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BOWERS-BOWLING GREEN

returned to New York in 1863, and, after fulfilling several engagements, retired from the stage. In 1884 she returned to the stage in 'La Charbonniere, and in 1886 began a series of performances with her own company at the 14th Street Theatre in New York. She played with Rose Coghlan in A Woman of No Importance, in 1893, and supported Olga Nethersole in her first appearance in the United States in 1894. Her last impersonation was that of Lady Margrave in The New Woman' in the early part of 1895.

Bowers, Theodore S., American soldier: b. Pennsylvania, 10 Oct. 1832; d. Garrison's Station, N. Y., 6 March 1866. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was editor of a Democratic paper in Mount Carmel, Ill. After the battle of Bull Run he raised a company for the 48th Illinois Infantry, but declined its captaincy on account of the taunts of former political associates, and went to the front as a private. On 25 Jan. 1862 he was detailed as a clerical assistant at Gen. Grant's headquarters. That officer found him invaluable and kept him near him until the close of the war. He went through the campaigns of Forts Henry and Donelson, and while the army was absent on the Tallahatchie expedition Bowers was left in charge of the department headquarters, having received a regular staff appointment as captain and aidede-camp. When Van Dorn seized the headquarters at Holly Springs 20 Dec. 1862, Bowers destroyed all the departmental records that would have been of value to the Confederates, refused to give his parole, and made his escape during the night. He was twice brevetted for gallant and meritorious services, and after the war Gen. Grant retained him on his personal staff, having procured his appointment as assistant adjutant-general with rank of major in the United States army, 6 Jan. 1865. He was killed while boarding a moving train.

Bowery, The, a street in New York. It begins at Chatham Square and terminates at Cooper Union. It was long notorious for the resorts located along its length, but its character has undergone improvement.

Bowfin, a fish (Amia calva) of the Mississippi Valley. See MUDFISH.

Bowhead, the Greenland or right whale, taking its name from the arched outline of its head. See GREENLAND WHALE.

Bowie, bō'e, James, American frontiersman: b. Burke County, Ga., about 1790; d. 6 March 1836. He took part in the revolt of Texas against Mexico, and fell in the Alamo massacre. He gave his name to the bowieknife (q.v.).

Bowie-knife, a long knife shaped like a dagger, but with only one edge, named after Col. James Bowie (q.v.). Its use as a weapon was originally confined to Texas, but is now used in almost all the States of the Union. Col. Bowie is said to have had his sword broken down to within about 20 inches of the hilt in a fight with some Mexicans, but he found that he did such good execution with his broken blade that he equipped all his followers with a similar weapon.

Bowker, Richard Roger, American author: b. Salem, Mass., 1848. He has been prominent in politics as an independent and was the ori

ginator of the independent Republican movement of 1879. He has edited the 'Publisher's Weekly,' the Library Journal,' and the 'American Catalogue,' and has published Work and Wealth'; 'Economics for the People'; 'Copyright: Its Law and Its Literature'; 'Primer for Political Education'; 'Electoral Reform'; 'The Arts of Life'; 'Civil Service Examination.'

Bowles, Francis Tiffany, American naval constructor: b. Springfield, Mass., 7 Oct. 1858. He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1879, and has ever since been prominent in the work of naval construction, with special reference to the rehabilitated United States navy. He has been in charge of construction at the navy yards in Norfolk and Brooklyn, and was made chief constructor of the navy with the rank of rear admiral in 1901.

Springfield, Mass., 9 Feb. 1826; d. 16 Jan. 1878. Bowles, Samuel, American journalist: b. He was editor and proprietor of the Springfield Republican and a prominent factor in public affairs. He wrote Across the Continent and

'The Switzerland of America.'

Bowles, William A., Indian agent and chief: b. Frederick County, Md.; d. 23 Dec. 1805. When 13 years of age he ran away from home and joined the British army at Philadelphia. He afterward went among the Creek Indians, married an Indian woman, and was one of the English emissaries to excite them against the Americans. After the war he went to England, and on his return his influence among the Indians was so hostile to the Spaniards that they offered a price of $6,000 for his capture. He was taken in July 1792, sent to Madrid, and afterward to Manila. Having obtained leave to visit Europe, he returned among the Creeks and instigated them to renewed hostilities. He was betrayed again into the hands of the Spaniards in 1804, and died in Morro Castle, Havana. His biography was published in London in 1791.

