given to the spiral form, and a bracelet of this kind is described by Homer in the Iliad. Very frequently the spiral bracelets were made to assume the appearance of snakes, which went round the arm twice or thrice, or even a greater number of times. Among the ancient Italian tribes bracelets were also an ornament of the men. The Sabines often wore very heavy ones on the left arm. Among the Romans it was a frequent practice for a general to bestow bracelets on soldiers who had distinguished themselves by their valor. Roman ladies of high rank frequently wore them both on the wrist and on the upper arm. The Arabs and the Orientals generally use them, chiefly as an ornament for women. Among the ancient heathen Germanic tribes they formed the chief and almost only ornament, as is shown by their being so often found in old graves. The men seem to have used them even more than the women, for bracelets have been found in dozens on the arms of the former. The spiral was the favorite form with the ancient Germans as with the ancient Greeks.

Brachial (bra'kĭ-ǎl) Artery. See ARTERIES.
Brachial Plexus. See NERVES.

Brachiopods, or Brachiopoda, brăk'-I-ōpods, the class of shelled worms, formerly placed among mollusks. The class is named Brachiopoda from the feet-like arms, fringed with tentacles, coiled up within the shell, and which correspond to the lophophore of the Polyzoa and the crown of tentacles of the Sabella-like worms. The shell, which lives attached to rocks, is in shape somewhat like an ancient Roman lamp, the ventral and larger valve, being perforated at the base for the passage through it of a peduncle by which the animal is attached to rocks. The shell is secreted by the skin (ectoderm), and is composed of carbonate (Terebratulina) or largely (Lingula) of phosphate of lime.

The body of Brachiopods is divided into two parts, the anterior or thoracic, comprising the main body-cavity in which the arms and viscera are contained, and the caudal portion, that is, the peduncle. The part of the body in which the viscera lodge is rather small in proportion to the entire animal, the interior of the shell being lined with two broad lobes, the free edges of which are thickened and bear setæ, as seen distinctly in Lingula. The body-cavity is closed anteriorly by a membrane which separates it from the space in which the arms are coiled up. The pallial chamber is situated between the two lobes of the mantle (pallium) and in front of the membrane forming the anterior wall of the body-cavity. In the middle of this pallial chamber the mouth opens, bounded on each side by the base of the arms. The latter arise from a cartilaginous base, and bear ciliated tentacles, much as in the worm Sabella. Lingula, Diseina, and Rhynchonella, they are developed, in a closely wound spiral, as in the genuine worms (Amphitrite). In Lingula the arms can be partially unwound, while in Rhynchonella they can not only be unwound but protruded from the pallial chamber. In many recent and fossil forms the arms are supported by loop-like solid processes of the dorsal valve of the shell, but when these processes are present the arms cannot be protruded beyond the shell. The tentacles or cirri on the arms are used to convey to the mouth particles of food, and they also are respiratory in function, there being a rapid circulation of blood in each tentacle, which is hollow, communicating with the blood-sinus or hollow in each arm, the sinus ending in a sac on each side of the mouth.

In

The digestive system consists of a mouth, oesophagus, stomach, with a liver-mass on each side, and an intestine. The mouth is bordered by two membranous, highly sensitive and movable lips. The stomach is a simple dilatation of the alimentary canal, into which empty the short ducts of the liver, which is composed of masses of cæca. The liver originally arises as two diverticula or offshoots of the stomach. short intestine ends in a blind sac or in a vent, and is, with the stomach, freely suspended in the perivisceral cavity by delicate membranes springing from the walls of the body.

The

The nervous system consists of two small ganglia above, and an infracesophageal pair of larger ganglia, and there are two elongated ganglia behind the arms, from which nerves are given off to the dorsal or anterior lobe of the mantle.

The larva is top-shaped (trochosphere) and is quite active, swimming rapidly about in every

direction.

While in their development the Brachiopoda recall the larvæ of the true worms; they resemble the adult worms in the general arrangement of the arms and viscera, though they lack the highly developed nervous system of the Annelids, as well as a vascular system, while the body is not jointed. On the other hand they are closely related to the Polyzoa, and it seems probable that the Brachiopods and Polyzoa were derived from common low vermian ancestors, while the true Annelids probably sprang independently from a higher ancestry. They are also a generalized type, having some molluscan features, such as a solid shell, though having