The old comedy was cultivated by Eupolis, Cratinus, and Aristophanes. It employed itself in the most bitter, and often indecent satire, upon distinguished persons in the commonwealth, who were introduced by name upon the stage, and held up to public derision. The writings of Aristophanes alone have come down to us, and display a very powerful, but coarse vein of humour. After him, Alexis and Antiphanes introduced the middle comedy. The object of this was still satire, but the improved taste of the age, and the preponderating influence of the Macedonian government, no longer allowed the writers to indulge in personal attacks; it was therefore directed against manners in general. All the writers of this school, of whom Mr Cumberland has enumerated thirty-two, have perished, leaving only a few fragments, which make us regret the more what we have lost. The middle was followed by the new comedy, more cultivated, polished, and regular, than either of its predecessors, and nearly approaching, it would appear, to what we call sentimental comedy. It seems to have been chiefly occupied by love-plots, tender sentiments, and more delicate satire. Upwards of 200 names have been transmitted to us, of those who shone in this line of composition; but their names only, not their works, if we except a few scattered fragments, chiefly handed down by fathers of the church, and which therefore have a serious, and even gloomy colouring, probably very different from the general strain of these dramas. Menander, Philemon, and Diphilus, are the most celebrated of these

writers.

The drama of Athens, however, is not more celebrated than its schools of philosophy. As every citizen might acquire an influence in the management of public affairs, provided he possessed the requisite qualifications, it became a desirable object to attain those talents, and above all that eloquence, which might enable him to sway the decisions of a popular assembly. A class of teachers then arose, by whom this was publicly professed; but the greater number of these, deserting their legitimate office, taught only the art of making subtle distinctions, and defending right and wrong indiscriminately. These went by the name of Sophists, which originally signified merely wise men, but which, from their misconduct, has long become odious. The abuses of this sect were exposed, and their fame eclipsed, by Socrates, the most celebrated of all heathen philosophers, for pure morality and practical wisdom. His instructions were entirely oral, and seem to have consisted chiefly in the application of sound sense and virtuous principle to the varied scenes of public and private life, of which he was a constant spectator. Openly attacking the pernicious doctrines of the sophist, and secretly despising the superstitions of the multitude, he excited hostility in both; and at length his unworthy fate became as much the shame, as his life had been the glory, of Athens. When death, however, had silenced envy, his fame broke forth in full lustre; and a crowd of votaries arose, who trod, or affected to tread, in his footsteps. Each, however, modifying and explain ing the Socratic doctrines as suited his own peculiar views, many branches, widely differing from each other, sprung from the same root. Xenophon, the

most judicious and most amiable of his disciples, Athens. seems to have transmitted his doctrine the most pure and uncorrupted. Plato, on the contrary, sought to elevate and adorn it by an admixture both with his own lofty, and often visionary ideas, and with the tenets of other schools. Hence he may be considered rather as having founded a system of his own, than as having faithfully transmitted to us that of his master. Amid a variety of subordinate sects, we may then distinguish the two opposite, at the head of which were Diogenes the cynic, and Aristippus the philosopher of pleasure. The former placed wisdom entirely in the absence of all refinement, and often even of common decency, and in a life marked only by austerity and privation. The other, conceiving man made only for enjoyment, sought it wherever it was to be found; and hence became a welcome guest in courts, and in all gay and opulent societies. These two were succeeded by the still more celebrated sects of Zeno and Epicurus, of which the former placed the supreme good in virtue, the other in pleasure alone, and which long continued to divide the ancient world. The leading doctrines of each are well known, and shall be fully explained in their proper place.

We may observe, that each of these moral systems was, in general, accompanied by a physical system, professing to account for all the grand phenomena of the universe. This last, however, being founded commonly on very imperfect and inaccurate observation, was of little comparative value. It would seem, on the whole, that no branch, either of physical or mathematical science, was much indebted to Athens. Living nature was there too varied and interesting, to leave much room for attention to its dead and inanimate portions.

