popularity of the king, discontents and political divisions continued in full force throughout his dominions. It was no longer doubtful, however, that the government, with M. Casimir Périer at their head, felt increased strength. Accordingly, M. Anthony Thowret, editor of the Révolution newspaper, was prosecuted, and sentenced by the court of assizes to three months' imprisonment and a fine of 5000 francs, for an article published by him, calculated to bring the king's government into batred and contempt; and, on an attempt being made to consecrate the column in the place Vendome as an altar to the name of Napoleon, on which occasion the public strewed the rails, the column itself, and the area between, with dedicated books, prints, writings, votive garlands, crowns, wreaths, &c., the prefect of police, with the national guards, repaired speedily to the spot, turned out the worshippers, and actually swept the whole of the offerings from before the popular idol, without resistance. About the same period, a medal was decreed to be struck for the decoration of those who principally distinguished themselves during the days of July." This decree, however, was not carried into execution without jealousy and contention. The ministry designated the ornament as donné par le roi (given by the king), and required an oath to Louis Philippe and the charter. The individuals for whose honor the decoration was designed, objected to the reception of that from the king which they had earned from the nation; and the consequence is stated to have been that, out of 1528 persons, to whom the medal was assigned, upwards of 1000 refused to accept it on the terms proposed. In the midst of this anarchy, the king of the French, with that prudential foresight and conciliatory disposition which have characterized most of his movements, determined on a tour through the provinces of his dominions, one of his objects having doubtless been to attach to his person, by so popular a course, a large portion of his subjects, who might otherwise have been disposed to join the disaffected. During this progress, his majesty was received every where with great enthusiasm. At St. Germain, Poissy, Nantes, Dieppe and other places, he reviewed different bodies of the national guards, amid the acclamations of the populace, who, from St. Cloud to the limits of the department of the Seine and Oise, formed a line on each side of the high road, with banners, tri-colored flags and VOL. XIII. 39

branches of trees. Yet, notwithstanding these loyal demonstrations, France still contained all the elements of political excitement; and to cope with the agitation arising from the conflicting elements, was no easy task to a newly-established government; but, by the active coöperation of the national guard, the efforts of the authorities had hitherto been successful in repressing the numerous tumults with which they had been compelled to contend. In the early part of June, France declared war against Portugal, with the following claims: "Liberty to Bonhomme, with 20,000 francs of indemnity, and the dismissal of his judges; the recall of Claude Souvinet from banishment; an indemnity of 6000 francs to each of the Gambergs and Vallons detained at Oporto, and 10,000 francs to Dubois; adherence to the French form of arrest; prohibition of the insertion of articles in the journals against France or its government, and of political discourses against the French by ecclesiastics; and, lastly, an apology to the French consul, for offensive expressions injurious to his character." This expedition, however, for which considerable preparation was made, ended in the capture of eight Portuguese ships of war, which caused a speedy adjustment of the differences which had been complained of. On the 14th and 15th of June, a commotion of rather a serious character arose in Paris, which was not subdued without the interference of the military. Its origin was absolutely insignificant, having arisen from the unfeeling attack of a watchmaker on a young ballad-singer, who was chanting "Napoleon in the Hundred Days." This assault on the minstrel was instantly resented by the mob by a fierce attack on the premises of the watchmaker, and by a cry of "Down with the Carlists." Trifling as was the cause of offence, the tumult prevailed to such an extent, that several corps of municipal and national guards were served with ball-cartridge, and remained under arms all night, in the apprehension that the rioting would be renewed in the evening, which, however, happily, was not the case. At Beauclaire, also, in the south of France, there was some serious rioting about the same period. The people there, on the day of the fète, raised the tree of liberty; and, the mayor having called out the troops to pull down the tree and disperse the multitude, the soldiers joined the patriots; and a body of Carlists, who came from the country to pull down the tree, were attacked by the

