cellar below it, the modern town-hall, the Schütting or merchants'-house, the old and the new exchange, etc. The new town has straight, wellbuilt streets, lined mostly with dwelling-houses and shops. The suburbs also consist chiefly of dwelling-houses, and as these often have gardens in front, the streets have a very pleasant aspect. The chief ecclesiastical building is the cathedral, a Romanesque edifice, founded in 1044, subsequently added to at various times, and in 1888-93 provided with two new western towers. There are several other old and interesting churches, as those of St. Ansgar, St. Stephen, and St. John. Among buildings of recent erection are the court-house, savings bank, and railway station. There are several squares and open spaces, and besides the pleasure-grounds formed from the ramparts, a large public park has been laid out on the north side of the town. Bremen is well supplied with schools and other educational institutions, and possesses a museum, a library (120,000 volumes), an observatory, etc. The manufacturing establishments include tobacco and cigar factories, sugar-refineries, ricemills, iron-foundries, and machine works, rope and sail works, and ship-building yards. It is from its commerce, however, that Bremen derives its importance. Its situation renders it the emporium of Hanover, Brunswick, Hesse, and other countries traversed by the Weser, and next to Hamburg it is the principal seat of the export and import trade of Germany. The Weser has been deepened so that sea-going ships drawing 17 feet of water can now ascend to the Bremen docks, but the great bulk of the shipping trade centres in Bremerhaven and Geestemunde. Bremerhaven is now a place of over 18,000 inhabitants, and is provided with excellent docks capable of receiving the largest vessels; it is connected by railway with Bremen, where the chief trading companies, merchants, and brokers have their offices. The greater portion of the German trade with the United States passes through Bremen, and it is the chief port of emigration on the Continent. The chief imports are tobacco, raw cotton, and cotton manufactures, wool and woolen manufactures, rice, coffee, grain, petroleum, etc., which are of course chiefly re-exported to other parts of Germany and the Continent. Next to Liverpool, Bremen is to-day the leading European cotton market. Before the organization of the cotton exchange in 1872, the German merchants had been getting their product chiefly from Havre and Liverpool, very little being imported direct. To become independent of British ports, it was necessary to get the patronage of the inland spinners. This proved no easy task. Not until a decade had passed did the Bremen exchange cease to be a local institution and acquire a standing of national importance; but ever since the development has been phenomenal. While the importation of cotton in the year 1870 amounted to only 157,689 bales, it ran up to 397,998 bales in the year 1880. Ten years later there were 812,538 bales and the year 1900 showed the enormous figure of 1,567,045 bales. The new cotton exchange opened in 1902 is said to be not only the most imposing structure of this nature in the world, but also the most complete in the appointments necessary for carrying on the business of buying and selling cotton and supplying the leading merchants and brokers with office and sample rooms.

Bremen first rose into note about 788, when it was made the seat of a bishopric by Charlemagne. It was afterward raised to the dignity of an archbishopric, and by the end of the 14th century it had become virtually a free imperial city. At the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 the archbishopric was secularized, and became a duchy under the supremacy of Sweden. In 1731, when the elector of Brunswick gained possession of the duchy, the privileges of Bremen as a free city were confirmed. From 1810 to 1813 it formed part of the French empire. The constitution is in most respects republican. The legislative authority is shared by the senate, a body of 18 (12 of whom must be lawyers, and 5 merchants) elected for life, and presided over by two of their own number alternately, who have the title of burgomaster; and by an assembly of 150 citizens elected for six years. The executive power is intrusted to the senate and senatorial committees. Pop. of the total territory (including Bremerhaven) (1902) 224,700.

Bremer, bra'mèr, Fredrika, Swedish novelist: b. Tuorla, Finland, 17 Aug. 1801; d. Arsta, 31 Dec. 1865. At 17 she was taken on a tour through Germany, Switzerland, and France. In 1828 appeared the first volume of her 'Sketches of Everyday Life,' but the second volume, The H. Family (1833; English translation, 1844), first revealed her power. From this time she devoted herself to writing stories that quickly became popular in translations far beyond the bounds of Sweden, and she varied her literary labor by long journeys in Italy, England, the United States, Grecce, Palestine, which supplied the materials for her 'Homes of the New World' (1853), and Life in the Old World' (1862), full of fine descriptions of scenery and vivid pictures of social life, with sound views on political and moral questions. The admirable translations of Mary Howitt had preceded her in the United States as well as England, and insured her an equally warm welcome on both sides of the Atlantic. On her return to Sweden she gave herself up to philanthropy, but more particularly to the education and emancipation of women, and the consequent propagandist character of her later novels, 'Bertha,' and 'Father and Daughter) (1859), was detrimental in no small degree to their literary value. Her religious views she set forth in her Morning Watches' (1842). She has been called the Jane Austen of Sweden. Of her stories perhaps the most perfect is The Neighbors' (1837). The Diary, The President's Daughters, Brothers and Sisters,' and 'Strife and Peace, or Scenes in Dalecarlia,' are only less popular.