Bowles, William Lisle, English poet: b. King's Sutton, Northamptonshire, where his father was vicar, 1762; d. Salisbury, 7 April Winchester and 1850. He was educated at Oxford, where he gained high honors. In 1789 he composed a series of sonnets by which the young minds of Coleridge and Wordsworth, then seeking for new and more natural chords of poetry, were powerfully affected to such an extent that Bowles is considered to have created, by his influence, the Lake School of Poetry. In 1806 he issued a critical edition of Pope, which led to a memorable controversy (1809-25), in which Byron and Campbell were his opponents. His other works include: "The Grave of Howard' (1790); Coombe Ellen' (1798); The Battle of the Nile' (1799); 'The Spirit of Discovery) (1804), his longest poem; and St. John in Patmos (1832).

Bowling (bo'ling) Green, Ky., a city and county-seat of Warren County, 114 miles southwest of Louisville, of prominence as an educational centre. Here are situated Ogden College, founded in 1877; Potter College for women, opened in 1889; the Southern Normal School; Saint Columbia's Academy; and a business college. The city is surrounded by a fertile agricultural region, has an important trade in hogs and mules, and one of the largest horse markets

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in the State. It contains two parks, one of 42 acres, and owns and operates its waterworks and electric-lighting establishment. It was incorporated in 1812 and is governed by a mayor elected every four years, and a city council. At the time of the Civil War Bowling Green was of much strategic importance to the Confederate army. Pop. (1900) 8,226.

Bowling Green, Mo., a city and countyseat of Pike County, 90 miles northwest of St. Louis; situated on the Chicago & A. and St. Louis & H. R.R.'s. It was settled in 1820, and incorporated in 1838. Pike College is here located and among the industries of the place are flour and pipe manufacturing. Pop. (1900)

1,902.

Bowling Green, New York City Park, a small open space near the foot of Broadway, originally a village green and an aristocratic centre of the city. Fort Amsterdam, which had formerly stood at the south of the green, was removed in 1787 and the governor's residence took its place. The present Green is a very small enclosed park.

Bowling Green, Ohio, a city and countyseat of Wood County; situated on the Cincinnati, H. & D., and the Toledo & O. C. R.R.'s, 22 miles south of Toledo. It carries on a trade in farm produce and is the centre of a region producing oil and natural gas. Among the other industries are iron smelting, canning and glass-cutting. Private companies operate waterworks, gas works, an electric-lighting system, and a hot water heating plant. The city was settled in 1832 and incorporated as a borough 1855 and city in 1900. It is governed by a mayor biennially elected and a board of public service of five members. Pop. (1900) 5.067.

Bowls, Bowling, an American indoor game; also much played in Great Britain, and probably a modification of the English game of skittles (q.v.). It is played in a covered alley of carpenter's work from 65 to 70 feet in length and about 3 feet 6 inches wide. The alley has a gutter on each side, and is slightly convex in the centre, and regularly beveled toward the gutters. At the farther extremity ten pins, generally of ashwood, about 12 inches high, and shaped somewhat like a champagne bottle with a slightly tapering base, are set up in the form of a triangle having its apex toward the bowler; that is, with four pins on the rear or fourth line, three on the third, two on the second, and one on the first line, all being 12 inches apart. The pins are uniform in weight. The balls may never exceed 27 inches in circumference; but smaller sizes are optional. The bowler is entitled to two (formerly three) balls, which he rolls at the pins, the object being to knock down as many pins as possible, the number displaced being registered to the bowler's credit. The first record of a match seems to have been made on 1 Jan. 1840, at the Knickerbocker Alleys, New York; but it was not until 1875 that the bowlers of the principal cities held a convention for the purpose of framing rules for the game, and it was 20 years later when the American Bowling Congress brought the sport into anything like systematic order. The rules of the game in all its varieties are published by the Congress.

Another form of bowls, an ancient English game, is still extremely popular in its own coun

try. It is played on a smooth, level piece of green sward, generally about 40 yards long, and surrounded by a trench or ditch about 6 inches in depth. A small white ball, usually of earthenware, called the jack, is placed at one end of the green, and the object of the players, who range themselves in sides at the other, is so to roll their bowls that they may lie as near as possible to the jack. Each bowl is much larger than the jack, is made of lignum-vitæ or similar wood, and is biased by being made slightly conical, so as to take a curvilinear course; and in making the proper allowance for this bias, and so regulating the cast of the ball, consist the skill and attraction of the game. The side which owns the greatest number of bowls next the jack - each bowl so placed constituting a point carries off the victory. The game played in Scotland differs in several respects from that of England; and the latter country, unlike the former, has as yet national bowling association."

