BROADWOOD-BROCHS course is interrupted by two public squares; Union Square at 14th Street, and Madison Square at 23d Street. Below Madison Square it is devoted mainly to office buildings and wholesale establishments. Above Madison Square (where it intersects Fifth Avenue and 23d Street) are theatres and the chief hotels. Its length below 59th Street is about five miles, and is traversed by an electric railway. A portion of the subway is excavated under the part of Broadway which is above 42d Street, and also that part below Park Place. Broad'wood, John, English pianoforte manufacturer: b. Cockburnspath, Scotland, 1732; d. 1812. Going to London, he entered into partnership with a Swiss maker of harpsichords, named Burkhardt Tschudi, the firm being known as Tschudi & Broadwood. In 1769 his partner retired, and on his death four years later his son became a partner with Broadwood; but from 1783 till 1795, when Broadwood's son entered into partnership with him, he had the sole control of the business. The firm has long been known as John Broadwood & Sons. By the skill of Broadwood and those associated with him many improvements were introduced in the construction of the pianoforte, and for a long time the history of the firm was practically the story of the progressive development of that instrument. Brobdingnag, an imaginary country described by Dean Swift in Gulliver's Travels.' The inhabitants are represented as being of enormous size and the details of their environment in proportion; whence has arisen the adjective "brobdingnagian." Broca, Pierre Paul, pē-ăr pōl brō-kä, French surgeon and anthropologist: b. SainteFoy-la-Grande, department of the Gironde, 28 June 1824; d. Paris, 9 July 1880. In 1841 he began the study of medicine at Paris, became hospital surgeon in 1844, anatomical assistant in the Faculty of Medicine in 1846, preparator in anatomy in 1848, and professor in 1867. Between 1861 and 1865 he carried out his famous researches on the localization of cerebral functions. He gained great distinction in anthropology, and in 1859 founded the Paris anthropological society. During the Franco-German war he engaged in hospital work at La Pitié, but when peace was concluded he resumed his teaching. In 1872 he founded the 'Revue d' Anthropologie, and four years later he established the Ecole d'Anthropologie, which formed the nucleus of the later Institut Anthropologique. His writings are numerous and important. Brocade', a fabric having a pattern of raised figures; often a stuff of silk, enriched with a raised pattern of flowers, foliage, and other ornaments. Formerly it signified a' stuff woven all of gold or silver threads, or in which silk was mixed with such threads; at present all stuffs are so called if they are worked with raised flowers or other figures, and especially when the figures are in more than one color. Brocade is in silk what damask is in wool. Brocatelle, in which cotton and wool are used instead of silk, is an imitation of brocade. Brocatelle'. See BROCADE. Brocchi, Giovanni Battista, jō-vän'nē băttēs tā brōk'kē, Italian mineralogist and geologist: b. Bassano, 18 Feb. 1772; d. Khartum, 25 Sept. 1826. In 1808 his valuable researches upon iron mines and metalliferous mountains procured him the office of inspector of mines in the newly established kingdom of Italy. In 1814 he published a work on the structure of the Apennine range, with an account of the fossils of its strata. He corrected the erroneous view of Brieslak, who supposed Rome to occupy the site of an extinct volcano, to which he ascribed the tufa and other volcanic materials found on the seven hills. Brocchi, on the other hand, satisfactorily showed that they are derived either from Mont Albano or Monte Cimino. Both of these are extinct volcanoes, the first 12 miles, the other still farther, to the north of the city. In 1823 Brocchi sailed for Egypt with the view of exploring the mineral resources of that country. He received a commission from Mehemet Ali to examine his recent conquest of Sennaar, but the climate proved too much for his constitution. Broc'coli, a variety of the cauliflower, hardier and with more color in the flower and leaves. The chief varieties are green, purple, and dwarf broccoli. It is inferior in flavor to cauliflower, but serves as a substitute for it when the latter cannot be obtained. See CAULIFLOWER. Brochantite, brō'shŏn-tit (from BROCHANT DE VILLIERS, a French mineralogist), an orthorhombic transparent or translucent mineral, with hardness 3.5-4; specific gravity, about 3.90; lustre vitreous, pearly on one cleavage face. It is