Bremerhaven, bra'mèr-hä-fen, the port of Bremen, Germany, on the east shore of the Weser estuary, nearly 10 miles from the open sea, and 39 north-northwest of Bremen. It was founded by Bremen, in 1827, on ground acquired from Hanover, and rapidly became a thriving place. A second dock was opened in 1866, a third in 1874, and in 1888 a great port, with docks, was undertaken at Nordenham, on the opposite bank. Bremerhaven was the scene, in 1875, of a dynamite explosion on board a mail steamship, by which 60 persons were killed. The Geeste separated Bremerhaven from Geestemünde. Pop. (1900) 20,300.

Brend'amour, brän-da-moor, Franz Robert, German engraver: b. Aix-la-Chapelle, 16 Oct.

1831. He was educated in his art at Cologne under Stephan. In 1856 he went to Düsseldorf and established a xylographic studio, which rapidly became well known and one of the leading institutions of its kind. He later set up similar studios in Berlin, Leipsic, Brunswick, Stuttgart, and Munich, to conducting which he devoted most of his time. Among his best works are a collection, 112 engravings, after drawings by Rudolf Elster; illustrations for several works, including Immermann's 'Der Oberhof, and Count Waldersee's 'Der Jäger); The Odyssey, after drawings by Preller, and eight frescoes in the Rathhaus at Aix-la-Chapelle.

Bren'dan, or Brenainn, Saint, of Clonfert: b. 484 at what is now Tralee in Kerry; d. 577. He was educated under his relative, Bishop Erc, and St. Jarlath of Tuam, and was ordained by the former. Shortly afterward he went on a seven years' voyage in search of "the mysterious land far from human ken"; but without success. Later he visited and lived in Brittany for a time, and after his return he again set out to seek the distant paradise, which he ultimately found. When he again reached Ireland he founded the monastery of Cluain Fearta (Clonfert), and he seems to have visited Scotland at this time. His two voyages form the basis of the celebrated medieval legend of the Navigation of St. Brendan'; but in the legend they are united into one and combined with other stories. Where Brendan's voyages really led him we do not know. The Book of Lismore contains a life of St. Brendan.

Another Irish saint of the same name was born about 490 and died in 573. He was a friend of Columba, and founded a monastery at Birr (Parsonstown) in King's County.

Brendel, Heinrich Albert, hin'riн äl'běrt bren'děl, German painter: b. Berlin, 7 June 1827; d. 1895. He studied at the Berlin Art Academy under Krause, and in Paris as a pupil of Couture and Palizzi. After traveling in Italy and Sicily, he lived in Paris, 1854-64; he then returned to Germany and lived in Berlin and Weimar, becoming director of the Art School at the latter place. He devoted himself almost entirely to animal painting, and his pictures of sheep are considered especially fine. His works include: Peasant's Farm, Interior of Sheep Stable, Sheep Leaving Stable.'

Bren'eman, Abram Adam, American chemist: b. Lancaster, Pa., 28 April 1847. He graduated at Pennsylvania State College in 1866, and after service as an instructor, was full professor of chemistry 1869-72. From 1875 to 1882 he was assistant, lecturer, and professor of industrial chemistry at Cornell. Since then he has resided in New York, engaged in professional work as a writer, analyst, and chemical expert. He is the inventor of the Breneman process of rendering iron non-corrosive, and has made a special study of water and its contaminations. He has written: Manual of Introductory Laboratory Practice' (1875); Report on the Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen' (1890); and numerous contributions to chemical and other journals.

Brenham, bren'ăm, Texas, a city and county-seat of Washington County, on the Gulf, C. & S. F. and the Houston & T. C. R.R.'s, west of Houston. It is the centre of an agricultural

and cotton region, and has two cotton compresses, a cotton factory, and a cottonseed-oil mill, as well as other manufacturing interests. It is the seat of the Blim Memorial and Evangelical Lutheran colleges, has a library, two parks, and fair grounds. Pop. (1900) 5,968.

