CÆSAREA New York 1865); continued by Stoffel, His- Cæsarea, ses-a-re'a, the ancient name of Cæsarean Operation, a surgical operation, which consists in delivering a child by means of an incision made through the walls of the abdomen and womb. There are three cases in which this may be necessary: first, when the child is alive and the mother dead, either in labor or in the last two months of pregnancy; second, when the child is dead, but cannot be delivered in the usual way on account of the deformity of the mother or the disproportionate size of the child; and third, when both mother and child are living, but delivery cannot take place from the same causes as in the second case. In many instances both mother and child have survived this critical operation; and cases are known in which it has been successfully performed by the mother herself. The etymology of the name is doubtless from the Latin verb cadere, to cut; though a popular myth attributes it to Julius Cæsar, who, according to Pliny, was brought into the world in this manner. The operation appears to have been known from ancient times. See SURGERY. Cæsa'rion, the son of Julius Cæsar and Cæsa'rius, Saint, of Arles, French prelate CESIUM Cæsarius of Nazian'zus, Christian scholar of the 4th century. From Alexandria, where his education was received, he went to Constantinople and rose to distinction as a mathematician and physicist. In the Latin editions of Saint Gregory are four dialogues ascribed to him, and he is also credited with a work styled Contra Gentes.' Cæsar's Commentaries. This great work contains the narrative of Cæsar's military operations in Gaul, Germany, and Britain. It was given to the world in the year 51 B.C. Every victory won by Cæsar had only served to increase the alarm and hostility of his enemies at Rome, and doubt and suspicion were beginning to spread among the plebeians, on whom he chiefly relied for help in carrying out his designs. When public opinion was evidently taking the side of the Gauls and Germans the time had come for Cæsar to act on public opinion. Hence the 'Commentaries,' a hasty compilation made from notes jotted down in his tent or during a journey. As to its truthfulness we But if Cæsar cannot decide absolutely, the Gauls not having written their commentaries. sinned in this respect, it was probably by omission, not by commission. Things the Romans might not like he does not mention: the sole aim of the book is to gain their suffrages. There is no allusion to the enormous fortune - for instance, the Cæsar acquired by plunder. On the other hand, he speaks of his cruelties killing in cold blood of 20,000 or 100,000 prisonus is horrible, with a calmness that to but which the Romans would deem natural and proper. ers Cæsars, The Era of, also known as the Spanish Era, a period of time reckoned from I Jan. 38 B.C., being the year following the conquest of Spain by Augustus. It was much used in Africa, Spain, and the south of France; but by a synod held in 1180 its use was abolished in all the churches dependent on Barcelona. Pedro IV. of Aragon abolished the use of it in his dominions in 1350. John of Castile did the same in 1383. It was used in Portugal till 1415, if not till 1422. The months and days of this era are identical with the Julian calendar, and to turn the time into that of our era, subtract 38 from the year; but if before the Christian era, subtract 39. Cæsium, sē'zi-ům, a metallic element disthe form of the chloride, in a mineral spring covered in 1860 by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, in at Dürkheim, Bavaria. The metal is widely disseminated, but is seldom found in any consider state, but usually as the chloride or oxide, and able quantity. It never occurs in the metallic rubidium. Its most important source is the commonly associated with the rare element mineral pollucite (q.v.), or pollux, which is found on the island of Elba and in the vicinity of Hebron, Me., and which contains as much as 36 per cent of cæsium oxide, with no rubidium. Cæsium forms stable salts, and strongly resembles potassium in its chemical properties. It may be separated from this metal, however, by taking advantage of the fact that cæsium platinochloride is much less soluble in water than the corresponding potassium compound. Metallic caesium cannot be obtained by reducing the oxide with carbon, but is best prepared by the electrolysis of a fused mixture of the cyan CÆSTUS - CAGE-BIRDS ides of cæsium and barium, using aluminum electrodes. It is a silvery white metal, quite soft and ductile, and oxidizing rapidly upon exposure to the air. It also decomposes water with the production of sufficient heat to ignite the liberated hydrogen. Cæsium has a specific gravity of 1.88, and melts at about 80° F. Its chemical symbol is Cs, and its atomic weight is 133 (016). Its oxalate and nitrate are used to a limited extent in medicine. The spectrum of cæsium is characterized by two blue lines, from which circumstance the element takes its