CAMARGUE-CAMBACERES the Jurassic strata near Cañon City, Col., was the first of these gigantic animals discovered in America. It was deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The length of this animal was estimated by Prof. Cope at 75 feet; its name was suggested by the hollow-chambered vertebræ of the back and neck. The atlantosaurus, of which the femur is over six feet long and two feet across at the head, was probably the same animal. Camargue, La, la ka-märg', France, an island in the department of Bouches-duRhône, formed at the mouth of the river by its two principal branches. It has an area of about 300 square miles. It is protected from the inundations of the river by dykes, and is mostly an unhealthy tract of pools and marshes, only a small portion of its being culivated. Horses and cattle are raised on the island. Camarilla, a word first used in Spain, but now in other countries also, to express the influence of certain persons in obstructing the operation of the official organs of government. When Ferdinand VII., in 1814, returned to Spain, he was surrounded by flatterers, who prevailed upon him to violate his promise of giving the people a constitution. They were called camarilla either from the room where they remained in waiting, or in allusion to the Council of Castille (Camara de Castilla). Until the revolution of 1820 the camarilla consisted mostly of men without talent, but passionately opposed to everything new; but when the king recovered his power in 1823 they became more influential and have since repeatedly interfered with the ministers. The thing itself is old enough; priests, favorites, and women have often formed camarillas in monarchies and other governments. Camarina, kä-ma-rē'na, Sicily, an ancient town on the southern coast of the island, founded by a colony from Syracuse, about 600 B.C. Its first overthrow, which occurred 553 B.C., was the result of a revolt from the parent city. On its reduction it was razed to the ground, but was afterward rebuilt. It was in an exposed position in the Roman and Carthaginian wars, and was several times taken, retaken, and destroyed. Scarcely any vestiges of the ancient town remain. portation; but the chief occupation of the inhabitants of the Camarines is the culture of the pineapple, and the manufacture of pina cloth (q.v.). The women of the Camarines are esteemed the most skilful embroiderers in Luzon of the delicate pina. The skill of the women of these provinces is also singularly displayed in the working of gold and silver filigree. All the artificers in precious metals are women; and some articles of jewelry, especially their neck chains, are very beautiful. The agriculture of the Camarines indicates in some respects a degree of progress beyond that of the other provinces of the island. The ox, and occasionally the horse, are used in plowing, instead of the slow, unwieldy buffalo, so generally preferred by the native East Indian farmer. The Camarinians have also discarded the primitive plow, formed from a single piece of crooked timber, with a point hardened by fire; and have substituted in its place a more modern style of implement. The provinces have welltraversed by substantial stone bridges. The constructed roads; and many of the rivers are Naga River, which drains the lakes Bato, Baao, Buhi, and Iryga, and empties into the Bay of San Miguel, is navigable about 40 miles for The industrial development of these provinces vessels drawing not more than 13 feet of water. has been accompanied by a notable increase in small exception, of the brown race of the Philippopulation; and this being composed, with but pines, which has yielded so readily to the influences of Christian civilization. The Camarines have not had their progress retarted, like other provinces of Luzon, by the troublesome presence of the wild negrito race. Camass-rat, ka-mås-răt, a pocket-rat of the northwestern United States, similar to the gopher (q.v.). Its chief food is the camass (Camasia esculenta). Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis, zhōn zhäk rā-zhē kän-ba-sã-rās, Duke of Parma, French statesman: b. Montpellier, 18 Oct. 1753; d. Paris, 8 March 1824. His zeal and talents soon obtained him distinction, and the office of a counselor at the cour des comptes at Montpellier. At the beginning of the Revolution he received several public offices, became in September 1792 a member of the Convention, and Cam'arines, North and South, Philippines, labored in the committees, particularly in the two provinces in the southeastern part of the committee of legislation. On 12 Dec. 1792 he island of Luzon. The name is also ap- was commissioned to inquire of Louis XVI. plied more vaguely to the whole of the whom he desired for his counsel, and it was on southeastern