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Bowman, bổ măn, Alexander Hamilton, American soldier: b. Wilkesbarre, Pa., 15 May 1803; d. there, II Nov. 1865. He graduated from the United States Military Academy 1825, and entered the engineer corps. For a time he was assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics at the academy. He acted as assistant engineer in the construction of the defenses, and of the improvement of harbors and rivers on the Gulf of Mexico, 1826-34, and was superintending engineer of the construction of Fort Sumter, 1838-51. Later he was chief engineer of the construction bureau of the United States treasury, and employed in building customhouses, post-offices, marine hospitals, etc. During the Civil War he was superintendent of the United States Military Academy, and from 20 June 1865 till his death a member of the board of engineers to carry out in detail the modifications of the defenses in the vicinity of Boston, Mass. He attained his lieutenantcolonelcy in the engineer corps, 3 March 1863.

Bowman, Edward Morris, American orHis musical ganist: b. Barnard, Vt., 1848. education was thorough and varied. He studied in New York under Dr. William Mason, in London under Dr. Bridge, in Berlin under Weitzmann and Bendel, and in Paris under Guilmant. He has been conspicuously successful as an organist, choral conductor, and teacher. In 1895 he took charge of the Temple Choir in connection with the Baptist Temple, Brooklyn, N. Y., and succeeded in making popular a secular. In 1891 he succeeded Dr. F. Ritter as high standard of music, both ecclesiastical and professor of music at Vassar College. He was a founder and for eight terms president of the American College of Musicians. His compositions comprise songs, part songs, anthems, and orchestral numbers, and he has published: Bowman-Weitzmann Manual of Musical Theory) (1877): Harmony: Historic Points and Modern Methods'; (Formation of Piano Touch'; 'Relation of Musicians to the Pub

lic.'

Bowman, Thomas, American Methodist bishop: b. Berwick, Pa., 15 July 1817. He graduated at Dickinson College 1837, and entered the ministry in the Baltimore conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1848 he organized the Dickinson Seminary at Williams

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port, Pa., and was its president for 10 years. In 1858 he was elected president of Indiana Asbury University (now De Pauw University), remaining there until May 1872, when he became a bishop. He has visited all the conferences in the United States, Europe, India, China, Japan, and Mexico, and is distinguished for his fine pulpit eloquence.

Bowman, Sir William, English anatomist and surgeon: b. Nantwich, 20 July 1816; d. London, 29 March 1892. He was for some time surgeon to King's College Hospital, London, and professor of physiology and anatomy in King's College, and was especially distinguished as an ophthalmic surgeon. He gained the Royal Society's royal medal for physiology in 1842. In 1880 Cambridge, and in the following year Edinburgh, conferred on him the degree of LL.D. He was connected with a large number of scientific societies, both British and foreign, was collaborator with Todd in the great work on the Physiological Anatomy and Physiology of Man' (5 vols. 1845-56), and he also wrote Lectures on the Eye (1849); Collected Papers' (1892). His baronetcy was conferred on him in 1884.

Bowman's Root, Gillenia stipulacea, a hardy perennial herb of the natural order Rosacea, two to four feet tall, found in rich woods from New York to Georgia, and often planted in shrubberies for their graceful foliage and numerous terminal clusters of white or rose-tinted flowers. The name is also applied to its close relative, G. trifoliata, which grows farther south and bears a rather close resemblance to it. Both species are also called Indian physic, American ipecac, Indian hippo, and have been used as tonics and emetics. They are the only species of their genus.

Bowne, bown, Borden Parker, American philosophical writer: b. Leonardville, N. J., 14 Jan. 1847. He was religious editor of the New York Independent' 1875-6, becoming professor of philosophy at Boston University in 1876. He has written Philosophy of Herbert Spencer (1874); Metaphysics (1882); Principles of Ethics (1892); The Christian Life' (1878); 'The Atonement' (1900), etc.