name (casius, bluish-gray). It is readily recognized by the spectroscope, and was the first element discovered by that instrument. Cæstus. See CESTUS. Casura, se-zu'ra (Lat., literally a cutting), in verse, the separation of the last syllable of any word from those which precede it, and the carrying it forward into another foot. The term originally belongs to classical verse, in which the cæsura renders the syllable on which it falls long (if not otherwise so), and is accompanied by a slight pause, hence called the cæsural pause, as in the following line: Ille latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho. See RHYTHM, VERSE. Caf, käf, or Kaf, a fabled mountain of the Mohammedans which encircles the whole earth. It is the home of giants and fairies, and rests upon the sacred stone Sakhral, one grain of which gives miraculous powers to its possessor. This stone is of an emerald color, and its reflected light is the cause of the tints of the sky. Café, kä-fā, a coffee-house, enlarged by American usage to include restaurants of all descriptions. Caffarelli, François Marie Auguste, fränswä mä-rē ô-güst käf-fa-rěl'lē, French general: b. Falga, Haute-Garonne, 7 Oct. 1766; d. 23 Jan. 1849. At the beginning of the revolution he was employed in the Sardinian army, but joined the army of the republic as a simple dragoon. In 1804 he was charged with the mission to Rome to induce the Pope to come to Paris to perform the ceremony of Napoleon's coronation, and on his return was made governor of the Tuileries. He was wounded at Austerlitz, accompanied Prince Eugene in Italy, and took part in the war in Spain. In 1814 he was chosen by Napoleon to conduct the empress and their son from Paris to Vienna. He retired from public life after the battle of Waterloo. Caffarelli, Gaetano Majorano, gä-a-tä'no mä-yō-rä'nō, Italian vocalist: b. Province of Bari, Italy, 16 April 1703; d. Naples, 30 April 1783. As a boy he was considered the finest soprano of his time, his only possible rival in later years being the famous Farinelli. Caffarelli du Falga, Louis Marie Joseph, loo-e mä-rẻ zhō-zěf käf-fa-rěl-le dü fal-ga, French general: b. Falga, 13 Feb. 1756; d. Syria, 27 April 1799. He protested against the right of the national assembly to dethrone the king, and was dismissed from the army and imprisoned. Being released and reinstated, he distinguished himself in the army of the Rhine, under Jourdan. He accompanied the expedition of Napoleon to Egypt. Caffeine, kǎf'fe-in, an alkaloid occurring in the coffee bean, and having the formula CHIN.O2. It is believed to be identical with the alkaloid theine, which occurs in tea, and also with guaranine (the alkaloid of guarana); and it is present in small amounts in cocoa. It may be prepared by adding basic acetate of lead to a strong decoction of coffee or tea until the tannin that is present has all been precipitated, removing excess of lead by a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen, and then evaporating the filtrate until the caffeine crystallizes out. When prepared in this manner caffeine consists of a mass of silky needles which contain more or less water. It is but slightly soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It has a bitter taste, and although it acts as a weak base its salts are decomposed by water. See also COFFEE. Saint Mary Parish, La., 10 Sept. 1835. He was Caffery, Donelson, American lawyer: b. educated at Saint Mary's College, Md., studied law and was admitted to the bar. He served in the Confederate army, 1861-5, was State senator in 1892, and United States senator, 18931901. From 1896 his political affiliations have been with the Gold Democrats. Caffi, Ippolito, ip-po-le'tō käf'fe, Italian artist: b. Bulluno, 1814; d. near Lissa, 20 July 1866. He studied in Venice and excelled in matters of perspective and effects of light. Among his chief works ars Isthmus of Suez'; and Carnival Scene on the Piazetta, Venice' (1855). He was killed on the Italian battleship Re d'Italia in a naval battle off Lissa, being present on that occasion with the design of painting a picture of the engagement. Caffraria. See KAFFRARIA. Caf'fyn, Kathleen Mannington (HUNT) ("IOTA"), English novelist: b. Waterloo House, County Tipperary, Ireland. She was trained as a hospital nurse, was married to Mannington Caffyn, a surgeon and author, and after his of "Iota." Her first book, 'A Yellow Aster' death began novel writing under the pseudonym (1894), attracted much attention. It is a "problem novel" and has been followed by 'Children of Circumstances' (1895); A Comedy in Poor Max Spasms'; 'A Quaker Grandmother) (1896); (1898); 'Anne Mauleverer' of Jill' (1901). (1899); The Minx' (1900); 'The Happiness Caftan, kǎf'tän, the national garment of the Turks, in the form of a loose gown, generally white, with pale-yellow flowers. It is made of woolen or silk stuff, and sometimes lined with costly fur. Cagayan, kä-ga-yän', an island of the Philippine group; the largest of six small islets, known