a basic copper sulphate having the formula Cu SO.. 3 Cu (OH)2. It much resembles atacamite, like which it occurs in many copper mines, notably in the Urals, in Cornwall, Enggland, and in Chili. In the United States its most important localities are in Utah and Ari zona. Brochs, broнs, class of edifices peculiar to Scotland, particularly in the northern counties, including Orkney, Shetland, and the Western Isles, more than 300 in all being known. A broch is a hollow circular tower of dry-built masonry, rarely more than 70 or less than 40 feet in total diameter, occasionally at least 50 feet high, and enclosing a circular court or area from 25 to 45 feet in diameter. The wall, which may be from 9 to 20 feet thick, is carried up solid for about 10 feet, except where pierced by the narrow passage giving entrance to the interior court, or where chambers are hollowed within its thickness and opening off the court. Above this height there are horizontal galleries in the wall, each about 6 feet high and 3 feet wide, running completely round the tower, except where crossed by the stair giving access to them, and having windows placed above each other, and all looking into The only external opening the central area. is a doorway about 5 or 6 feet high, and rarely more than 3 feet wide. The passage varies from 9 to 18 feet in length, and about 4 feet from its outer entrance is the door. Many of the brochs are found in naturally strong positions, such as jecting into a loch, and further defenses are a precipitous eminence or a promontory proafforded by ditches and embankments, earthen ramparts, and dry stone walls. Hence it is clear that they were intended to serve as places of shelter and defense, for which purpose they are admirably contrived, as they form a series of BROCK-BROCKHAUS strongholds that could be reduced only by a regular siege, the inmates being safe against missiles and even against fire, from the height and strength of the walls. Provided with a sufficiency of food, and obtaining water from a well inside the enclosure, the people thus sheltered could hold out for an indefinite time. The relics found in the brochs, like the structures themselves, are Celtic in character, and belong to post-Roman times. The Brochs were probably built as places of refuge from the Scandinavian vikings that for centuries were a scourge to many of the European coasts, but little or nothing of their history is known. The relics include swords, spears, knives, axes, and chisels of iron, with rings, bracelets, pins, and other articles of bronze or of brass. Numerous arti cles made of bone and horn are also found, with stone implements, as querns, mortars, pestles, bowls and cups, lamps, etc. Pottery of various kinds is also found. Spinning and weaving were evidently practised by the broch-builders. Agriculture, hunting, and fishing furnished subsistence; and animal food was furnished by the stag, roe, reindeer, ox, sheep, goat, and pig, as well as by the whale, porpoise, cod, haddock, and other denizens of the sea. Brock, Sir Isaac, English soldier: b. Guernsey, 6 Oct. 1769; d. Queenston, Canada, 13 Oct. 1812. He was educated at Southampton and Rotterdam, and entered the army as ensign in the 8th Regiment in 1785. In 1791 he transferred to the 49th Infantry, and saw service in the West Indies. In 1802 he went to Canada at the head of that regiment, returning three years afterward; but in 1806 he was again in North America. He became major-general in 1811, and in the following year compelled the surrender of the American general Hall at Detroit. For this service he received knighthood in the Order of the Bath, but he did not live long to enjoy the honor; for during an attack on Queenston by another American force, only three days after he was knighted, he was mortally wounded. The sum of £1,575 was voted by the House of Commons for a monument to Brock, which now stands in the south transept of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. There is another monument to him at Queenston, erected at public cost in 1842. Brock, Thomas, English sculptor: b. 1847. He studied with J. H. Foley and finished after the latter's death a number of his works. Among his productions is the Longfellow bust in Westminster Abbey. He is a member of the Royal Academy. Brockedon, brok'den, William, English artist and inventor: b. Devonshire, 1787; d. London, 1854. He was the discoverer of a method by which plumbago and its dust (previously thrown away as valueless) could be freed from impurities and re-solidified, so as to make a superior description of lead pencils, of