Bow'ring, Sir John, English statesman and linguist: b. Exeter, 17 Oct. 1792; d. there, 23 Nov. 1872. While still very young he entered a business house in his native town, and in 1811 became clerk to a London firm, on whose business he traveled to Spain. Soon afterward he started on his own account, and made many journeys to the continent. Having extraordinary linguistic ability he made use of his residence in foreign countries to acquire the different languages, and his first publications consisted of translations, especially of the popular poetry of many of the countries he had visited. At the same time he appeared as a supporter of the Radical politics of the time and of the views of Jeremy Bentham, and acted as editor of the 'Westminster Review from 1824 till 1830. His public life began in 1828, when he was sent to Holland to make a report on the public accounts of that kingdom. He afterward received similar commissions to France, Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, Syria, and Germany, and the Blue-books which appeared from his pen on these separate occasions are considered as models of their kind. He was member of

Parliament for the Kilmarnock burghs from 1835 to 1837, and for Bolton from 1841 to 1849. In the year last mentioned he accepted the lucrative post of consul at Canton, and his services during the four years that he held this post were so appreciated by the ministry that in 1854, the year after his return, he received the honor of knighthood, and was appointed governor of Hong-kong. As governor of Hong-kong he acted with the same energy that he had manifested when consul at Canton; but the step which he took in ordering Canton to be bombarded to punish the Chinese for an insult offered to the British flag, although approved by Lord Palmerston, then at the head of the government, led to his recall, March 1857. The last public commission he received was in 1860, when he was sent to Italy to report on the commercial relations with the new kingdom. He published The Kingdom and People of Siam'; and his Autobiographical Reminiscences' appeared in 1877. He will, perhaps, be longest remembered as the author of the familiar hymn, Watchman, Tell Us of the Night.'

Bow'ser, Edward Albert, American mathematician: b. Sackville, New Brunswick, 18 June 1845. He graduated at Rutgers College in 1868, and since 1871 has been professor of mathematics and engineering there. Since 1875 he has had charge of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey of New Jersey. He has published Analytical Geometry) (1880; 10 ed. 1888); 'Differential and Integral Calculus (1880; 9 ed. 1887); Analytical Mechanics (1884); College Algebra (1888); 'Academic Algebra' (1888); Plane and Solid Geometry) (1890); Elements of Trigonometry); Treatise on Trigonometry) (1892); chanics'; 'Roofs and Bridges.' 'Logarithmic Tables' (1895); 'Hydrome

Bow'string Hemp, the fibre of the leaves of an East Indian plant, or the plant itself, Sanseviera zeylanica, order Liliacea, so named from being made by the natives into bowstrings. The plant is somewhat like a hyacinth in appearance, and has edible roots. The fibre is fine and silky, but very strong, and may become valuable article in European manufacture. See HEMP.

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Bowyer, bō'yer, Sir George, English law writer: b. Oxford, 1811; d. London, 7 June 1883. He was called to the bar in 1839. Converted to Catholicism in 1850, he represented Dundalk 1852-68, and the county of Wexford his Home Rule principles 1874-80, when estranged him from the Liberal party, and, in 1876 led to his expulsion from the Reform Club. He succeeded his father as seventh baronet in 1860. He was author of several able works on constitutional law and Catholic subjects.

Bowyer, William, English printer and classical scholar: b. London, 19 Dec. 1699; d. 18 Nov. 1777. He was admitted a sizar of St. John's College, Cambridge, but left the university without a degree in 1722, and became an associate in the printing trade with his father. In 1729 he obtained the office of printer of the votes of the House of Commons, which he held nearly 50 years. He was subsequently appointed printer to the Society for the Encouragement of Learning, the Society of Antiquarians, of which

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learned body he was admitted a member; and in 1761 Lord Macclesfield procured him the appointment of printer to the Royal Society. In 1767 he was nominated printer of the journals of the House of Lords, and the rolls of the House of Commons. By his will he bequeathed a considerable sum of money, in trust, to the Stationers' Company, for the relief of decayed printers or compositors. His principal literary production was an edition of the New Testament in Greek (1763), with critical notes and emendations. He also published several philological tracts, and added notes and observations to some of the learned works which issued from his press.

Box (buxus), a genus of about 20 species of evergreen shrubs or small trees of the natural order Euphorbiacea, natives of northern Africa, southern Europe, Central America, and similar climates in Asia. The species have small opposite leaves, inconspicuous monoecious flowers in terminal or axillary clusters and nearly globular fruits containing two shining black seeds. Several species are planted for ornament as edgings of borders, as hedges and as individual specimens, especially for topiary work, either in the open air or as glasshouse specimens in tubs, etc., for which uses some of them are particularly adapted since they stand shearing well. They are of slow growth and are not very hardy where the winters are at all severe. They are propagated by cuttings. B. sempervirens, which attains a height of 25 feet or more, has developed several cultivated varieties of which dwarf box, a favorite edging plant, is probably the best known. The very hard, heavy, light yellow wood exported largely from Spain and Portugal is highly valued for turning, carving, and engraving, and for making musical instruments such as flutes, clarionets, etc. The bright yellow wood of B. balearica, a larger species than the preceding, native to Turkey and certain islands of the Mediterranean is largely exported from Constantinople for similar purposes to those of

the first mentioned, but is inferior.

