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WITHERSPOON, John, D. D., LL. D., president of the college at Princeton, New Jersey, was born in Yester, Scotland, February 5, 1722, and educated at Edinburgh. He was settled in the ministry, first at Beith, and afterwards at Paisley, and became one of the most distinguished of the Scottish clergy for talents and influence. He published while there his Characteristics, and beeame the leader of the orthodox part of the clergy. He was invited to remove to several distinguished cities in Europe, but, at length, accepted an appointment to the presidency of the college at Princeton, New Jersey, and came to that state, with his family, in 1768. The war of the revolution dispersed the students, and left him at leisure to engage in civil employments, to which he was almost immediately called. He was elected a member of the convention which formed

the constitution of New Jersey, and, in 1776, was appointed a member of congress, and retained a seat in that body till the conclusion of peace. His name is affixed to the Declaration of Independence, and the Articles of Confederation. After the war, the college was re-opened, and he returned to his duties there. During the last two years of his life, he suffered the loss of his sight. He died November 15, 1794, in the seventy-third year of his age. He possessed a mind of great vigor and activity, of uncommon shrewdness and humor. His learning was very various and extensive, and his discernment of character singularly keen. His preaching was characterized by perspicuity and energy. He was an able politician, and a zealous friend of liberty, and a highly amiable, amusive, and instructive companion. His works have been published in 4 vols., 8vo.

Note referred to on page 502 of this Volume.

Since this volume was put in type, we have received the work of Messrs. De Beaumont and De Toqueville on the Penitentiary System in the United States (Paris, 1833). These gentlemen were sent by the French government to inquire into the state of the American prisons, and to give a report on the systems here adopted. Their work (a translation of which is now making in this country) contains, as may be supposed, much valuable information on the Auburn system, as well as on that practised in the Eastern penitentiary, near Philadelphia; and the report on the health of the convicts in solitary confinement, according to the Pennsylvania plan, is highly satisfactory.

ERRATA.

The following list contains the errata which have been found during the preparation of this work. These have been corrected as fast as discovered, so that they do not appear in the later copies.

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p. 190, Almond' is put by mistake after 'Almoner.' p. 194, 1. 4, Rhætian' read Rhætian;'—l. 14, 12,859' read '14,859.'

p. 202, 1. 38, 'Pasco' read Vasco.'

p. 208, 1. 16, 1497' read' 1499;'-1. 17, omit the word likewise.'

p. 211, 1. 48, 'Hartford, Connecticut' should be New York.'

p. 224, 'Ana Santa, a comma is wanted after ‘Ana.' p. 240, 1. 1,24,441' read '21,441.'

p. 250, 1. 21 from bottom, strike out 'S. Tomas de Angostura ;-I. 18 and 19 from bottom, strike out 140 miles N. of Santa Fe de Bogota, on the Magdalena river,' and insert south side of river Oronoco, about 90 leagues from its mouth.'

p. 259, 1. 22, Bidke' read' Bielke.'

p. 260, 1. 5 from bottom, 'port' read' fort.'

p. 285, 1. 40,

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Lamothe' read 'Lamotte.'

p. 360, 1. 2, bishop' read 'presbyter.' p. 375, 1. 28,

Socinius' read 'Socinus.'

p. 410, Ashmole' is placed by mistake before 'Ashantee.'

p. 450, Atooi is said to be supposed to contain 54,000 inhabitants. The population is probably not over 12,000.

p. 474, 1. 43, '125' read '275.'

p. 497, 1. 41, for by Charlemagne to,' read 'to Charlemagne by.'

p. 499, 1. 43, for expelled from Moravia,' read destroyed by the Moravians.'

p. 584, l. 25, 1661' read 1611.'

VOL. II.

Page 20, 1. 16 from bottom, 1530' read ' 1546.' p. 75, 1. 29, Dessaix' read 'Desaix.'

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p. 93, 1. 4 from bottom, 4291' read 3733.' p. 181. Some mistakes on this page are corrected in the note to the first page of the article 'Joseph Bonaparte.'

p. 208, 1. 4, for has described his own life at length,' read his life has been written by M. de Bausset ;-1. 20 from bottom, 48,281' read 58,281.'

p. 248, 1. 20 from bottom, for are administered by the representatives of the people,' read 'rest on a transfer of power by the people.'

p. 329, 1. 35, '883' read '888.'

p. 354, 1. 15 from bottom, Dover' read 'London.' p. 357, 1. 17 from bottom, Paris' read 'Pisa.'