as the Cagayan-Sulu group. It is five miles wide and eight miles long. Pop. (1900) 3.500. There are mountains attaining a height of 1,100 feet. The chief products are tobacco and sugar. There are pearl and shell fisheries. Cagayan was sold by Spain to the United States, with Cibitu, in 1900, upon payment of $100,000, having been inadvertently excluded from the terms of the treaty of peace. Cage-birds, birds kept in cages for the benefit or enjoyment afforded by their powers of song, beauty of plumage, ability to talk, or companionship. They have been so kept by CAGLIARI - CAGLIOSTRO human beings ever since prehistoric times. The first essential for the maintenance of birds in captivity is a cage as large as possible, and as nearly like the bird's original habitat as circumstances permit. Cleanliness is a prime necessity, and the bird should be given a constant fresh supply of water for bathing and drinking purposes, and as much fresh air and light as possible, always, however, avoiding draughts and the sun's direct rays. The food and necessary attention bestowed on the bird vary according to the species. Birds are captured by means of birdlime or a falling net, but many are taken from their nests when young, and so tamed, or are bred solely for market purposes. An important trade throughout Europe is the rearing of cage-birds, especially German canaries. The best-known songster, and probably the most popular cagebird, is the common canary (q.v.), originally a native of the Canary Islands. It is typical of captive birds generally, in the marked change produced by captivity and selective breeding, in coloring and size, from that in its original wild state. Other widely known and popular cagebirds are the nightingale, goldfinch, cardinal, mocking-bird, bullfinch, the Indian bulbul, several European thrushes, and others, all of which are fine singers. Among the birds kept because of their beauty are the parrakeets, love-birds, cockatoos, macaws, the whydah-bird, the painted finches, and others. Those imitating human speech are not so plentiful, consisting chiefly of the parrot, of which there are several species, and the starlings, especially the English species, and the Indian mina-bird (qq.v.). Owing to the change of climate, and especially the cold, nine tenths of the African parrots transported to Europe or North America die before learning to speak. It is advisable, therefore, to purchase such birds in the spring, thus giving them a chance to become gradually acclimated. In the case of all cage-birds most particular attention should be paid to their food, and overfeeding must be especially guarded against. Frequently ailments can be greatly benefited by a fresh supply of food given in smaller quantities. Insectivorous birds are most troublesome to care for in regard to food, as their diet is less easily obtained. In case of inability to procure the accustomed food, finely chopped meat should be substituted, and a reasonable quantity of spiders is always beneficial. The universal and most acceptable food to nearly all birds, however, is canary-seed, with which hemp, rape, or oats may frequently be mixed to advantage. Seed-eating birds should be given such fresh vegetable matter as soft green leaves, chickweed, or lettuce, at regular intervals. Sugar in small quantities is also beneficial, but acid fruits of all kinds should be avoided. A prime necessity in the rearing of cage-birds is something on which the bird may sharpen its bill. This is most easily supplied in the form of sandpaper, or, better, cuttle-fish bone, which is essential to the health of breeding birds. A bird's nails are apt to grow so long as to become troublesome to it, but in clipping them care should be taken to use a sharp pair of scissors, avoiding a possible injury to the foot by twisting. In case of illness due to overfeeding, a drop of castor oil may prove beneficial, especially if it is accompanied by a change of surroundings, quiet, and a simpler diet for a time. Consult: Bechstein, 'Cage and Chamber Birds'; and Greene, Notes on Cage Birds.' Cagliari, Paolo, pä'ō-la, käl-yä're. See VERONESE, PAOLO. coast. Cagliari, käl-yä're, Sardinia, the capital of the island situated on a hill slope near the south It consists of four parts: (1) the Castle or old town; (2) the Marina; (3) Estempache; (4) the Villa Nuova or new town. It is fortified, and is the residence of the viceroy and of an archbishop, and the seat of a university founded in 1596, and revived and remodeled in 1765. Cagliari has some manufactures, and is the chief emporium of the Sardinian trade. There are dockyards and a spacious and safe harbor. The "Castle" contains some important buildings, including palaces of the nobility. The cathedral, partly faced with marble, was completed in 1312, but afterward modernized. There are some interesting remains of Roman times, including an amphitheatre and ancient dwelling-houses. Cagliari was the residence of the kings of Sardinia from 1798 to 1814. It is