Box'berry. See GAULTHERIA.

Box-crab, a large thick-shelled crab (Calappa flamma), occurring from North Carolina southward, and not uncommon on the Florida reefs. It is four to five inches across, about an inch and a half deep, with large broad, flat claws, which are folded closely in front. It is admirably adapted to resist the violence of the surf.

Box-elder, or Ash-leaved Maple (Negundo aceroides), a tree of the natural order Sapin dacea, common from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky Mountains. It attains a height of 70 feet, bears pendulous corymbs of staminate flowers and drooping racemes of pistillate blossoms before the pinnate leaves appear. Its wood is inferior for any purposes except for making wood pulp, bowls, pails, etc. It has become very popular in the western United States for windbreaks, fuel, and shade, for which its

rapid growth and hardiness especially adapt it. It is excellent also to protect other trees until they can care for themselves.

Box-turtle, or Tortoise, a turtle of the American family Cinosternida, having a rather long and narrow shell, in which the under part

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(plastron) has its front, and usually also i rear lobes hinged to the fixed central part, that these ends may be lifted up against carapace, like doors, thus entirely enclosin the animal within the shell. A familiar exam ple is the mud-turtle (Cinosternum pennsylva nicum) of the eastern and southern Unite States, which is four inches long, has a dusk brown shell, and light dots on its head. Eigh or 10 other species are known in the southwest in Central America, and in Guiana. These tur tles are mainly aquatic and carnivorous, and lay only a few eggs, which are covered with a glazed shell, thick, but brittle. Another noteworthy species, sometimes placed in a separate genus (Aromochelys) because its plastron is only partly movable, is the "musk" or "stinkpot" turtle (C. odoratum) of the eastern United States, which emits a musky odor from its inguinal glands. Its dull shell is about 4.50 inches long; it has a long neck, and relatively enormous head marked with two yellow stripes, one above, one below the eye; spends its time mainly in the water; and is disagreeable in odor and disposition. This turtle, however, is kept captive, fattened on swill-milk and eaten some parts of the country.

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Box and Cox, a farce by John M. Morton, the chief characters being the two men from whom the play takes its name. Box and Cox rent from a certain Mrs. Bouncer the same room, but for some time remain ignorant of the fact, as one works by day and the other by night. A holiday discloses the situation, which mutual agreement leaves unaltered.

of a powerful secret society in China. Its Box'ers, the name given to the members avowed object is the driving out from China of all Europeans or other foreigners. The Chiwhich is variously rendered in English. The nese name for the association is I-ho-ch'uan, active efforts of American and European missionaries and the constant encroachments upon Chinese territory by European countries appear to be responsible in great measure for the establishment of the society. The events which precipitated the first demonstrations of the Boxers were the occupation of Kiao-Chau by Germany, the acquisition of Port Arthur by Russia, the taking of Wei-Hai-Wei by England, and the French seizure of Kwang-Chau. Thus the Boxer movement presents itself largely under the aspect of a patriotic uprising against foreign aggression, a fact which goes far to account for the rapidity and thoroughness of its native population in Shantung were found to be operations in 1900. Early in that year the rallying around the standard of the Boxers and adopting its motto, "Uphold the dynasty, drive out the foreigners." The diplomatic corps at Pekin called upon the imperial government to fessed its readiness to do, although there was suppress the movement. This the court proa suspicion, voiced by the British minister, that the Empress Dowager had fallen under the influence of a native party led by T'ung Fuhsiang and Yu-hsien, and was temporizing with concerted movement upon the Chinese capital, In May 1900 the Boxers began a which, notwithstanding the protests of the diplomatic corps, remained unchecked by the military forces of the empire. These forces being Manchu troops, their loyalty was open to ques

the Boxers.

tion and their sympathies were alleged to be with the Boxer movement. This, at any rate, is the only explanation offered by the Chinese government for its failure to cope with the uprising. The situation had been rendered additionally threatening by the action of the allies in opening fire upon the forts at Taku. On 17 June the warships of the powers were in force at that port; when fired upon by the Chinese they opened a bombardment. The demonstration before Taku had been deprecated by the United States commander, Admiral Kempff, who did not participate in the bombardment. His warning that hostilities would unite the Chinese against the foreigners was justified by events.

