Bunt, sometimes called Smut Ball, Pepper Brand, and Brand Bladders, the most formidable disease, perhaps, to which wheat is subject, but one which may in most instances be greatly modified, and which seldom in the present day does material injury, except where there is careless cultivation. Like many other of the diseases to which the cereal plants are subject, it arises from the attack of a parasitic fungus (Uredo caries). It is generated in the ovary of wheat and a few other Graminee, and very rarely on the stem. It is formed at an early stage of growth, before the ear is free from the sheath; and indeed the plants which are affected by the parasite may be readily recognized by their unusual luxuriance, being generally several inches higher than plants not affected, larger in bulk, and often producing a greater number of stems from the same root. The bunted grains are shorter and blunter than the sound, of a dark-green when young, but when old of a pale brown, or sometimes nearly black. The contents of the ovary are reduced to a uniform black powder or paste, which has an offensive smell like that of decayed fish. Various substances have been used by cultivators to prevent the growth of bunt, such as salt, quicklime, arsenic, corrosive sublimate, etc. Careful washing and a selection of good seed will alone prevent much mischief, but it is advisable to take some more stringent measures with a view to destroy the vitality of the bunt spores. For this purpose Dombasle's method is the most successful. It consists in thoroughly wetting the grain with a solution of sulphate of soda (Glauber's salts), then drying the wheat with quicklime, which combines with the water to make sulphate of lime (gypsum), which acts as a manure, while the caustic soda destroys the vegetative powers of the bunt spores.

Bunter Sandstone, one of the three great divisions of Triassic formation. It is the lowest, that is, the oldest, of the series. It corresponds to the grès bigarré (variegated freestone or grit) of the French. In the Hartz it is more than 1,000 feet thick; in Cheshire and Lancashire, England, about 600. The footprints formerly known as those of chirotherium, now known to be labyrinthodont, are found in the bunter; the plants are chiefly ferns, cycads, and

conifers.

Bunting, Jabez, English clergyman: b. Monyash, Derbyshire, 1778; d. London, 16 June 1858. His parents were members of the Wesleyan Church and removed to Manchester when he was a child. While at school he attracted the attention of Dr. Percival, who employed him as his amanuensis, and at his death made him one of his executors. He early joined the Church; became a traveling preacher in 1799; joined the Conference after the death of Mr. Wesley, and was appointed to the Oldham circuit. After traveling four years he was sent to London, where he gained great popularity as a pulpit and platform orator. After remaining two years in London he was removed to Manchester, where he distinguished himself as an advocate of ecclesiastical order and discipline in a controversy with some disaffected Methodists. In this controversy he gave such evidence of a knowledge of the polity of Wesleyan Methodism as secured for him the favor of the entire body to which he belonged. He was four times presi

dent of the Methodist Conference; 17 years missionary secretary; and three years as editor. In 1835 he was chosen president of the theological school, and was looked upon as the acknowledged leader of the Methodists, superintending the interests of the body at home and abroad, while, at the same time, his influence was felt in other evangelical denominations, and also in the political world, statesmen frequently resorting to him for advice. Yet he derived only the ordinary emoluments of a Methodist minister a yearly salary of £150, with house-rent and taxes. During all the distractions connected with the secessions that have taken place in the Wesleyan body, Dr. Bunting remained a firm, unwavering adherent and advocate of the doctrines and discipline of the Church as they came from the hands of John Wesley, and to his influence and indefatigable zeal are largely to be ascribed the permanency and prosperity of the Wesleyan connection.

Bunting, one of a group of cone-billed birds, forming the genus Emberiza, represented in Europe by several large, brown-streaked, or yellowish finches, of which the corn-bunting, reed-bunting, and cirl-bunting (qq.v.) are well known in Great Britain. The term is used in the United States for two or three similar birds, such as the dick-cissel, and snow-bunting (qq.v.). All the buntings are good singers, and the term is applied by dealers in cage birds not only to the true European buntings, but to many other seed-eaters, such as the ortolan and our indigo-bird.

Bunting, a thin woolen stuff, of which flags are usually made; hence, flags, collectively.

Bun'ya-bun'ya, the native Australian name of the Araucaria bidwillii, a fine Queensland tree with cones larger than a man's head, containing seeds that are eagerly eaten by the natives.

Bun'yan, John, English author: b. Elstow, near Bedford, 1628; d. London, 31 Aug. 1688. He came of a family which had long been established in Bedfordshire, and was the first son of the second marriage of his father, Thomas Bunyan, his mother's name being Margaret Bentley. After receiving a very scanty education, he followed his father's employment as a tinker, and During the civil war he served as a soldier, and for some time led a wandering, irregular life. his mind became impressed with a deep sense of religion. This reformation was powerfully assisted by the piety of his wife, whom he married in 1648 or 1649, and who died about seven years later. He joined a Nonconformist body at Bedford, and in 1657 formally undertook the office of public teacher among them. Acting in defiance of the severe laws enacted against dissenters from the established Church after the Restoration, Bunyan was arrested not far from Bedford, 12 Nov. 1660, and was committed to the county jail for trial. He was indicted at the quarter-sessions early in 1661, and after an irregular trial was sentenced to three months' imprisonment, to be followed by banishment if he persisted in his determination to repeat his offense. He could not be induced to moderate his zeal, and consequently, though not banished, he lay in prison almost continuously till 1672. To this confinement he owes his literary fame, for in the solitude of his cell, his ardent imagination, brooding over the mysteries of Christianity, the miraculous narratives of the Bible, and the