connected by railway with the most important Sardinian towns. Pop. (1902) 55,300. Cagliostro, Allesandro, äl-les-än'drō kälyōs'trō (COUNT OF) (real name Giuseppe Balsamo), Italian charlatan: b. Palermo, 8 June 1743; d. St. Leon, Italy, 26 Aug. 1795. He entered the order of the Brothers of Mercy, where he found an opportunity to cultivate his talents for medical science, by which he afterward distinguished himself. But as he showed at the same time a great love of dissipation, he was compelled to separate from the order. He returned to Palermo, where, among other tricks, he deceived some credulous persons by his pretended skill in magic and the finding of hidden treasures. He also showed himself adroit in counterfeiting handwriting, and attempted to get possession of a contested estate by means of a forged document, but was discovered and was obliged to flee. He now determined to go to Rome, and in his journey through Calabria became acquainted with Lorenza Feliciani, daughter of a belt-maker, who appeared to him intended by fortune to assist his designs. He formed an intimacy with her, and they began their travels, in which he assumed the character of a man of rank, first appearing under the name of the Marquis Pellegrini, and finally under that of the Count Cagliostro. He traveled through many countries of Europe, stopped in the capital cities, and by his chemical mixtures, his tricks, and by the amours of his companion, gained considerable sums. He knew how to cheat with great ingenuity, and was always fortunate enough to preserve himself by an early flight, if men's eyes began to be opened, or waking justice threatened him with imprisonment. The discovery of the philosopher's stone, the preparation of a precious elixir vitæ, etc., were the pretenses by means of which he extracted considerable sums from credulous people. Many had recourse to his assistance, not indeed to be initiated into the mysteries of magic, but to purchase at a high rate different kinds of medicine, one of which was the water of beauty. This profitable business employed him many years; but his trade in medicine began to grow less lucrative, and he determined to seek his fortune as the founder of a new and secret sect. In pursuance of this plan he passed CAGNACCI - CAHENSLYISM himself off during his second residence in London for a freemason, and played the part of a magician and worker of miracles, in which character he drew upon himself the eyes of all the enthusiasts in Europe. The Countess Cagliostro, on her part, did not remain idle. She was the first and most perfect scholar of her husband, and ably played the part of a priestess to this new order. His plan for reviving an old Egyptian order, the founders of which he declared to be Enoch and Elias, contained a mass of absurdities, but his pretensions to supernatural power, the mystery with which his doctrines were enveloped, his pretended ability to work miracles, his healing the sick without pay, with the greatest appearance of generosity, and the belief that, as the Great Kophta (this name he had taken as the restorer of Egyptian masonry), he could reveal the secrets of futurity, gained him many friends and supporters. Cagliostro again traveled through Europe, and attracted great attention in Mittau, Strasburg, Lyons, and Paris. While in this last city (1785) he has the misfortune to be implicated in the scandalous affair of the necklace, and was banished the country as a confidant of Cardinal Rohan. He now returned to London, and sent many epistles to his followers, wherein he bitterly complained of the injury he had received in France, and painted the French court in the blackest colors. From London, where he could not long remain, he went to Basel and other cities in that quarter. But at length, listening to the repeated entreaties of his wife and other friends, he returned (1789) to Rome. Here he busied himself about freemasonry; but being discovered and committed to the Castle of St. Angelo, he was condemned by a decree of the Pope to imprisonment for life as a freemason, an arch heretic, and a very dangerous foe to religion. Cagnacci, kän-yä'che. See CANLASSI Cagnola, Luigi, loo-e'je kän-yo'la, MARCHESE, an Italian architect: b. Milan, 9 June 1762; d. Inveriga, 14 Aug. 1833. He was a member of the State Council, and was much engaged in political affairs. His most celebrated works are the Arco della Pace, "Arch of Peace," commenced in 1807 and finished in 1837; the Porta a Marengo, subsequently called Porta di Ticino (both built by order of Napoleon), at Milan; the Campanile, at Urgnano, completed in 1829, and the Mausoleum for the Metternich family. Cagnoli, kän-yo'lē, Antonio, Italian astronomer b. Zante, Ionian Islands, 1743; d. Verona, Italy, 1816. He was attached in his youth to the Venetian embassy at Paris, where, after the year 1776, he showed more love for astronomy than for diplomacy. Having settled in Verona in 1786 he constructed an observatory in his own house, by his observations in