the Karlings, 243; its position estab-
lished by the Capetian revolution,
244; its relation with the Capetian
Kings, 245; character of its early
jurisprudence, 257; its increasing con-
nexion with England, 284; the Danes
received in its ports, 298, 339; Æthel-
red's war with, 300, 301; its results,
302; its friendly relations with France
and Britanny, 453, 454; titles of its
princes, 453, 454; keeps up its con-
nexion with Scandinavia, 458; its
slow acquisition of any territorial
name, 605; effects of William's reign
on, ii.166, 167, 191; anarchy in, during
William's minority, 189; building of
castles, ib.; frequency of assassinations,
190; ill relations between Normandy
and France from the accession of
William, 199; causes of the ill feeling,
201; dispute about Tillières, ib.; in-
vasion of Normandy by King Henry,
203; ecclesiastical movement in Nor-
mandy foundation of monasteries,
210; connexion of the religious move-
ment in Normandy with the Conquest
of England, 232; Guy of Burgundy's
scheme for a division of the Duchy,
241; William's power firmly estab-
lished in, 266; supremacy of the
French element confirmed, 267; pros-
perous condition of, under William,290.
Northampton, treaty of, i. 121, 130, 144;
burned by Thurkill, 347; negotiations
with the Northumbrians at, ii. 485-
489.
Northamptonshire, ravaged by the
Northumbrians, ii. 486; its varied re-
lations to the great Earldoms, 559;
detached from Northumberland in
favour of Waltheof, 559, 560.
Northman, Norman, meaning of the
name in English topography, i. 605.
Northman, son of Leofwine, executed, i.
411, 719; his alleged connexion with
Eadric, 411; his titles, 719.
Northmannia, Nortmannia, Normannia,

various uses of the name, i. 605.
Northumberland, origin of, i. 25; its
greatness in the sixth century, 35;
its struggles with Mercia, 36; its
greatness in the seventh century, and
decline, 37; its alleged submission to
Charles the Great, 38, 559; submits
to Ecgberht, 40; conquered by the
Danes, 45; divided by them, 46; oc-
cupied by the Danes, ib.; its local no-
menclature, 48; submits to Ælfred, 52;
its commendation to Eadward the
Elder, 57, 123,587; incorporated with

the Kingdom by Ethelstan, 59; re-
volts against Eadmund, 61; reduced
to an Earldom, 61, 76; favoured by
Eadgar, 65; deposition of Kings in,
104, 105, 593; local independence re-
tained by, 116; invaded by Malcolm,
326; united under Uhtred, 327;
savage manners of its inhabitants,
327, ii. 49, 380, 520; submits to Swe-
gen, i. 356; division of the Earldom
under Cnut, 377; its affairs under Cnut,
444; united under Siward, 522; ex-
tent of, under Oswiu and Oswald, 547;
relations of Charles the Great with,
559; formation of the Kingdom, 580;
succession of the Earls in, 644-646;
its condition under Siward, ii. 49;
its position, 51; provincial jealousy of
the Northumbrians, 141; they sup-
port Eadward against Godwine, ib. ;
Tostig, son of Godwine, appointed
Earl of, 375; disturbed state of the
country, 380; Tostig's efforts to restore
order, ib.; invaded by Malcolm King
of Scots during Tostig's absence at
Rome, 457; oppression of Tostig, 477;
revolt of the Northumbrians against
Tostig, ib.; constitutional position of
Northumberland, 479; rebel Gemót
held by the Northumbrians at York,
481; Tostig deposed and Morkere
elected Earl, ib.; the Northumbrians
massacre the followers of Tostig and
plunder his treasury, 484; ravage
Northamptonshire, 46; negotiations
with them, 487, 689, 690; the acts of
their Gemót at York confirmed, 495.
Norway, comparatively slight inter-
course of England with, i. 44; settle-
ments in, from Scotland and Ireland,
ib.; revolutions of, 448; reign of
Saint Olaf over, 449, 450; Cnut
chosen King of, 450; Cnut's son
Swegen succeeds as King, 477; is
expelled thence, ib.; reign of Magnus,
son of Saint Olaf, ib.; Harthacnut's
war with Magnus, 523.
Norwegian incursions,distinguished from
Danish, i. 268.

Nottingham, seized by the Danes, i. 45 ;
one of the Five Boroughs, 48; re-
covered by Eadward the Elder, 61;
its connexion with Tostig, ii. 560.
Noy, the reviver of Ship-money, i. 339.