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p. 412, 1. 13, Machmud' read 'Mahmud.'

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p. 486, 1. 30, Moravia' read 'Moldavia.'

p. 491, 1. 9, for 3000' read '30,000.'

p. 492, 1. 15 from bottom. Cape Haytien is erroneously stated to be the capital of Hayti.

VOL. III.

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Page 30, 1. 1 and 2, Burying-Ground' read 'Burying-Places.'

p. 184. The view of the expense of the clergy in England, compared with that of the clergy in the rest of the world, was taken from a statement made during the short sway of the constitutional governments in Spain and Portugal, when the income of the clergy in those countries was much reduced, and therefore is true only of that time.

p. 226, 1. 15 from bottom, Clerfati' read' Clerfait.' p. 346, 1. 10 and 11, 'Columbarii' read 'Columbaria.'

p. 351, 1. 23, 2 vols.' read '4 vols.,' and 1825' read 1828."

p. 479. The qualifications of voters in New York should be stated thus:-Citizenship, residence of a year in the state, and six months in the county, immediately preceding the election. For people of color, a freehold of $250 (the taxes on which have been paid), and three years' citizenship, with residence one year immediately before the

election.

p. 526, 1. 9 from bottom, Quatremères' read 'Quatremère.'

VOL. IV.

Page 28, in the paragraph headed Sentences of Death,' the words annual average' belong only to the first three lines. The word 'total' should be substituted in the following lines, and the words in the whole,' now set against Scotland, in the 4th line, struck out.

p. 96, 1. 15, Methodicus' read 'Methodius.' p. 108, 1.9 from bottom, Bürgschafs' read Burgschaft.'

p. 189, 1. 29, Opite' read 'Opitz.'

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p. 199, 1. 2, Bauer' read Baner.'

p. 211. The lives of the two earls of Essex will be found on page 211, under the head of 'Devereux.' p. 292, 1.9 from bottom, 1,0000' read 10,000.' p. 314, 1. 11, miles square' read 'square miles.' p. 348, 1. 23 from bottom, Lutzen' read Bautzen.' p. 371, 1. 29, for after March 14' read following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.' p. 396, 1. 12, for 2 hours' read 4 hours 29 minutes 44 seconds.'

p. 399, 1. 27 from bottom, miles' read 'feet.' p. 524, 1. 15 from bottom, put the word 'Memorial ' after Las Cases.'

p. 573, 1. 37, Erastostratus' read Heratostratus.' p. 608, in note, 6 lines from bottom, 213 should be 213

p. 609. In this table (as given in many copies of this work), owing to an accident in printing, the

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p. 216, line 31, 'marquis' read ' general.” p. 263, 1. 32, plain" read plane.'

p. 282, 1. 16 from bottom, invaded' read ceded.' p. 292, Marlborough' is put before Mari.'

p. 334, 1. 19, 'was' read 'is;'-1. 24, 'could read 'can.'

p. 366. The value of the French metre is stated twice on this page with some difference. The second statement is correct.

p. 387, 1. 22 from bottom, strike out the stop between vegetable' and 'physiology.'

p. 451, 1. 7, western' read 'eastern."

p. 533, 1. 20 from bottom, Marsham' read Marsbman.'

p. 571, article 'Mona.' The marquis of Ange sea is said to have been created duke of Mona S 1831. This is a mistake.

VOL. IX.

Page 303, 1. 17 from bottom, the celebrated Whebread, speaker in parliament,' read Whitbread, the celebrated parliamentary orator.'

p. 352, last line but one, Nystadt' read Nystadt.' p. 417, 1. 32, Vornehmsten 'read' Vornehmsten.'

p. 421, 1. 12 from bottom, as read'or."

p. 426, last line of left column, der' read' des

p. 465, 1. 14. Knorr' read 'Schnorr."

p. 501, 1. 22 from bottom, insert ‘its removal ' le foremoreover.'

p. 531, 1. 17, Francaise' read Francais." p. 587, 1. 20, and some other places in the sam article, Chautauqua' read · Chautauque.'

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Volta (Alessandro).

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22 Waadtland, or Die Waadt. 35 Waller (sir William)

Voltaic Pile (see Galvanism) 23 Wabash
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Vondel (Joost van der).....
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