chasseurs, some killed, some wounded, and others taken prisoners and ill used. Lyons was also visited by some disturbances, and the Chouans agitated the west of France; but, by the vigorous measures of government, all these tumults were speedily repressed. A reform of the chamber of peers now became the principal cry in France; in other words, the abrogation of hereditary peerage, and the appointment of a senate, the members of which should possess, from their personal characters, a solid claim to public confidence. The venerable and popular Lafayette published a long election address, in which he strongly advocated the expediency of a peerage for life only; and so unpalatable had hereditary power been in France since the revolution of 1789, that the government was obliged to make this concession to the public will. Meantime other subjects occupied the minds of the French-the settlement of Belgium, the deliverance of Poland, and the emancipation of Italy and the Peninsula; and the meeting of the chambers was look ed forward to with intense interest. The elections had taken place in the beginning of July; and, although great efforts had been made by the movement party, they gave a decided majority in favor of the ministry. Of the thirteen deputies returned for Paris, the ministerial party carried eight. Pledges, however, were very generally demanded, and as generally given, to abolish the hereditary peerage; but, except upon this point, the movement party did not seem to have gained any accession of strength by the creation of the new constituency. It should, however, be remarked that this constituency was, as we have already stated, extremely small, and that the whole administration, down to the minutest ramifications, being lodged solely in the hands of the government, its influence is much greater than persons accustomed only to our administrative machinery would be apt to suppose. On the 23d of July, the king opened the chambers with a speech which produced a very powerful effect. Adverting to the internal state and interests of the country, he declared his resolution to punish equally the machinations of Carlist conspirators and of republican alarmists. He stated that the Austrians, on the demand of France, had evacuated the papal states; that the Belgic fortresses on the side of France were to be demolished; and that the Portuguese fleet had been captured. On the 27th, 28th and 29th of July, the celebration of the three memorable days

of the previous year's revolution took place, and was attended with great splendor and popular enthusiasm. The first day was devoted to the inauguration of the brazen tablets in the Pantheon, recording the names of the heroes who fell in the cause of liberty-a very splen did and imposing ceremony. On the sec ond day, Paris became one great fair, when the population gave themselves wholly up to joy and merriment. On the 29th, there was a review, which was a grand spectacle. The king and royal family were every where received with the greatest enthusiasm. There were above 100,000 men under arms; and the cordiality which pervaded the ranks appeared almost to confound the rules of military discipline. The election of the bureaux (that is, of the president and secretaries of the standing committees of the chamber of deputies) showed the strength of the ministerial party. Out of eighteen, the opposition carried only six. But the great trial of strength was to take place in the choice of the president of the chamber. The friends of M. Laffitte had determined to elect him president: the ministerial candidate was Girod de l'Ain; and the prime minister had declared that if the former was chosen he should immediately retire. Laffitte, though by no means with the movement party, was supported by them as an opposition candidate, as well as by a large body of his friends. The struggle, which was severe, resulted in the choice of the ministerial, by a plurality of only three votes above the opposition candidate. In consequence of the smallness of the ministerial majority, M. Casimir Périer resigned, and the ministry was dissolved; but, on the inva sion of Belgium by the Dutch being communicated by king Leopold, and a resolution formed to send 50,000 French troops to repel it, they consented to retain office for some time longer. The effect of the assistance thus afforded to Belgium, will be found noticed in our article Belgium, given in this Appendix. Riots, in Paris and other parts of France, for the most insignificant causes, and the question of the abolition of hereditary peerage, con tinued subjects of apprehension and agitation until the middle of September. Ön the 16th of that month, the fall of Warsaw to the Russians was officially announced by ministers to the chamber of deputies. This intelligence became at once the topic of conversation and indignant declamation in every circle; and, on Friday, the 17th, "War against Russia!" and