which he enriched the science of astronomy with many discoveries. After the destruction of his observatory by the French (1798), who, however, compensated him for his loss, his instruments were transferred to the observatory of Brera in Milan, and he was appointed professor of astronomy in the military school at Modena. His best works are Notizie Astronomiche adat. all' Uso comune) (1802): Trigonometria Piana e Sferica' (second edition, Bologna, 1804). Cagots, ka-go', a race or caste of men, living in the south of France in the region of the Pyrenees, regarded as pariahs or social outcasts. In former ages they were shut out from society as lepers, cursed as heretics, and abhorred as cannibals; their feet were bored with an iron, and they were forced to wear a piece of red cloth in the shape of a duck's foot on their clothes by way of distinction. The only trade they were allowed to follow was that of sawyers or carpenters. They had to enter the church by a special door, and had a special corner set apart for them with a holy-water vessel for themselves. Opinions are divided with regard to the origin of the Cagots, of whom there are now comparatively few. They have been considered by some to be remains of the Saracens conquered by Charles Martel. The most plausible conjecture is that which derives them from the Visigoths who established themselves in the south of France and in Spain in the 5th century. The origin of the name has been the subject of equal controversy. Among numerous derivations, is that from canis and gothus, "dogs of Goths." Others derive the name from a word simply meaning leper, and believe that the Cagots were originally lepers, who as such were expelled from the society of and intercourse with their fellowmen. Until the French Revolution the Cagots were not considered as citizens. Some remains of them, or of corresponding outcasts, are to be found under various names in different parts of France. Similar remains are also found among the mountains of North Spain. Consult Michel, 'Histoire des Races Maudites de la France et de l'Espagne.' Cahan, kä'han, Abraham, Russo-American journalist and novelist: b. Vilna, Russia, 7 July 1860. He came to the United States in 1882 and has edited several Yiddish periodicals in New York. He has written Yekl, a Tale of the New York Ghetto'; 'Raphael Narizokh,' in Yiddish; 'The Chasm'; The Imported Bridegroom and Other Stories'; The White Terror and the Red' (1904). Cahawba, ka-ho'ba, a river of Alabama, rises in Jefferson County, and after passing through a rich coal region, joins the Alabama at Cahawba, in Dallas County. It is navigable by small boats for 100 miles. Cahens'lyism, a popular name given to a movement in the United States in 1891, among Roman Catholics speaking other languages than English, to have bishops or priests of their respective nationalities appointed over them. It took its name from Herr Cahensly, a layman, secretary of St. Raphael's Society for the protection of German Catholic immigrants to this country, on the supposition that he was the chief inspirer of the movement. On a visit to the United States in 1893 Herr Cahensly denied his connection with the scheme. It was vigorously opposed by most of the English-speaking prelates of the Roman Catholic Church in this country. It received no official sanction by the Vatican authorities, and, after considerable agitation in the Catholic and secular press, died out. As a matter of fact, owing to the large immigration of Roman Catholics speaking foreign tongues, priests of their respective nationalities are often appointed to administer to their spiritual needs. This is CAHORS - CAIN especially notable in the instance of the Italians. To meet this necessity in the archdiocese of New York, the study of Italian is now made compulsory in its diocesan seminary for all candidates for the priesthood. Cahors, ka-ōr, France, (ancient CADURCUM), capital of the department of Lot, and on the river of that name, 60 miles north of Toulouse. It is nearly surrounded by the river, and communicates with the opposite shore by three bridges, one of which is ancient. Before the conquest of Gaul by Cæsar it was the capital of the Cadurci, and under the Romans, who gave it the name of Divona, it was adorned with a temple, theatre, baths, an immense aqueduct, and forum. Several Roman roads can still be traced in its vicinity. Among the principal edifices are the cathedral, an irregular structure, supposed to be partly Roman; an episcopal palace, now converted into the prefecture; three old churches; barracks; a theatre; and a lyceum or college. Cahors had formerly a university, which was united with that of Toulouse in 1751. It was founded in 1322 by Pope John XXII., a native of the town. The celebrated jurist Cujas was a professor, and Fénelon a student in it. To the latter an obelisk has been erected. The manufactures are insignificant; but a considerable trade is carried on in the red wine of the district, and in brandy. Coal is worked