Bren'nan, Thomas Francis, Irish Catholic prelate: b. Tipperary, 1853. He was educated at Allegheny College, Pa., at Rouen, and Innsbruck. He was engaged in missionary work in Dallas, Texas. In 1893 he went to Labrador, Pennsylvania and was later made bishop of and in 1894-5 was auxiliary bishop of Newfoundland; since then he has been acting auxiliary bishop of Albano and Frascati, Italy.

situated between Innsbruck and Sterzing, and Bren'ner, Mount, a mountain in the Tyrol, between the rivers Inn, Aicha, and Adige, forming part of the Tyrolese Alps, 6,777 feet high. The road from Germany to Italy traverses this mountain. It reaches the elevation of 4,658 feet, and is about 12 miles long. This is one of the lowest roads practicable for carriages over the main chain of the Alps, and also one of the most ancient, having been used by

the Romans.

In 1867 a railway over the Brenner Pass was opened, so that Italy and Germany were connected by an unbroken line of

rails.

Bren'nus, the name or title of several princes of the ancient Gauls, supposed to be derived from the Kymrian brenhin, a king. A leader of the Senones, a Gallic nation in the upper part of Italy, the most famous personage who is mentioned under this name, made an invasion into the Roman territory about the year 390 B.C. A battle was fought near the river Allia, the Romans were totally defeated, and Brennus took possession of the city, which had been previously abandoned by the inhabitants. The capitol only was provided with a garrison, but several aged citizens of rank, amounting in the whole to about 80, had resolved to remain in the city and devote themselves to the infernal deities. Attired in their sacerdotal, consular, and triumphal robes, they seated themselves in their chairs of office in the middle of the forum, When Brennus arrived at the awaiting death. forum, he was struck with astonishment at their venerable aspect. The Gauls looked upon them as so many statues of deities, and feared to go near them, but ultimately they were all massacred. Rome was sacked, and all the inhabitants who yet remained in their houses were slain. Brennus then assaulted the capitol, and being repelled with considerable loss, he set fire to the city and leveled it with the ground. While the garrison of the capitol was in great distress Brennus attempted a surprise by night, in which he would have succeeded had not the cackling of the geese, sacred to Juno, alarmed the garrison, in consequence of which the Gauls were repulsed. After six months Brennus offered to raise the siege and leave the Roman territory for 1,000 pounds of gold. When the gold was weighed, Brennus threw his sword into the scale beside the weights and cried out, "Woe to the vanquished!" According to Polybius the Gauls returned home in safety with their booty. According to the Roman legend followed by Livy, Brennus was defeated, and his army entirely destroyed by Camillus, a distinguished

Roman exile who had retired to the city of Ardea, and who arrived with succor in time to save the capitol.

Another Brennus in 279 B.C. advanced into Greece with an enormous force, said to have amounted to 150,000 foot and 61,000 horse. After ravaging Macedonia he entered Thessaly and marched toward Thermopyla, where an army of 20,000 Greeks was assembled, supported by an Athenian fleet on the coast. The Gauls were repulsed in a sanguinary battle, but, in order to separate the Greeks, they dispersed themselves to plunder the country. Brennus himself attacked the temple of Delphi, which was defended by only 4,000 men, but was again repulsed, and carried out of the battle fainting with his wounds. Unwilling to survive his defeat, he put an end to his life by copious draughts of wine. The Greeks attributed their victory to the assistance of Apollo.

Brent, Charles Henry, American clergyman: b. Newcastle, Ontario, Canada, 1862. He was graduated at the University of Trinity College in 1884, ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1886, priest in 1887, and consecrated the first bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church for the Philippine Islands in December 1901. He served in the ministry of St. Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Buffalo, 1887-8; removed to Boston in the latter year, where he had charge of the parish of St. John the Evangelist, and later of that of St. Stephen's Church, devoting himself entirely to the missionary work of the latter parish. He has performed considerable literary work; was on the editorial staff of the New York Churchman for some time, and is the author of With God in the World,' and other books.

Brent Goose. See BRANT GOOSE. Bren'ta (ancient MEDOACUS MAJOR), a river in north Italy. Its source is Lake Caldonazzo in the Tyrol, eight miles southeast of Trent, whence it flows southeast, with a winding course of 112 miles, and falls into the Adriatic through the canal of Brenta-nova or Brentono, at Brondolo. Formerly its embouchure was at Fusina, opposite Venice. The old course has been formed into a canal, and is the chief means of communication between Padua and Venice, the new channel being comparatively little used.