various degrees of hardness, well adapted for artists' use. Mr. Brockedon was a painter, and author of "The Passes of the Alps, with over 100 folio engravings from drawings by himself. He also produced Italy, Classical and Picturesque (1842-3); and Egypt and Nubia) (3 vols. 1846-9). Brock'en, a mountain in Germany, popularly known as Blocksberg, the highest summit of the Harz Mountains (about 3,745 feet), in the Prussian government of Magdeburg. It was known to the Romans as Mons Bructerus. The bare, treeless summit is covered with snow from November to June; and on it are a hotel and an observatory. Under certain atmospheric conditions the visitor may see a gigantic figure of himself reflected on the clouds (the "Spectre of the Brocken"). According to a popular legend the German witches used to assemble here on Walpurgis Night (q.v.) for an annual orgy. Two driving-roads and a railway lead up the mountain. Many tourists visit the Brocken during the summer, and in clear weather an extensive view may be obtained. Brocket (Fr. broche, a "spit" or "tine"), sub-genus Coassus, because of their spike-like a book-name given to Brazilian deer of the antlers. There are three species, varying in height from 19 to 27 inches, namely: (1) Guazu(2) Pita (Coassus rufus); (3) A similar form, viva (Coassus nemorivagus), or Brazilian deer; the smallest of all deer, having spike horns only the pudu (Pudua humilis) of the Chilean Andes, about two inches long. Brockett, Linus Pierpont, American author: b. Canton, Conn., 16 Oct. 1820; d. Yale Medical School in 1843, and practised mediBrooklyn, 13 Jan. 1893. He graduated at the cine for a few years. Later he devoted himself to editorial and other literary work. He wrote a History of Education'; 'Men of Our Day'; gious Diseases'; 'The Great Metropolis'; etc. "The Year of Battles); Epidemic and Conta Brockhaus, Friedrich Arnold, frēd'rìí är'nōld brok'hows, German publisher, founder of the publishing firm of Brockhaus in Leipsic: b. Dortmund, 4 May 1772; d. Leipsic, 20 Aug. 1823. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town, and in 1793 went to Leipsic, where he devoted two years to the acquisition of scientific knowledge and the principal modern languages of Europe. In 1795 he established at Dortmund a mercantile house for the sale of English manufactures, which he removed to Arnheim, in the Netherlands, in 1801, and to Amsterdam in 1802. Although he managed his business with success, he abandoned it out of distaste for mercantile pursuits in 1804, and entered into the book trade at Amsterdam. After the annexation of Holland to the French empire (1810), Brockhaus returned to Germany, and re-opened his establishment in Altenburg (1811). In 1813 the firm received the title of F. A. Brockhaus. In 1808 Brockhaus had purchased the copyright of the German Conversations-Lexicon, which had been begun in 1796. In 1809-10 he completed the first edition by the publication of two supplementary volumes. In 1812 he began to publish the second edition of this work, which was finished under his own editorship. It was favorably received and had an extensive sale. The business now rapidly extended, and was removed to Leipsic in 1817. It still is carried on by the grandsons of the founder, and there are now chief branches in Berlin and Vienna. Among the literary undertakings of the house have been several important critical periodicals and some large historical and bibliographical works. The 'Conversations-Lexikon,' distinctively associated with the name of Brockhaus, has now reached a 14th edition. BROCKHAUS-BRODIE Brockhaus, Hermann, German Orientalist: b Amsterdam, 28 Jan. 1806; d. Leipsic, 5 Jan. 1877. He was educated at Amsterdam and at Göttingen and Bonn, where he devoted himself to Oriental languages. He lived for a long time in France and England and then settled in Dresden. In 1839 he went as professor to Jena, and in 1841 to Leipsic, where he became professor of Sanskrit, a position he held until his death. He published many works on Oriental literature, and edited the great Allgemeine Encyklopädie' of Ersch and Gruber. Brockton, Mass., a city in Plymouth County, situated on the N. Y., N. H. & H. R.R.; 20 miles south of Boston. It is one of the largest boot- and shoe-manufacturing places in the country, and beside these articles has extensive manufactories of rubber goods, shoe machinery and supplies, tools, and bicycles. It contains the villages of Campello, Montello, Marshall's Corner, Brockton Heights, Clifton Heights, and Salisbury Square. It was settled in 1700, was incorporated as a town in 1821, and chartered