"Long live the brave Poles!" were the shouts of most formidable rioters in the Palais Royal and boulevards, who attacked the hotel of the minister for foreign affairs, and committed many other outrages. On the following day, the ministers Périer and Sébastiani were burned in effigy; and the vast multitude which had congregated could only be controlled by the military. The riots continued throughout the whole of Sunday, and, on Monday, were prosecuted with renewed violence, and the most dangerous cries and vociferations, as, "Down with the king!" "Turn out the ministers!" &c. The apprehension of twenty of the ringleaders, who, assembled in the retired apartment of a secluded dwelling, were taken in the act of arranging plans for further riotous proceedings, and the loyalty of the national guard and soldiers of the line, frustrated the designs of the disaffected; and the explanations of the war minister, Sébastiani, contributed materially to satisfy the minds of the more intelligent of the citizens of Paris. "Every pacific exertion," he said, "had been made to assist Poland against Russia. Poland had 3,000,000 men, it was true; but it had neither ports, mountains, nor means of defence. Overtures, nevertheless, had been made at St. Petersburg, and Russia had been made to feel that the fate of Poland was a question of interest to Europe. It had been promised by the cabinet of Petersburg, that the kingdom of Poland should be preserved; and in this all the great powers of Europe concurred." On the 10th of October, the annihilation of the hereditary quality of the French peerage was carried by an overwhelming majority, the numbers having been 324 to 86. With the exception of discontents in the provinces, and the discussions arising from the measures taken by government against the efforts of a few of the refractory editors of public journals, affairs now, for some time, bore an aspect of comparative tranquillity. Such, in the beginning of November, was the internal state of France; and its probability of peace with other nations was equally flattering. The Moniteur of the 22d November contained a list of newlycreated non-hereditary peers, comprising some of the most distinguished leaders of the old Buonapartean army; namely, generals Pajol, Drouot, Drouet, Bonnet, Gazan, Flahaut, Excelmans, Lagrange, Dauthouard, Rogniat, Caffarelli, &c.; two admirals, Jacob and Emerian; Maret (duc de Bassano), count Philippe de Ségur (the historian of the Russian campaign), Alex

ander de la Rochefoucauld, &c.; also several scientific and literary characters, as the baron Cuvier, Cassini and Gilbert des Voisins; with a few of the old noblesse of France, viz. the prince de Beauvieu, comte de Turenne, marquis de Bizemont, and others. The object of the king and ministers, in these selections, appears to have been to conciliate all except the republican party. This creation had been rendered necessary from its having been sufficiently ascertained that a majority of the peers was not only against the abolition of the hereditary principle, but had determined to maintain their opinions in spite of the dangers which might arise from such an opposition to the popular will. The bill was carried through that chamber (Dec. 27) by a majority of thirtysix, exactly the number of new peers that had been created. A bill also passed the two chambers, banishing from France for ever all the members of the elder branch of the Bourbons and their descendants. Although disapproved of by the ministers, it was carried by a large majority, with an amendment, by which the penalty of death, attached by the bill to a violation of the prohibition against entering the kingdom, was omitted. The same bill, by its second section, denounced the same sentence of perpetual exclusion against the family of Napoleon. The crowds that produced the repeated riots which so frequently disturbed the peace of Paris during this year, were principally furnished from the multitudes of unemployed men, whom the unsteadiness of all relations, consequent on the revolution, had de prived of the means of support. Credit, trade and manufactures had all equally suffered. These riots, again, by increasing the feeling of insecurity, augmented the mischief. In the course of the autumn, the chambers had voted 18,000,000 francs to be applied to the relief of the manufacturers, and in providing employment for the people. In asking this grant, the minister of commerce stated that the existing distress arose, in a great measure, from the riots so frequent in the capital; but it existed likewise in the provinces, and, at Lyons, led to disturbances much more serious than those which had molested Paris. A suburb of that city, called the Croix Russe, is inhabited principally by weavers, as are also the suburbs of Vaize, La Guillotière, and Les Bretteaux, the whole population of these suburbs being about 36,000. The weavers, it appears, had been discontented ever since the revolution of 1830, which had so materially