Brentano, bren-tä'nō, Clemens, German poet: b. Frankfort-on-the-Main, 8 Sept. 1778; d. Aschaffenburg, 28 July 1842. He studied at Jena, and resided by turns there and at Frankfort, Heidelberg, Vienna, and Berlin. In 1818 he retired to the convent of Dülmen, in Münster, and the latter years of his life were spent at Ratisbon, Munich, and Frankfort-on-theMain. These frequent changes were due to a restless disposition, combined with morbid and misanthropic views, which gave a peculiar character to his writings. With a powerful imagination, his genius was tinged with mysticism, eccentricity, and a strong tendency to sarcasm. He was the brother of Elizabeth von Arnim, Goethe's "Bettina." Among his principal works are 'Satires and Poetical Fancies' (1800); 'The Mother's Statue' (1801), an ultra-romantic production, which he himself calls a very wild romance; 'The Joyous Musicians' (1803); Ponce de Leon' (1804); The Founding of Prague (1816), said to be his most successful drama; 'Gokel, Hinkel, und Gakeleia' (1838), Vol. 3-6

a satire on the times; 'History of the Brave Caspar and the Beautiful Anner (2d ed. 1851), which is considered a masterpiece as a novelette.

Brentano, Franz, German philosopher: b. Marienberg, 16 Jan. 1838. He was professor of philosophy at Würzburg, but in 1873 resigned his position on account of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope; and was professor at Vienna, 1874-80. He has written Psychology of Aristotle, New Riddles,' and 'Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint' (in agreement with Lotze and the English empirical psychologists).

tician: b. Mannheim, 4 Nov. 1813; d. Chicago, Brentano, Lorenz, German American poli18 Sept. 1891. He studied law at Heidelberg, represented Mannheim in the Lower House of Baden, and was a member of the National Assembly in 1848. He withdrew from this body with the majority of the radical party in 1849. He was placed at the head of the revolutionary government of Baden, but suspected of treachery to his party, was forced to flee to Switzerland. In 1850 he came to the United States, lived for a time on a farm in Michigan, and then went to Chicago. Here he practised law and established the Illinois Staatszeitung, which he made one of the most influential papers in the northwest in the interest of the Federal government. He was a member of the Illinois legislature in 1862; United States consul at Dresden 1872-6, and member of Congress from Illinois in 1876.

economist: b. Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, 18 Dec. Brentano, Lujo, loo'yō, German political 1844. He studied at Dublin and at four German universities; and, after attaining a post in the Royal Statistical Seminary in Berlin, went to England to study the condition of the working classes, and especially trades' associations and unions. The outcome of this was his work, 'On the History and Development of English Guilds' (1870); Die Arbeitergilden der Gegenwart' (1871-2). He has been professor at Breslau (1873), Strasburg, Vienna, Leipsic, Munich (1891). He supports the "Socialists of the Chair" (Kathedersozialisten) against the German free-trade school, and has written works on Wages) (1877); Labor in Relation to Land' (1877), and Compulsory Insurance for Workmen' (1881), on the English Chartists, on the Christian Socialist movement in England, and numerous polemical pamphlets.

Brent'ford, the county town of Middlesex, England, seven miles west of London. It has a Here weekly market and two annual fairs. Edmund Ironside defeated the Danes, under Canute, in 1016; and Prince Rupert a part of the parliamentary forces, under Col. Hollis, in 1642. Sion House, the magnificent edifice of the Duke of Somerset, where Lady Jane Grey resided, now belonging to the Duke of Northumberland, was built here on the site of a suppressed nunnery. Brentford has a considerable retail trade, a soap manufactory, and extensive sawing and planing mills. Pop. (1891) 13,738; (1901) 15,171.

Brenton, William, colonial governor: b. England, early in the 17th century; d. Newport, R. I., 1674. His family came to Rhode Island from Hammersmith, England, where they were of good social standing. Between 1635 and 1669 Brenton was the colony's representative at

Boston, lieutenant-governor, president of the colony, and governor under the Charles II. charter 1666-9. He was one of the nine original proprietaries of Rhode Island; he selected and surveyed the site of Newport, and built a large brick residence where Fort Adams now stands. Brenton's Point and Brenton's Reef in Narragansett Bay preserve his name. See 'Rhode Island Colonial Records,' Vols. I. and II., passim.

Brenz, Johann, yō'hän brents, German reformer: b. 1499; d. 1570. He was one of the authors of the Syngramma Suevicum, bearing upon the controversy with Zwingli and Ecolampadius, on the subject of the Lord's Supper. He was the most resolute among the opponents of the interdict of Charles V., escaping death only by resorting to flight.