as a city in 1881. There are two national and two savings banks, a public library, with over 26,000 volumes; public school property valued at over $500,000; and a property valuation exceeding $26,000,000. Pop. (1900) 40,063. Brockville, Canada, port of entry, and the chief town of the united counties of Leeds and Grenville, Ontario, on the Saint Lawrence River below the Thousand Islands and on the Grand Trunk Railway. It is 125 miles by rail south of Montreal and 40 miles by water below Kingston and is a terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and of the Brockville, Western & Sault Ste. Marie Railway. It is a port for the Saint Lawrence steamers and is connected by ferry with Morristown, New York State. Brockville is lighted by gas and electricity and has excellent sewerage systems. It has numerous churches and public buildings, a collegiate institute, 4 public schools, I separate school, a manual training school, and an art school. The manufactures comprise stoves, carriages, agricultural implements, hats, cigars, chemicals, lumber, flour, gloves, tools, machinery, and foundry products. It is named after General Sir Isaac Brock (q.v.). Pop. (1904) 9,044. Brockway, Zebulon Reed, American penologist: b. Lyme, Conn., 28 April 1827. His connection with prison administration began at the Connecticut State Prison. He was connected Successively with the penitentiaries of Albany and Monroe counties, N. Y., and with the House of Correction, Detroit, Mich. He is best known in connection with the penal-reform methods introduced during his superintendency of the New York State Reformatory at Elmira, a position which he filled from 1876-1900. He has written numerous papers and magazine articles on penology. Broderick, brod'rick, David Colbreth, American legislator: b. Washington, D. C., 4 Feb. 1820; d. Lake Merced, Cal., 16 Sept. 1859. He was defeated for Congress in New York in 1846; went to California, and was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1849; served as speaker of the Senate; and was elected to the United States Senate in 1856, where he opposed the admission of Kansas. Broderip, brod'rip, William John, English naturalist: b. Bristol, 21 Nov. 1789; d. London 27 Feb. 1859. He graduated from Oriel College, Oxford, in 1812; studied law, and was called to the bar in 1817; and subsequently occupied several legal posts. In 1851 he became treasurer of Gray's Inn, with which office was combined that of librarian. He was an enthusiastic naturalist, and made many fine collections, his conchological cabinet being purchased for the British Museum. In 1847 he published 'Zoological Recreations, and five years later appeared Leaves from the Note-Book of a Naturalist.' Brod'head, John Romeyn, American historian: b. Philadelphia, 2 Jan. 1814; d. New York, 6 May 1873. He graduated at Rutgers College in 1831. He was author of a 'History of the State of New York,' and he made in Europe a valuable collection of documents bearing upon American history, that was published by the State of New York. Brodiæa, bro-di-e'a, a small genus of western American corm-rooted plants of the natural order Liliacea, which are popular as garden flowers. The species are of low growth, and have several purple, red, white, or yellow funnel-shaped flowers on a scape. According to some authors several related genera are grouped in this, and cultural methods vary in consequence. For list of species and cultural directions consult: Bailey and Miller, Cyclopedia of American Horticulture (N. Y. 1900-02). Bro'die, Sir Benjamin Collins, English surgeon: b. Winterslow, Wiltshire, 9 June 1783; d. Broome Park, Surrey, 21 Oct. 1862. His father superintended his education till he was 18, after which he went to the Hunterian School of Anatomy. In 1803 he became a pupil of Sir Everard Home at St. George's Hospital, and in 1805 was appointed assistant to Mr. Wilson, demonstrator of anatomy. In 1809 he became a lecturer of the school and assistant surgeon of the hospital. In 1810 he was elected Croonian lecturer to the Royal Society, and the excellence of his papers caused him to be elected a Fellow, and in the following year he received the Copley medal. His reputation as a distinguished surgeon was now established, and his professional career became one of uniform success. From the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1822 he 1819 to 1823 he was professor of anatomy at continued giving clinical lectures there till 1830, was elected a full surgeon at St. George's. He when the increasing demands of his profession compelled him to discontinue them. In 