0.

Occidentales, equivalent to French, i.
603, 604.

Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury, favours

the monks, i 63; his embassy to
Hugh the Great, 198.

Odda, various forms of the name, ii.
565.

Odda, a kinsman of King Eadward,

set over the western shires of God-
wine's Earldom, ii. 158, 564-565;
his death and character, 406, 407;
afterwards Earl of the Hwiccas, 407,
566; becomes a monk, 407; his al-
leged French origin, 565; his family
and signatures, ib.

Oddington, origin of the name, ii. 565.
Odo, King of the West Franks, his
homage to Arnulf, i. 120; his defence
of Paris, 157, 161; his election as
King, 157.

Odo, son of Herleva by Herlwin of
Conteville, see of Bayeux bestowed
on, ii. 208; his character in England,
ib.; and in Normandy, 209; his
work in Bayeux cathedral, ib.
Odo the Second of Chartres, marries
Matilda of Normandy, i. 454; his
war with Richard the Good, 455, 457;
war of Count Fulk of Anjou with, ii.
271; defeated by Fulk in the battle
of Pontlevois, 272; his last days, 274;
his war with King Henry of France,
ib.; his attempt on the Kingdom of
Burgundy, ib.; his defeat and death
at Bar, 275; distinguished from his
grandfather, 619; various accounts of
his wars, 619-621; how looked on in
Germany, 620.

Odo, fourth son of King Robert, i. 466.
Odo, Comes or Consul, question of his
identity, 565.

Offa, first King of the East-Angles, i. 25.
Offa, King of the Mercians, his victories,

i. 38; his dealings with Charles the
Great, 38, 560; titles given to, 561.
Olaf Tryggvesson, King of the North-
men, Sagas of his early life, i. 267,
287; ravages Cheshire, 268; present
at the battle of Maldon, ib.; invades
England in concert with Swegen,
285; driven back from London, 286;
ravages Southern England, 286, 287;
makes peace with Ethelred, 288;
his confirmation and adoption, ib.;
his fidelity to his engagement, ib.; his
forcible introduction of Christianity
into Norway, ib; his death, ib.; other
accounts of his conversion, ib.
Olaf, Saint, son of Harold, his alleged

share in the wars of Ethelred and
Cnut, i. 368, 373; his baptism, 373;
his alleged help to the sons of Eadmund
Ironside, 401; his reign in Norway,

731

449; brings Bishops and other church-
men from England, ib.; his persecu-
tion of the heathens, ib.; summoned
to hold the Crown of Norway as vassal
of Cnut, 450; rejects the summons,
and is attacked by Cnut, ib.; allies
himself with the Swedish King Omund,
ib.; defeats Cnut at the Helga, ib.;
expelled by Cnut, who is chosen King
of all Norway, ib.; killed at Stik-
klestad, and looked upon as a martyr,
ib.; his alleged presence in Nor-
mandy, 456.

Olaf, Saint, Saga of, quoted, i. 448, 686.
Olaf or James, King of the Swedes, half-

brother of Cnut, protects the children
of Eadmund Ironside, i. 410.
Old-English, technical use of the word,
i. 541.

Olney, conference of, between Cnut and
Eadmund, i. 393; different accounts
of, 688-693; position of the place, 690.
Omund, his presence at the battle of
the Helga, i. 743.

Orderic, his affected use of national names,
i. 535-536; his account of the death
of Swegen, 666; character of his His-
tory, ii. 162; his profession at Ouche,
213; his account of Harold, 539; of
the marriage of Eadward the Æthel-
ing, 651.

Orientales, equivalent to German, i.
603, 604.

Orleans, Robert son of Hugh Capet
crowned at, i. 240.

Ormulum, quoted, ii. 498.

Osbeorn, son of Ulf, his banishment, ii.
10, 63, 521.

Osbeorn, son of Siward, his death, ii.
643, 644.

Osbern, on the election of Eadward the
Martyr, i. 626; on the taking of
Canterbury, 658; on the baptism of
Cnut, 676.

Osbern, guardian of William, ii. 192;
murdered at Vaudreuil by William
of Montgomery, 195; his son William
Fitz-Osbern, 196.

Osbern, son of Richard, son of Scrob,
ii. 345; surrenders his castle, and
throws himself on the mercy of Earl
Leofric, ib.; favourably received by
Macbeth, ib.; his later possession of
land and office in Herefordshire, ib.
Osgod Clapa, banished, ii. 63, 89; pro-
bably entered the service of Swegen
Estrithson, 90; his movements, 99,
108; appears on the coast of Flanders,
108; takes his wife from Bruges, and
- sails back to Denmark, ib.; destruc-

tion of the remainder of his fleet, ib.;
his death, 373.