peninsula of the island. The his motion that the counsel was allowed to Camarines provinces are bounded north by communicate freely with the king. In January the province of Tayabas; south by the prov- 1793 he declared Louis guilty, but disputed the ince of Albay, which forms the southern extrem- right of the Convention to judge him, and voted ity of the peninsula; east by the Pacific Ocean; for his provisory arrest, and in case of a hosand west by the great Bay of Ragay. The for- tile invasion, death. On 24 January he was mation of the peninsula is volcanic; the Caraval- chosen secretary of the Convention. As a memlos range of mountains extends its whole ber of the Committee of Public Safety he relength, from north to south, and seven of its ported, in the session of 26 March, the treason peaks are active volcanoes. One of them, of Dumouriez. In August and October 1793 which is continually emitting smoke and flame, he presented his first plan for a civil code, in is well known to mariners coming from the which his democratical notions were displayed. east, and forms a kind of natural lighthouse. He was a member of the Council of the Five The most important product is rice. The Hundred, where he presented a new plan for a soil of the two provinces possesses the code civil. This Projet de Code Civil, 1796, besame remarkable fertility which accompa- came subsequently the foundation of the nies all the volcanic formations through- Code Napoléon. On 20 May 1797 he left out the archipelago. Tobacco, sugar, coffee, his seat in the council. A year afterward cocoa, and indigo, are largely produced for ex- he appeared among the electors of Paris; CAMBALUC-CAMBODIA and after the revolution of the 30th Prairial, VII. (19 June 1799), was made minister of justice. On the 18th of Brumaire he was chosen second consul, and in that office made the administration of justice the chief object of his attention. After Napoleon had ascended the throne, Cambacérès was appointed arch-chancellor of the empire, and after obtaining many high distinctions, became in 1808 Duke of Parma. During the campaign against the allied powers in 1813, Cambacérès was made president of the council of regency. At the approach of the allies in 1814 he followed the government to Blois, and from that place sent his consent to the abdication of the emperor. When Napoleon returned in 1815 Cambacérès was again made archchancellor and minister of justice, and subsequently president of the Chamber of Peers. After the second fall of Napoleon he was banished, as a regicide, but in 1818 was permitted to return. Cambaluc, käm-ba-look', the name by which the city we now know as Pekin became known to Europe during the Middle Ages. It was the form given by Marco Polo (q.v.) to the Tartar word, Khambalu. Cambay, kăm-bā', British India, a seaport of Hindustan, Bombay presidency, the chief town of a native state of the same name, at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, 82 miles northnorthwest of Surat. It was once a place of importance, but owing to the silting-up of the harbor, has greatly declined. The tides rush in with violence, and rising from 30 to 40 feet, enable the largest vessels to approach the shore; but again, at ebb, leave them dry. Among the buildings are several mosques and Hindu temples, and many religious structures of the Jains. The natives are expert jewelers and goldsmiths, and agate, carnelian, and onyx ornaments are exported. The trade is chiefly in cotton, ivory, and grain; the latter product being shipped to Bombay. Pop. 31,390. The state has an area of 350 square miles, and a population of 89,722. Cambert, Robert, rō-bar kän-bar, French musician: b. Paris, about 1628; d. London, 1677. He founded the Royal Academy of Music, now the Paris Grand Opera. He was the first French opera composer, his works including 'La Pastorale (1659), the first French opera; Pomone (1671); Ariadne'; and Adonis. For 22 years he was associated with the Abbe Perrin in the conduct of French opera, and going to England subsequently became "Master of the Music" to Charles II. Cam'berwell, England, a parliamentary and municipal borough of London, on the south of the Thames, in Surrey, between Lambeth and Deptford. Its three divisions, North Camberwell, Peckham, and Dulwich, each return one member to Parliament. Pop. (1901) 259,258. See LONDON. Camberwell Beauty, the common English name of the Vanessa antiopa, a large and beautiful butterfly found in Great Britain, but much more common on the continent of Europe and in North America, where it is called Mourning Cloak (q.v.). It measures three inches or more between the extremities of its extended wings, which are of a dark-brown color, with a broad light-yellow border, and a row of blue spots near the edge. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the birch, willow, and poplar. When fully grown the caterpillar is black, with brightred spots along the back, and small spines over the whole body. Cambiaso, käm-be-ä'sō, Luca (called LUCHETTO DA GENOVA), Italian painter: b. Moneglia, 1527; d. Madrid, 1585. His best works are the Martyrdom of St. George'; and the Rape of the Sabines.' Late in life, at the invitation of Philip II., he visited Madrid, and executed a fine composition, representing the Assemblage of the Blessed,' on the ceiling of the Escurial. Cambier, kän-bē-ā, Ernest, Belgian explorer: b. Ath, 1844. He entered the army, serving as adjutant on the general's staff, and in 1877 went as geographer on the first expedition of the International African Association, under the leadership of Crespel. The latter died in Zanzibar in 1878, and Cambier became leader. Accompanied by Wauters and Dutrieux, he started for the interior from Bagamoyo, and after a difficult journey reached Unyamwezi; after the death of Wauters and Dutrieux's return to Europe, he went on to Karema on Lake Tanganyika. Here, in September 1879, he established the first post and scientific station of the association, and remained there till 1882. He published Rapports sur les Marches de la première Expédition de l'Association internationale.' Cam'bium, in botany, the layer of delicate thin-walled cells separating the wood from the bast in a great many stems and in a cross section appearing as a ring. The growth of the stem takes place by the deposition on the outside of the wood, of new wood-layers formed from the cambium, and on the inside of the bast, of new layers of bast formed from the outer cells of the cambium layer. In conifers and dicotyledonous woody perennials the primary bundles are arranged in a circle, and their cambium layers are thus made to form a more or less continuous ring of cambium in the stem. By the deposition of new layers of wood and bast regularly taking place, especially in spring, at the inner and outer surfaces of this cambiumring, the stem is caused to increase in thick ness. Cambles, a gluttonous king of Lydia, who is said to have eaten his own wife, and afterward killed himself for the act. Cambo'dia, or Camboja, Indo-China, nominally a state under a French protectorate, but lower course of the Mekong, 220 miles from practically a French dependency, situated on the northeast to southwest, and 150 miles broad, comprising an area of 40,530 square miles. It is bounded on the southeast and south by Gulf of Siam; on the north by Siam; on the French Cochin-China; on the southwest by the east, toward Anam, where the frontier traversing imperfectly explored territories is vague, by the territories of independent Mois tribes. The coast, 156 miles long, indented about the middle by the Bay of Kompong-Som, offers but one port, Kampot. Among the numerous islands along the coast are Kong, Rong, Hon-NanTrung, etc., most of them inhabited. The principal river, the Mekong (in Cambodian, TonléTom, "Great River"), flows through Cambodia etc. CAMBODIA - CAMBRAI from north to south, as far as Chen-Tel-Pho, the legislative assembly, and while supporting and thence southwest till, at the town of PnomPenh, it divides into two arms, the Han-Giang, or Bassac, and the Tien-Giang, or Anterior River, both flowing south. Above Pnom-Penh is a north-northwest outlet for the surcharge of the Tonlé-Tom, the Tonlé-Sap ("Sweet Water River"), expanding into the Great Lake, 100 miles by 25 miles in area, with a depth of 65 feet at its maximum magnitude. The greater part of the country is low and well watered and heavily timbered. The climate presents a dry and a wet season (June to November) and is fairly healthy. The soil is very fertile, producing large quantities of rice, besides maize, sugarcane, cotton, betel, tobacco, indigo, coffee, Timber is abundant. Gold and precious stones are found, besides iron, tin, and limestone. Cattle are exceedingly numerous. Among wild animals are the elephant, wild buffalo, deer, and tiger. The Cambodians were formerly a highly cultured and civilized race. Various architectural remains, witnessing to former greatness, are found throughout the country. The present population is very mixed. The religion is Buddhism. In early times Cambodia was a powerful state to which even the kings of Siam paid tribute, but it gradually fell into decay, until about the close of the 18th century the Siamese annexed part of Cambodia to their own land, and reduced the rest of the country to a state of dependency. France, on II Aug. 1863, concluded a treaty with the king of Cambodia, Nerodom, placing Cambodia under a French protectorate. This treaty was superseded by that of 17 June 1884, under which the king of Cambodia accepted all the