depressed their trade that it was barely possible to subsist on their wages. Some time previous, they had resolved on a tariff or price-list, which, however, in consequence of the state of their trade, the masters were compelled to reject. On the 21st of November, the workmen simultaneously struck for wages, and the tumult immediately commenced, the mob of the town, men, women and children, joining with the insurgent weavers, many of them being armed. The national guard were speedily called out; but their conduct on the occasion appears to have been equivocal, and their interference fruitless. The prefect of the police and commandant of the garrison, general Ordonneau, endeavored in vain to pacify the rioters, the number of whom, well supplied with arms, became hourly more formidable. The mob, at length, after having been fired on by the national guard, and some of them sabred by the cavalry in repeated charges, became desperate, and attacked and disarmed several bodies of the military, and took two cannons; for which, and their muskets, they cast balls during the night, at the same time barricading the streets of their quarter. On the following day, they attacked and beat the troops and national guard in every quarter. Immense multitudes from the faubourgs and the heights of La Croix Russe, marched on the Hotel de Ville, carrying the principal posts and bridges by the way, and driving back the troops. The workmen in all parts of the town cooperated in this movement, by unpaving the streets, raising barricadoes, and firing on the military from the windows. They also burned the buildings of the octroi (tax-houses), and several dwelling-houses, from the windows of which they had observed the firing of their opponents to proceed. Nothing was carried away, but all was burned or broken on the spot, with the view of showing that it was not plunder which was sought. These troubles at Lyons were announced at Paris by the Moniteur of the 23d of November, in the shape of a private letter, and caused the greatest excitement in the metropolis. On the 25th, the same paper published an ordinance of the king, appointing the duke of Orleans and the marshal duke of Dalmatia (Soult) to repair instantly to Lyons, and take the necessary steps for the suppression of the insurrection. The troops of the line being expelled from the city, on the 24th all was quiet. The shops and theatres were opened, and the workmen and their allies (among whom are stated to have been

many of the national guard) were in pos session of the city, which was kept then in a state of siege. Its authorities had been deposed by an insurrectionary mob, and its armed force expelled; yet, when victory had thus been obtained, the insurgents of Lyons instantly embraced the opportunity to recall and acknowledge the civil authorities whom they had temporarily deposed, denying all political motive, and simply demanding such regulations as should secure them food. The consequences of this extraordinary state of affairs were, that order became perfect, and business and pleasure were at once resumed, though the city was still virtually in possession of the insurgents and ther partisans. On the 24th, the municipal council of Lyons voted the sum of 150,000 francs, to provide for the immediate necessities of the distressed workmen, and to afford succor to the wounded and ther families. For the same purposes, a public subscription was opened, to which the contributions were considerable. From the most authentic accounts it may be collected, that the number of killed, on both sides, during the sanguinary contention of which Lyons was the scene, was between 500 and 600; of wounded, the amount was much more considerable. Ou the 4th, the duke of Orleans and marshal Soult, with a formidable escort of nation! guards, troops of the line, chasseurs and artillery, entered the city without impediment. The prince was received by the mayor of Lyons, who addressed his royal highness, and received a gracious reply. The troops having repaired to their quarters without interruption, an order of the day was issued, dissolving the national guard of Lyons, Guillotière, Croix Russe and Vaize, with disgrace, and commanding the instant surrender of their arms. The colonel of the thirteenth regiment of the line was publicly cashiered for suffering his soldiers to be disarmed, and the men of the regiment were severely reproved. Measures were subsequently taken against a portion of the press, stated to have encouraged the insurrection of the operatives of Lyons; and, the city be ing placed under military government, and no apprehension being entertained that its tranquillity would be again disturbed, the duke of Orleans and the veteran marshal returned to Paris on Sunday, the 11th of December. Early in the year 1832, a convention was finally concluded between the U. States and France, by which the latter agreed to pay the sum of 25,000,000 of francs to