1832 he succeeded Sir Everard Home as sergeantsurgeon to William IV., and was made a baronet him in the same appointment. From 1835 to by patent in 1834. Queen Victoria continued 1846 he was a member of the Court of Examiners of the College of Surgeons, and in 1844 he was president of the court. In 1858 he was elected president of the Royal Society, which honor he held till 1861. For some years before his death his sight failed, and for about two years he was almost totally blind. As a professional practitioner his gains exceeded those of almost any man of like profession in his time. In 1851 he republished a selection of his earlier essays, entitled 'Physiological Researches.' His work on 'Pathological and Surgical Observations on Diseases of the Joints' (1818) was BRODRICK-BROGLIE esteemed of great value both in Great Britain and on the Continent, and went through many editions. In 1854 he published a work in a colloquial form entitled 'Psychological Inquiries.' The dialogue is not controversial, and the work contains the mature opinions of the author on various speculative subjects. Brod'rick, George Charles, English educator: b. Castle Rising, Norfolk, England, 5 May 1831. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, and University of London. He was called to the bar in 1859. From 1877-9 he was a member of the London School Board. In 1881 he became warden of Merton College. Among his works are: 'Political Studies; English Land and English Landlords'; Memorials of Merton College'; 'Short History of Oxford University'; and Memories and Impressions.' Brodrick, William St. John Freemantle, English statesman: b. 14 Dec. 1856. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. From 1880-5 he was member of Parliament for West Surrey; 1886-92, financial secretary to the war office; 1895-8, under-secretary of state for war; 1898-1900 under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; afterward becoming secretary for war. Brod'sky, Adolf, Russian violinist: b. Taganrog, South Russia, 21 Feb. 1851. He first played in public at the age of nine, and later went to Vienna to pursue his musical studies. In 1879 he became director of the symphony concerts in Kieff, and later held a professorship in the Leipsic Conservatory. As a soloist he appeared in concerts in several of the leading cities of Europe. He came to the United States and taught for a time in Scharwenka's Conservatory, New York, but returned to Leip: sic. In 1895 he was made director of the Royal College of Music, Manchester, England. Bro'dy, Austria, a town in Galicia, near the Russian frontier, 58 miles east-northeast of Lemberg, on a swampy plain. It has broad streets, houses mostly built of stone, an old castle, three churches, Jewish synagogue, etc. About two thirds of its inhabitants are Jews, who have a hospital for themselves and a college for the instruction of artists and mechanics. The commerce, carried on principally by Jews, is important, the town being favorably situated for the interchange of goods between Austria and Russia, and Turkey. Pop. about 20,000. Broglie, brō-lē, a family distinguished in the annals of French wars and diplomacy, which derives its origin from Piedmont. Among its members are: 1. FRANÇOIS MARIE, DUC DE, French soldier: b. Paris, 11 Jan. 1671; d. Ferrières, 22 May 1745. From 1689 he fought with distinction in the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy. He was also employed in diplomatic affairs, and concluded a treaty between France, England, and Prussia in 1725. He rose by degrees till in 1734 he became marshal of France. In the war of the Austrian succession he had the chief command of the armies in Bavaria and Bohemia. 2. VICTOR FRANÇOIS, DUC DE, French soldier: b. (the eldest son of the preceding), 19 Oct. 1718; d. Münster, 1804. He commenced his career under his father in the battles of Guastalla and Parma (1734); was engaged in all the wars of France, and was created marshal in 1759. Jomini considered him the only French general who had shown constant ability during the Seven Years' war. He was engaged in the battles of Hastenbeck, Rossbach, Sondershausen, and Lützelberg, and, being appointed to the chief command, defeated the Prussians and Hessians at Bergen in 1759, for which Francis I. of Austria created him a prince of the empire. In 1760 he gained another victory at Corbach, but was defeated, together with the Prince of Soubise, at Willingshausen, in the following year. In consequence of this and the favor of Soubise at court he was exiled. He was recalled in 1764, and in 1789, when the Revolution broke