visions of Jewish prophets, gave birth to that admired religious allegory, the Pilgrim's Progress,' —a work which, like 'Robinson Crusoe,' has remained unrivaled amidst a host of imitators. A recent biographer, the Rev. J. Brown, is, however, of opinion that Bunyan's greatest work belongs to a subsequent six months' imprisonment in 1675. The first edition appeared in 1678, but in the editions of 1679 and 1680 many of the most celebrated characters appeared for the first time. The second part of the work, describing the journey of Christian's wife and children, was published in 1684. His 'Holy War Made by Shaddai upon Diabolus' (1682), his other religious parables, and his devotional tracts, which are numerous, are also remarkable, and many of them valuable. There is a curious piece of autobiography of Bunyan extant, entitled Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666). On obtaining his liberty Bunyan resumed his functions as a minister at Bedford and became extremely popular. In 1692 his friend, Charles Doe, began a folio edition of his works, which was not, however, completed; and the first complete edition did not appear till 1736. Another was published in two felio volumes in 1767, and since then several have appeared. Of Lives' we may mention those by Southey (1830), Macaulay (1853), Offor (1862), Venables (1879), Froude (1880, 'English Men of Letters'), Copner (1883), and Brown (1888).

Bunzlau, boontz'low, the name of several European towns:

I. A town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, near the Bober, 25 miles west of Liegnitz. It was formerly surrounded by fortifications, but handsome promenades now cover most of the area once occupied by them. In the market-place is an iron obelisk to the Russian general, Kutusov, who died here in 1819. Earthenware, glass, iron, etc., are manufactured. Pop. (1895) 13,870.

2. JUNG BUNZLAU, a town of Bohemia, 31 miles northeast of Prague, the capital of the circle of Bunzlau. It stands on the left bank of the Iser, is well built, and has an old castle, an old and a new town-house, and other interesting buildings. Its inhabitants are chiefly engaged in manufacturing cottons, woolens, starch, sugar, spirits, beer, etc. Pop. (1890) 11,518.

3. ALT BUNZLAU, a small town of Bohemia,

situated on the Elbe.

Buol-Schauenstein, bwäl-show'en-stin, Karl Ferdinand (COUNT), Austrian statesman: b. 17 May 1797; d. Vienna, 28 Oct. 1865. He was minister in succession at Carlsruhe, Stuttgart, Turin, and St. Petersburg. He was second Austrian plenipotentiary at the Dresden Conference (1850), after which he was minister at London until the death of Schwarzenberg recalled him

to Vienna to hold the portfolio of foreign affairs. He presided at the Vienna Conference in 1855, and represented Austria at the Congress

of Paris.

Buonaparte, bwō-nä-pär'tě. See BONA

PARTE.

Buonarotti,bwō-när-rõt’tē, Filippo: b. Pisa, 11 Nov. 1761; d. Paris, 15 Sept. 1837. He received an excellent education under the auspices of the Grand Duke Leopold, but forfeiting the friendship of that prince on account of his sym

pathies with the French revolutionists, he resorted to Corsica, where he commenced a journal of so inflammatory a character that he became involved in difficulties with the government. After having spent some time in Sardinia, where he was invited to draw up a liberal constitution for the people, he went to Paris to urge the desire of the people of the Corsican island of St. Pierre for annexation to France. French citizenship was conferred upon him; he was employed in important missions in Corsica and Oneglia, and became an ardent partisan of the Terrorists. Having been detained for some time in prison after the fall of Robespierre, he founded the Pantheon Association, and when this was dissolved by the government he joined the conspiracy of Babeuf and was sentenced to transportation, but was finally permitted to retire to Geneva, and afterward went to Brussels, where in 1828, he published his 'Conspiration de Babeuf. Returning to Paris after the revolution of 1830, he spent the rest of his life in poverty and obscurity.

Buonarroti, Michael Angelo. See MICHEL

ANGELO.

băt-tes'ta bwō-non-che'në, Italian Buononcini, Giovanni Battista, jō-vän’nē composer: b. Modena, 1672. In 1697 he went to Vienna and soon after to Berlin, where his opera Polifemo had great success. After living a while

at Rome, he went, in 1720, to London, and became there one of the most powerful rivals of Handel. Everything in England at that time was made to bear upon party politics, and Buononcini became the favorite of the Whigs, while Handel was supported by the Tories. But upon a trial of skill, in an opera of their joint composition, the talent and taste of Buononcini proved an unequal match for the genius of his rival.

tä-len'tē (DELLE GIRANDOLE), Italian painter, Buontalenti, Bernardo, bėr-när'do bwon6 June 1608. When 11 years of age an inunsculptor, and architect: b. Florence, 1536; d. dation of the Arno broke into the quarter of Florence where his family resided, and carried off every member of it except himself. Cosmo him into his palace, and improved the taste de Medici, on learning the disaster, received him in the schools of Salviati, Bronzino, and which he had displayed for drawing by placing and excelled not only in the kindred arts of Vasari. He displayed great versatility of mind, painting, sculpture, and architecture, but distinguished himself as a mathematician, a military engineer, and an inventor of machines.

to point out the particular situation of anything Buoy, boo'i, any floating body employed They are of various shapes and constructions, under water, as of a ship's anchor, a shoal, etc. The can buoy is of a conical form and is used nel buoys are usually painted red on the starfor pointing out shoals, sand-banks, etc. Chanboard hand coming in from sea, and black on the port hand. They are also numbered in order from seaward, with even numbers on the starboard and odd numbers on the port hand. The cask buoy is in the form of a cask; the larger are employed for mooring, and are called mooring buoys. Spar buoys are wooden poles weighted at the thick end, by which they are moored. They are used in inland waters and in situations where, by reason of ice, iron buoy's