the former, in six annual instalments of 4,166,666 francs each, in full for all claims of the citizens of the U. States for unlawful seizures, captures, sequestrations, or destructions of their vessels, cargoes, or other property, by that government; the former engaging to pay, on its part, the sum of 1,500,000 francs, in six annual instalments, in full of all claims presented by France on behalf of her citizens. Austrian troops having entered the Roman territory in January, for the purpose of maintaining the papal power, the existence of which was threatened by the subjects, a French force was sent to Italy, which occupied Ancona, February 22; but this movement, which bore a menacing aspect, did not disturb the peace of Europe. In the end of March, the cholera made its appearance in France, and, early in April, the prime minister was attacked by it. His death, which took place on the sixteenth of May, made no change in the spirit of the administration, which has, up to the present time, been conducted on the principles professed by Casimir Périer on the thirteenth of March, and carried into practice by him while he continued at the head of the government. The department of the interior was given to M. Montalivet; but no president of the council was named. While it is impossible to deny to the administration of M. Périer the praise of vigor in maintaining order, it is to be regretted that it was not conducted on more liberal and popular principles. The incessant prosecutions of the press, the great number of trials for political offences, and the rigid adherence to a conservative policy, in a country in which so much was to be done to establish a rational, yet full and fair degree of liberty, cannot be too severely condemned. The close of the sessions of the chambers was hastened by the alarm excited by the violence of the disease in Paris, and they were soon after prorogued. Paris was, soon after, again made the scene of bloodshed. On occasion of the funeral of general Lamarque, June 5, the military having attempted to disperse the crowd, skirmishing continued for several days, and the city was declared to be under martial law. The populace were not overpowered without much slaughter, and several distinguished men of the mouvement party were arrested and tried by a court-martial; but the court of cassation pronounced their trial to be illegal. See, on this and other subjects relating to France since the revolution,

Sarrans' Mémoires sur Lafayette (2 vols., Paris, 1832).—At this distance from the scene of action, we cannot pretend to give any authentic information upon these and more recent transactions. We will merely add here, that, after protracted negotiations with the different parties, the king did not reorganize the cabinet until the end of October, when it was thus formed:-Marshal Soult, president of the council (in place of Périer) and minister of war; the duke de Broglie, minister of foreign affairs, in place of Sébastiani, whose infirm health rendered his retirement necessary; Thiers, minister of the interior, in place of Montalivet; M. Human succeeds baron Louis in the department of finance, and Guizot, Girod de l'Ain in that of public instruction. M. Barthe, admiral de Rigny, and count d'Argout, retain respectively the seals, and the portfolios of the marine, and of public works.-We have now to give some account of the state of French affairs in Algiers. On receiving intelligence of the overthrow of the old dynasty, the army in Algiers immediately declared its adhesion to the new order of things; and, on the seventeenth of August, the tri-colored flag already waved over the Casauba and the forts. General Clausel was appointed to the government of Algiers, in the room of count Bourmont; and public opinion was pronounced in favor of the permanent occupation and colonization of the Algerine territory. General Clausel was instructed, therefore, to reduce to obedience all the provinces dependent upon Algiers, and to promote commerce and agriculture, by encouraging the settlement of European emigrants. model farm was also instituted to teach the inhabitants the best mode of cultivation; and land was sold to settlers for two and a half francs an acre. The only commercial marts in the territory were Algiers, Oran, Bona, and Bougia or Boujeia: the three last were yet to be occupied. In Oran (with 20,000 inhabitants), which had been restored to the dey of Algiers by Spain, in 1791, business was chiefly carried on by Spaniards. Bona, with a population of 8000 inhabitants, situated near the ruins of Hippo Regius, and Bougia, forty leagues east from Algiers, belonged to the province of Constantine (with a capital of the same name, twenty days march from Algiers), which had not yet been reduced. Upon this long tract of country were neither towns nor villages; and it

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