out, Louis XVI. appointed him minister of war; at the same time he received the command of the troops that were to keep Paris in check. The desertion of the National Guard rendered all his efforts vain, and Broglie left France. In the campaign of 1792 he commanded a division of the émigrés without success. its close he withdrew entirely from public life. 3. VICTOR CLAUDE, PRINCE DE BROGLIE, French soldier: b. (third son of the preceding), 1757; the views of the revolutionary party. He was d. Paris, 27 June 1794. He entered at first into deputy of the nobility of Colmar to the StatesGeneral in 1789. After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly he was appointed fieldmarshal in the army of the Rhine, but upon his refusal to acknowledge the decree of 10 August, suspending the royal authority, was deprived of his command, summoned before the revolutionary tribunal, and led to the guillotine. After 4. ACHILLE CHARLES LÉONCE VICTOR, DUC DE, French statesman: b. Paris (son of the preceding), 1 Dec. 1785; d. Paris, 25 Jan. 1870. In and was made a member of the chamber of peers. 1816 he married a daughter of Madame de Staël After the Revolution of 1830 the Duc de Broglie and Guizot were the heads of the party known as doctrinaires. He was minister of public instruction for a short time in 1830, and minister of foreign affairs from October 1832 to April 1834. In 1849 he was a conservative member of the Legislative Assembly, and after the coup d'état he continued a bitter enemy of the imperial régime. His later years were devoted to philosophical and literary pursuits. 5. JACQUES VICTOR ALBERT, DUC DE: b. Paris (son of the preceding), 13 June 1821; d. 1901. In 1846 he became secretary to the embassy at Madrid, whence he was transferred to that at Rome, but the revolution of 1848 caused him to give up public life. From that time he became known as an able writer in political reviews. In 1856 he published 'L'Histoire de l'Eglise et de l'Empire,' in six volumes, a work which gained him a chair in the Academy. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly for the department of Eure, and in the same year became ambassador at London. He led the opposition to Thiers during 1872-3, and finally succeeded in defeating him. In the latter year he became minister of foreign affairs and president of the council, but in 1874 he suffered defeat. In 1885 he again gave up political life and devoted himself to his historical studies. Among his works are 'Le Secret du Roi Louis XV. (1878); 'Frédéric II. et Marie-Thérèse' (1883); Maurice de Saxe et le Marquis d'Argenson' (1891); 'La Paix d'Aix-la-Chapelle' (1892); Le Père Lacordaire' (1895); Malherbe' (1897); etc. BROGNY-BROKER Brogny, Jean Allarmet, zhon ǎl-lär-mā bron-ye, Italian cardinal: b. Brogny, near Annecy, Savoy, 1342; d. Rome, 16 Feb. 1426. Although a swineherd in his youth, he attained, by his learning and virtues, a position of great influence and eminence in the Church. He was successively made bishop of Viviers, of Ostia, archbishop of Arles, and bishop of Geneva, and finally cardinal and chancellor of the Church of Rome. During the great schism which divided the Church for more than 40 years Brogny devoted himself to the work of conciliation. The Council of Constance being called for that purpose by John XXIII. and the Emperor Sigismund, the former was deposed at the sixth session, after which Brogny presided as senior cardinal until the 41st, when Cardinal Colonna was elected Pope, 14 Nov. 1417, chiefly through Brogny's influence, under the name of Martin V., and the holy see was once more established at Rome. As president of the Council of Constance he had to pronounce the sentence of death upon Huss, to whom he had shown great kindness during the trial, having visited him several times in his prison and exhorted him, but in vain, to save his life by recanting his creed. The cardinal was the founder of the hospital of Annecy, and of the College of St. Nicolas at Avignon. Brogue, brōg (Ir. and Gael. brog), a coarse and light kind of shoe made of raw or halftanned leather, of one entire piece, and gathered round the foot by a thong, formerly worn in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland. The term is also used of the mode of pronunciation peculiar to the Irish, but whether the word in this sense is the same as in the other is doubtful. Broiling, the cooking of meat or fish on a gridiron above a fire, or by laying it directly on the coals, a very wholesome method of cookery. See COOKERY. Broke, Sir Philip Bowes Vere, British admiral: b. Ipswich, 9 Sept. 1776; d. 