In June 1900, Peking was reduced to a state of siege by the Boxers. The position of the foreigners in the capital became precarious. The entire diplomatic corps was cut off from communication with the outside world. In the emergency the powers hurried military and naval forces to the scene, and an international relief column, under the command of Admiral Seymour of the British navy, moved upon Peking. This force was, however, compelled to retreat, when a short distance beyond TienTsin, with a loss of 300 men. The position of the capital now became desperate. Cut off from communication with the rest of the world, Peking was a scene of turbulence and the centre of wild rumor. It was reported that on 7 July the entire diplomatic corps had fallen a prey to Boxer fury. This rumor was later discredited, the aspect of affairs having been rendered incomprehensible by the receipt of a despatch purporting to emanate from United States Minister Conger, and bearing date 18 July. According to this despatch the diplomatic corps had taken refuge in the British embassy, where they remained in a state of siege by the Boxers, anticipating massacre unless speedily relieved. Meanwhile the allies had concentrated their forces upon Tien-Tsin, capturing the place in the middle of July, but suffering severe loss. The 9th Regiment, United States army, had many casualties, including the loss of its colonel and other officers. The movement had spread in all directions among the Chinese, who, on 16 July, invaded Siberia. Russia at once proclaimed a state of siege in its Asiatic dominions. The powers did not, as yet, give formal recognition to a state of war, chiefly in consequence of the attitude of the United States, which took the ground that the Chinese government had been overpowered by an insurrectionary movement. On 20 July the powers made a categorical demand to be placed in communication with their diplomatic representatives. The authorities at Peking professed their readiness to comply at the earliest possible moment. The international situation was more clearly defined on 23 July by the appeal of China to the United States for the good offices of the latter in dealing with the powers. See CHINA.

Boxing, as now practised and popularly defined, is a contest of skill, endurance, and pluck between two contestants striking at each other with the closed hand, or fist, covered with a soft leather glove stuffed with horsehair. Contests of this nature, in various forms, are probably coeval with man. The sport was much in

vogue among the Greek and Roman athletes, but in place of the modern tendency to deprive it of its more brutal characteristics, as by the use of gloves, the ancients made the punishment as severe as possible by arming the fists of the combatants with strips of rawhide (the cestus), which were often knotted and loaded with lead or iron. In the first half of the 18th century rules were formulated to govern such contests in England, and from that time onward the practice of fighting with the fists for prizes or for championships has been reduced well-nigh to a "science." Methods of striking, ring tactics, etc., have developed until mere brute force has had to give way before intelligence; in other words, the head has defeated the hands.

In 1719 one Figg, an English pugilist, who attained such celebrity as to have his portrait painted by Hogarth, brought about some system in the conduct of the prize-ring. His work was continued by Broughton, himself for many years champion of England and a great upholder of the sport. Regular contests were held, with prizes of money and an emblem of championship, usually a belt, which was held on the condition of meeting all comers, on penalty of surrendering it if declining the trial or beaten by the adversary. The use of a belt as such emblem is of very ancient origin, dating back at least to the time of the siege of Troy. Homer, in describing the games at the funeral of Patroclus, mentions a belt in this connection. There is an unbroken record of championships from the time of Figg down. But since 1860, when the British champion, Tom Sayers, fought the American John C. Heenan, fighting with bare knuckles, which had hitherto been the custom, was suppressed, and in its place the use of gloves was adopted. The laws were, however, frequently evaded by the use of skin-tight gloves. At the present time gloves weighing four ounces are used for championship matches.

With the use of gloves came also the adoption of new rules, named, from their framer's title, the Marquis of Queensberry's rules. Under these wrestling and hugging (which had previously been permitted) were prohibited; the time of each round was limited to three minutes, with intervals of one minute between each round; and the former space of 30 seconds within which a man knocked off his feet might recover himself and be brought back to the fighting-line was reduced to 10 seconds.

Under the new conditions boxing has taken a leading rank as a sport and exercise. In the former aspect legislation has been found necessary to restrict its tendency to degenerate into brutality and to lend its aid to gambling and other vices. As an exercise, however, it holds a high place. It is considered the best system of gymnastics for bringing all the limbs under perfect command; rendering every part of the body pliant, flexible, and firm; acquiring a perfect power of keeping the true centre of grayity in every position, and of extending the body and limbs to the extreme length and recovering again without pause or difficulty; and developing the power of breathing and the "staying" qualities. The practice of boxing also gives to those proficient in it a remarkable power of calmly looking danger in the eye, and preserving both the temper and the courage under trying circumstances unruffled.

It is

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