Brereton, Austin, English journalist: b. Liverpool, England, 13 July 1862. He went to London in 1881, has been dramatic critic of 'The Sphere from 1901, and prior to that date was connected with The Stage); The Theatre; Sydney (N. S. W.) Morning Herald; and the Illustrated American,' New York. He has published Henry Irving's A Biographical Sketch' (1883); Some Famous Hamlets' (1884); 'Dramatic Notes' (1886); 'Shakespearean Scenes and Characters (1886); Romeo and Juliet on the Stage' (1890); Sarah Bernhardt' (1891); Gallery of Players' (1894); Short History of the Strand Theatre (1899); Cheltenham (1899); By the Silent Highway' (1901); Peg Woffington, On and Off the Stage (1901); The Well of St. Anne' (1901); 'A Ramble in Bath' (1901).

Brescia, bre'sha (Latin, Brixia), an episcopal city of Lombardy, Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, 40 miles northwest of Verona, on a fertile and beautiful plain on the banks of the rivers Mella and Garza. It is the capital of the province of the same name, and is a handsome and flourishing city, of a square form, about four miles in circuit, and surrounded by walls. Its streets are spacious, and its public buildings numerous, particularly its churches, which are further remarkable for the number and value of the paintings with which they are enriched. A few of them only, however, have much pretension to architectural beauty; among those that have are the cathedral, a handsome structure of white marble, and the Church of San Domenico. But, however plain in exterior appearance most of the Brescian churches may be, they are all richly decorated within with the most beautiful frescoes, and other creations of taste and art. The other buildings most worthy of notice are the Palazzo della Logia, and the Broletto. The first was intended for the palace of the municipality, or city hall. It is composed of the richest marbles, and was worked upon by the first architects of the 15th and 16th centuries successively. The Broletto, the ancient palace of the republic, combines the characters of fortress and city hall, and is surmounted by a great tower, whose deeply cleft Italian battlements produce a singularly grand effect. The whole is in a colossal style, and marked by the peculiar characteristics of the age in which it rose supposed to be about the end of the 12th, and beginning of the 13th century. The city contains also a lyceum, two gymnasia, an athenæum, a college, with a museum of antiquities,

and a botanic garden; a public library, with 30,000 volumes; a theological seminary, a handsome theatre, a corn exchange, an extensive hospital, and other educational and charitable establishments. There are 72 public fountains in the streets and squares, besides some hundreds of private ones. Outside the town is a cemetery, begun in 1815, designed by Vantini.

Brescia is a place of considerable trade and manufacturing industry. Near it are large ironworks, and its firearms are esteemed the best that are made in Italy. It has also silk, linen, and paper factories, tan-yards, and oil-mills, and is an important mart for raw silk. But it derives its greatest interest from its fine Roman remains, having been at one time the seat of a Roman colony. These first attracted attention in the 17th century; although, SO far as regards inscriptions, they had been objects of especial care to the citizens of Brescia for two centuries before this period, but it was not till 1820 that any very earnest efforts were made to bring the buried remains of entire buildings to light. Since that period some remarkable discoveries have been made, embracing besides numerous statues and inscriptions the beautiful marble temple of Vespasian, and a number of noble and magnificent Corinthian columns, with many fragments of moldings and ornaments, some gilt, and all of great elegance. Brescia was the seat of a school of painting of great merit, to which many eminent artists belonged, including Alessandro Bonvicino, commonly called "Il Moretto," who flourished in the 16th century, and was remarkable for the deep devotional feeling which he threw into his sacred subjects, as well as for his excellence as a portrait painter. The city is of great antiquity, having been the chief town of the Cenomani, a Gallic tribe, who were conquered by the Romans. It became the seat of a Roman colony under Augustus about 15 B.C., and afterward a municipium. In the year 412 it was burned by the Goths; and was soon afterward destroyed by Attila; but was rebuilt about the year 452. It was taken by Charlemagne in 774. In 936 Otho I. of Saxony declared it a free city, and it so remained for nearly three centuries, taking an active part in the feuds of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and ultimately put itself under the protection of Venice in 1426. In 1796 it was taken by the French, and was assigned to Austria by the general treaty signed at Vienna 9 June 1815. In 1849 it was involved in the commotions of continental Europe; its streets were barricaded, but the city was eventually captured by the Austrians under Gen. Haynau. It was ceded to Sardinia by the Treaty of Zürich in 1859. Pop. (1896) 67,500; (1901) 70,618.

Breslau, bres'low, a city of Germany, the second in size in the Prussian dominions, being exceeded in population only by the capital, Berlin; the capital of the province of Silesia. It is situated in a spacious plain at the confluence of the Ohlau and the Oder, the latter dividing in into two main portions (the largest on the left bank), which, with islands in the river, are connected by a large number of bridges. The streets of the older quarters are narrow, those of the newer broad. There are electric and other tramways. The public squares and buildings are handsome. The fortifications which surrounded the old or inner city have been con