in the vicinity. Clément Marot, the poet, was born here. Cahors was given up to the English by the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360. It revolted, and returned to France in 1428. Pop. (1902) about 15,000. Caiaphas, ka'ya-fas, the high-priest of the Jews at the time when the crucifixion took place. Previously, when the resurrection of Lazarus had spread dismay among the Jewish functionaries, it was Caiaphas who suggested the expediency of putting the Saviour to death, and when he was arrested in Gethsemane he was carried first to Annas, and then to Caiaphas, from whom he was transferred to the hands of the civil authority. Caiaphas was deposed, 35 A.D., and Jonathan, son of Annas, appointed in his stead. Caibarien, ki-bä-re-ān', Cuba, a town of the province of Santa Clara, situated on the northern seacoast; it has sponge fisheries and some trade. Pop. about 8,000. Caicos, ki'kōs, Cayos, or The Keys (from the Spanish cayo, a rock, shoal, or islet), one of the island groups comprehended under the general name of the Bahamas, belonging to Great Britain, consisting of six islands besides some uninhabited rocks; between lat. 21° and 22° N. corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences, becoming a full member in 1884. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1889. Cailliaud, Frédéric, frā-de-rik ka-yō, French traveler: b. Nantes, France, 9 June 1787; d. there, I May 1869. In examining the mineral resources of Egypt, he rediscovered the ancient emerald mines of Jebel Zobara, near the Red Sea; and his report of a journey to Siwah, led to its annexation by Egypt in 1820. In 1821-2 he accompanied Ibrahim Pasha's expedition to the White Nile, and his Journey to Meroe' (1826-7), contained the first reliable information of that district. He also published (Voyage à Oasis de Thebes' (1821). In 1827 he settled as conservator of the Natural History Museum at Nantes, where he died. him Arabic. On his travels he dressed in a Caillie, René, rẻ-nā ka-ya, French traveler: b. Mauzé, Poitou, France, 19 Sept. 1799; d. traveler early in his career, obtaining his livParis, 8 May 1838. He became an African ing by trading with the Moors, who taught Arabic style and passed as an Egyptian. Having gone to Senegal he learned that the Geographical Society of Paris had offered premium of 10,000 francs to the first traveler he reached for the first time the shores of the who should reach Timbuctoo. On 13 June 1827 about 200 miles eastwardly over territories never Niger, which he crossed. He then traveled visited before, arriving at Timé 3 August. Here he was detained by illness until 9 Jan. 1828, when he struck on a new road previously unknown to geographers, and reached Jenne on II March. Here he embarked for Timbuctoo, where he arrived about II April, after one month's sail on the Niger. After a short stay of a fortnight, and after a tedious and painful return passage through the desert, he reached Fez, 12 August, and from there returned to France. On his arrival at Toulon he was received with the utmost enthusiasm. He was the first European who ever returned from Timbuctoo, and who had achieved success, while expeditions supported by government had resulted in failure. A special prize of 10,000 francs was awarded to him by the Geographical Society, with the annual prize of 1,000 francs for the most important discovery. The order of the Legion of Honor was conferred upon him by the king, and he became, at the same time, the recipient of a salary in connection with an office, to which he was appointed in the Senegal service. Furthermore, a pension from the fund set apart for eminent literary and scientific men rior, and his Journal d'un voyage à Timboukwas decreed to him by the minister of the intetou et Jenné, dans l'Afrique centrale, etc.,' with and lon. 71° and 73° W. The largest, called the Great Key, is about 30 miles long. They are wooded and tolerably fertile, and at one time produced cotton, but at present the inhab-geographical data added by Jomard, was pubitants are few in number, and mostly engaged lished at the expense of government, and apin fishing and the preparation of salt. In 1873 peared at the beginning of 1830 in three volumes. the Turks Islands and the Caicos were united into a commissionership under the governor of Jamaica. Pop. 1,784. Cailletet, Louis Paul, loo-e põl ka-ye-tā, French chemist: b. Châtillon-sur-Seine, 1832. He studied at the School of Mines in Chatillon and subsequently gave especial attention to original research. He was able to liquefy both oxygen and nitrogen in 1877 and was at once elected Caiman. See CAYMAN. Cain, the eldest son of Adam and Eve; the first murderer, who slew his brother Abel. For the biblical account of Cain and his descendants see Gen iv.-vii. Modern biblical scholars assume that Genesis iv. is a composite of stories relating to several Cains. The posterity of Cain became extinct at the flood. Cain founded the first city, and his descendants were the first |