reforms, administrative, judiciary, financial, and commercial, which the government of France might institute. The chief imports are salt, sugar, wine, and various manufactured goods, such as textiles, and arms; the exports include salt-fish, spices, cotton, tobacco, and rice. The capital is PnomPenh. Pop. 1,500,000. Cambodia, or Mekong, a large river of southeastern Asia, which rises in Tibet, passes through Yunnan, a province of China, Laos, Anam, Cambodia, and French Cochin-China, and falls into the Chinese Sea by several mouths, after a course of about 2,600 miles. Its navigation is much interrupted by sand-banks, rapids, etc., at various points of its middle and upper course. The Tonle Sap ("Great Lake"), on the frontiers of Cambodia and Siam, is connected with the Mekong. Cambon, Jules Martin, zhül mär-tăn kän bôn, French diplomatist: b. Paris, 5 April, 1845. He studied for the law and fought in the Franco-Prussian war, reaching the grade of captain. Entering the civil service, he became prefect of Constantine in 1878, prefect of the Department du Nord in 1882, prefect of the Rhone in 1887, governor-general of Algeria in 1891, and ambassador to the United States in 1897. He represented Spain in drawing up the Spanish-American protocol in 1898. Cambon, Pierre Joseph, pē ar zhō-zěf, French statesman: b. Montpellier, 17 June 1754; d. Brussels, 15 Feb. 1820. Engaged in commercial pursuits, he became interested in the Revolution, and on hearing of the flight of Louis XVI. he caused the republican government to be proclaimed in his native town. He was sent to the cause of democracy, gave particular attention to financial matters. Most of the great measures which enabled the government to get through the revolutionary period were suggested or controlled by him; and to him the honor is due of having laid the foundation of the modern financial system of France. He promoted the confiscation of the estates of the émigrés in 1792, and made, after 10 August, a report in which he argued that Louis XVI., having held a secret correspondence with the enemies of France, was guilty of high treason. He presided over the last sittings of the legislative assembly, and afterward took his seat as a member of the Convention. Here he opposed with equal energy the partisans of monarchy and of terrorism. When Louis XVI. was arraigned before the Convention, he voted for his immediate death, and against the appeal to the people. He opposed the creation of the revolutionary tribunal, and insisted upon trial by jury. At the opening of the Convention, he had been appointed member of the Committee on Finances; 7 April 1793 he entered the Committee of Public Safety. On 2 June, when the Girondists were threatened by the infuriated mob calling for their proscription, he boldly took his place among them, hoping to be able, through his name of the Committee on Public Safety, to save them from violence and arrest. The next year he made another report on the administration of finances, which is considered a masterpiece of financial ability, and gives a full sketch of the plan which was afterward adopted for the regular registration of public debt. In the conflict which brought on the revolution of the 9th Thermidor, Cambon took part against Robespierre and his adherents; but though he had been instrumental in their defeat, he was charged with having been their accomplice, and a warrant was issued against him. He succeeded in baffling the search for him, and on the amnesty proclaimed by the Convention on its adjournment, he retired to an estate in the vicinity of Montpellier, where he devoted himself to agriculture. In 1815 he was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies. On the second return of the Bourbons, he was exiled as a regicide. Cambon, Pierre Paul, pē ar pōl, French diplomatist: b. Paris, 20 Jan. 1843. He was graduated at the Ecole Polytechnique in 1863, and, after serving as secretary to Jules Ferry, became secretary of prefecture for the AlpesMaritimes, prefect of the Aube, and French resident-general in Tunis. He was appointed ambassador to Spain in 1886, was transferred to Constantinople in 1890, and to London in 1898. Cam'borne, England, a market town of Cornwall, II miles northwest of Falmouth, situated on the slope of a gently rising hill. There is a granite church in the Perpendicular style, restored in 1862, and several other places of worship. It also contains a market-hall, a mining-school, a working-man's institute, and a museum of mineralogy. Near it are tin and copper mines. Pop. (1901) 14,726. Cambrai, kän-brā, or Cambray, France (Flemish, KAMBRYK), a fortified city on the Scheldt, in the department Nord, 45 miles south of Lille. From this place the linen cloth known by the name of cambric got its name. Cambrai |