2 Jan. 1841 He entered the navy in 1792, and, after he had seen much active service, distinguished himself in 1813 as commander of the frigate Shannon, in the memorable action which that vessel, in answer to a regular challenge, fought with the Chesapeake off the American coast. The Shannon, carrying 38 guns and 330 men, in an engagement of only 15 minutes boarded and captured the Chesapeake, carrying 49 guns and 440 men. Sir Philip, who was severely wounded in the action, was immediately made a baronet, and in 1815 Knight Commander of the Bath.' He became rear-admiral in 1830. Broken Hill, Australia, a mining town in the western part of New South Wales, south of Stanley Range, about 925 miles west of Sydney. It stands in a district which contains many silver mines; and asbestos, lead, gold, copper, etc., are also found here. One of the silver mines, the Proprietary, is the most productive in the world. It is connected with Silverton and Adelaide by rail. Pop. about 20,000. Broken-wind, a disease in horses, often accompanied with an enlargement of the lungs and heart, which disables them for bearing fatigue. In this disease the expiration of the air from the lungs occupies double the time that the inspiration of it does; it requires also two efforts rapidly succeeding each other, attended by a slight spasmodic action, in order fully to accomplish it. The disease is caused by rupture of the air-cells, and there is no known cure for it. See HEAVES. Broker (Lat. abrocator, perhaps from the Saxon abroccan, to break up, from which is goods or selling at retail). The early use of this derived "abbroachment," the breaking up of term designated a retailer of goods, generally thence applied to any one making a bargain as supposed to belong to another person, and of goods. the agent of another for the sale or purchase The distinctive character of a broker his name; at least, when the contract came to was that he acted in behalf of another and in in the ordinary course disclosed. It was a furbe consummated, the name of the principal was ther incident of a broker's employment that he receive possession of the goods purchased, in did not have possession of the goods sold, or which respect he differed from a factor. And these principles still apply. But the office of broker has been vastly extended by the increasing exigencies of commercial business. here enumerated. Bill and note brokers negoThe most important kinds of brokers are tiate the purchase and sale of bills of exchange and promissory notes. They are paid a commission by the seller, and it is not their custom to disclose the names of their principals. There is an implied warranty that what they sell is what they represent it to be, and should a bill or note sold by them turn out to be a forgery, they are held to be responsible; but it would appear that by showing a payment over to their principals, or other special circumstances attending the transaction proving that it would be inequitable to hold them responsible, they will be discharged. (Edwards, Bills, 291; 4 Duer, 79). The authorities, however, are not in harmony upon_this question. (See 3 Allen 258; 1 Hill 287; 21 E. C. L. 379.) Exchange brokers negotiate bills of other places in this country. It is sometimes part of the business of exchange brokers to buy and sell uncurrent bank notes and gold and silver coins, as well as drafts and checks drawn or payable in other cities; although, as they do this at their own risk and for their own profit, it is difficult to see the reason for calling them brokers. Insurance brokers procure insurance, Merchandise brokers negotiate the sale of merand negotiate between insurers and insured. chandise without having the possession or control of it, as factors have. Pawnbrokers lend money in small sums, on the security of personal property, at usurious rates of interest. They are licensed by the authorities, and excepted from the operation of the usury laws. Real estate brokers are those who negotiate the sale or purchase of real property. They are a numerous class, and, in addition to the above duty, sometimes procure loans on mortgage security, collect rents, and attend to the letting and leasing of houses and lands. Ship brokers negotiate the purchase and sale of ships and the business of freighting vessels. Like other brokers they re ceive a commission from the seller only. Stock brokers are those employed to buy and sell stock in incorporated companies. The stock brokers are associated together in the larger cities under the name of the Board of Brokers. exchange drawn on foreign countries, or on |