Oslac, Earl of Deira, his favour with
Eadgar and banishment under Ead-
ward, i. 264.

Oslac, companion of Rolf, his French

and Christian policy, i. 182; acts as
regent for Richard the Fearless, 212.
Osmund, delivers Richard the Fearless,
i. 212.

Oswald, Saint, restores the power of
Northumberland, i. 36; extent of his
dominions, 547.

522, ii.

Oswiu of Northumberland, extent of his
dominions, i. 36, 37, 547-
Oswulf, son of Eadwulf, appointed to
the Earldom of Bernicia,
483.
Otto the Great, marries Eadgy th daughter
of Eadward the Elder, i. 60; his resto-
ration of the Empire, 142; his acces-
sion to the Eastern Kingdom, 201;
his war with Lewis for Lotharingia,
202; the French Princes do homage
to him, 203, 204; his reconciliation
with Lewis, 205; their later relations,
205, 208; interferes on behalf of Lewis,
219; joins Lewis in the war with
Hugh and Richard, 224; their failure
before Paris and Rouen, 225; his
death, 225; in what sense saluted
Imperator, 553; speaks French and
Slavonic, 606; his intimate alliance
with Eadgar, ii. 582.

Otto the Second, Emperor, succeeds his
father, i. 235; his changed relations
towards Lothar, 236; invades France,
ib; his dealings with Hugh Capet,
237; his death, ib; establishes the
Mark of Sleswick, 451; speaks Latin,
606.

Otto the Third, Emperor, anarchy of his
minority, i. 237; his short and won-
derful reign, 305.

Otto, son of Hugh the Great, receives
the Duchy of Burgundy, i. 231.
Otto of Freisingen, his use of geogra-
phical names, i. 602, 603.

Ouche, Abbey of. See Saint Evroul.
Outlawry, compared with aquæ et ignis
interdictio, i. 499.

Outlawry of Danish Kings under Æthel-
red, force of the act, i. 365, 366.
Owen of Wales in alliance with England
against Meredydd, i. 282, 283.
Oxford, burned by Thurkill, i. 343;
gives hostages to Swegen, 357; its
early history, 370; its importance in
the eleventh century, ib.; burning of
the minster at, 371; renewal of Ead-

gar's Law at, 417; the Kingdom
divided at, between Harold and Har-
thacnut, 482; Harold crowned at, 484;
dies at, 504; the Northumbrians
march to, ii. 494; Cnut's Law re-
newed at, 495, 689; its connexion
with Elfgar, 565; Gemót at, 689.
Oxfordshire, ravaged by Thurkill, i.
345: forms part of the Earldom of
Swegen, ii. 36, 561; joined to that of
Gyrth, 566, 567.

P.

Pagus, use of the word, i. 579, ii. 406.
Palgrave, Sir Francis, his history of the
English Commonwealth, i. 68; his
views of the English Empire, ib.; of
the Thegnhood, 79; of the Witan,
102; character of his history of Nor-
mandy, 148, 154; his defence of the
later Karlings, 160; his use of the
names "Saxon" and "English," 537,
541; his theory of the Bretwaldas,
542, 545; his account of the relations
of Charles the Great with Britain,
559, 560; his account of Earl Ralph,
562, 563; his derivation of the word
King, 583; his views on the Witena-
gemót, 590; on the Kingdom of
Burgundy, 599; his misinterpreta-
tion of Widukind, 607; his views of
the vassalage of Normandy, 610, 611;
on the death of William Longsword,
619; on the relations of Ethelred
with Normandy, 632; on Wulfric
Spot, 656; on the family of Leofwine
of Mercia, 717; on Tostig, Earl of
Huntingdon, 768, 769; his surmise
as to the death of the Ætheling Ead-
ward, ii. 412; on the Earldom of
Herefordshire, 562.

Pallig, Danish Earl, takes service under

Æthelred, i. 306; his treason, 307;
killed in the massacre of Saint Brice,
314.

Papal legates in England, ii. 458.
Paris, origin of its importance, i. 153,
155; its importance as a bulwark
against the Northmen, 156; origin
of its dynasty, ib.; its sieges by the
Northmen, 156, 157; the centre of
the French nation and language, 157;
besieged in vain by Lewis and Otto,
225; threatened by Otto the Second,
236; becomes the capital, 238; but
not the crowning place, 240; irregular
coronations at, ib.; comparison with
London, 278.

Parliament, powers of, compared with

those of the ancient Witan, i. 104,
109, 112; privilege of, its probable
origin, 112; use of the word in Nor-
mandy, 255.

Patrician, use of the word, i. 169, 564;
applied to Ethelred of Mercia, 563,
564; to Charles the Great, 585.
Patronymics, names of places derived
from, i. 562, 563.

Paul Warnefrid, his account of the
Lombards, i. 580.

Pearson, Mr., on Harold and Gisa, ii.
680.

Peasants, Norman, their revolt, i. 255;
their regular political organization,
255, 256; the revolt crushed, 257;
its probable results, ib.
Pegge's account of Danegeld, ii. 599.
Peiraieus, inscription at, said to com-
memorate Harold Hardrada, ii. 579.
Pembrokeshire, its Flemish occupation
and local nomenclature, i. 563.
Pen, Cenwealh's victory over the Welsh
at, i. 382-383.

Penda, King of Mercia, his wars with
Northumberland and Wessex, i. 35, 36.
Penhow, the men of Somersetshire and
Devonshire defeated by the Danes at,
i. 310.

Penselwood, Eadmund's victory at, i.
382-383; description of the site and
its antiquities, ib.
Peterborough Chronicle, its character,

i. 399; on the assessment of 1008,
647; on the date of the battle of the
Helga, 742; on the candidature of
Harold and Harthacnut, 753; on
the burial of Harold the First, 764;
on the appointment of Bishops, ii.
577; on Godwine, 600, 601; on the
Ætheling Eadward, 647.

Philip of Comines, his remarks on the
imprisonment of Charles the Simple,
i. 174.

Picquigny, William Longsword mur-
dered at, i. 204.

Picts, their origin, i. 14; relations with
Northumberland, 37, 547; indepen-
dent of Ecgberht, 42.
Pilgrimage, ill effects of, ii. 456.
Pippin, King of the Franks, his elec-
tion, i. 596.

Pirates, the Normans so called, i. 163,
169, 253.

Poitiers, Hugh the Great defeated by

William of Aquitaine at, i. 230; gifts
of Emma to the church of St. Hilary
at, 438.

Poland, its commendation to the Empire,
i. 119.

733

Pole, Cardinal, his theory of Kingship,
i. 584.

Ponthieu, position of the County, i. 193.
Popa, Danish wife of Rolf, i. 179, 612;
mother of William Longsword, 179.
Popes, German, of Imperial nomination,
ii. 96.

Porlock, Harold's victory at, ii. 316.
Port, question as to his mythical cha-
racter, i. 10.

Portus Itius, Wissant, i. 486.

Pot, Philip, his theory of Kingship, i.
584.

Prædux, title of English Kings, i. 552.
Primicerius, title of English Kings, i.
552.

Prince, modern use of the word, i. 573.
Principalities, minor, numerous in Eng-
land, i. 26.

Prokopios, his notices of early English
history, i. 22, 30, 556-558; illustrates
English tactics, 270; his use of the
word Ayyıλot, 530, 558; his account
of Brittia and Brettania, 556-557;
of the legend of Radiger, 558.
Property qualification not needed for
the Witenagemót, i. 590.
Prosper, his notice of the Saxons in
Britain, i. 530, 557.

Prussia, her action in the campaign of
1866, i. 295.

Q.

Queen, title of, abolished in Wessex and
retained in Mercia, i. 565; meaning
of the word, 583.

R.

Radiger, King of the Varni, legend of,
i. 553.

Radnor, reckoned part of Herefordshire,
ii. 684.

Rægnald, Regenwald, Reginald, submits
to Eadward the Elder, i. 566; various
persons of the name, 569.
Ralph of Mantes, son of Drogo and
Godgifu, accompanies his uncle Ead-
ward to England, i. 519; holds the
Earldom of Worcestershire, ii. 109,
563; comes to Eadward at Gloucester,
139; holds the Mercian portion of
Swegen's Earldom, 158, 562; his posi-
tion as regards the Crown, 367, 415;
his defeat by Gruffydd and Ælfgar
near Hereford, 387; his death, 415;
question of his position in Hereford-
shire, 562, 563.

Ralph of Wacey, son of Archbishop
Robert of Rouen, his murder of Count