Where political events were so varied and im- History. portant, the art of recording them was not likely to be neglected. Although Athens cannot boast of having produced the father of history, yet the most eminent of his successors sprung up in her bosom. Thucydides has left us a history of cotemporary events, free from all those partialities to which such a narrative might be supposed liable. His performance is a model of sound judgment, attic precision, and grave and severe eloquence. His successor Xenophon was, still more than he, versant in real life and in public affairs. His style, less nervous, is more simple, sweet, and flowing. In his Anabasis, and in his Grecian history (a continuation of that of Thucydides,) his fidelity is equally unimpeached; but in the Cyropedia, his refined moral taste has led him to wander into the regions of fiction, in order to delineate a more perfect model than real life could afford. With him expired the historic muse of Athens.

Amid these higher pursuits, Athens was not less The fine busily nor less successfully occupied in cultivating those arts.. arts, which relate to the beauty of external form. Painting and sculpture originated indeed, not there, but in the fertile and earlier civilized regions of Ionia, and the islands of the Egean Sea. It was in Athens, however, and under the auspices of Pericles, that these arts attained their highest perfection. The fame of Phidias and Praxiteles as sculptors, of Zeuxis and Par

Athens. rhasius as painters, is still unrivalled in their respective departments. All these indeed were not born in Athens, but it was there that their talents were chiefly formed and exerted. With the masterpieces of these artists Pericles lavishly adorned the public buildings and temples of Athens, and thus gratified at once the taste and vanity of his countrymen. All the works of Grecian painting have been swallowed up by time; but the ruins of Athens present remains of sculpture and architecture, which still astonish the world. The termination of Athenian liberty involved also that of the fine arts: in the age of Alexander, the school of Sicyon had already attained the pre-emi

Athens.

nence.

Subsequent The political superiority of Athens ceased after fortunes of the battle of Cheronea; yet gleams of her ancient spirit still occasionally broke forth. The death of The death of Philip, which occurred soon after, appeared to present a favourable opportunity of throwing off the yoke; and it was embraced at once by Athens, by Thebes, and by the tribes of Thrace and Illyricum. But the young hero, having crushed his barbarous enemies, returned with the rapidity of lightning into Greece. Thebes suffered a dreadful punishment for her daring attempt; and a similar fate seemed to impend over Athens. With a magnanimity, however, worthy of her best days, she braved the prohibition issued by the conqueror against giving shelter to the exiles from Thebes. Yet Alexander, notwithstanding this additional provocation, consulted his fame, by extending clemency to so renowned a city.

During the victorious career of Alexander, Athens remained without any movement, even while Sparta, under the command of Agis, was making a vigorous, though unsuccessful, attempt at emancipation. A remnant of independence, however, appeared, by her deciding in favour of Demosthenes, the celebrated contest concerning the crown, (See DEMOSTHENES,) though she banished him two years afterwards, on a somewhat doubtful accusation of bribery. Alexander appears always to have shewn a peculiar favour to this city. Devoted to the pursuit of glory, he viewed Athens as the dispenser of it. The speech is well known which he made in passing the Hydaspes: "What dangers am I encountering, O Athenians, in order to be praised by you!" The decree, however, which he passed for the restoration of all the Grecian exiles to their respective cities, though humanity, as well as policy, might have prompted it, excited high indignation among a people so torn by party contests; and when it was immediately followed by the news of his death, the popular party easily gained the ascendency. Demosthenes, restored to his country, became again the soul of the Athenian councils. A confederacy was formed, with Athens at its head; and a numerous army was raised, to make head against that under the command of Antipater. Leosthenes, being appointed general, attacked the Macedonian commander, defeated and drove him into Lamia, a town of Thessaly, to which he immediately laid siege. Leosthenes fell before the town; but his successor Antiphilus routed a body of troops which had advanced to relieve it. Alarmed by these checks, Craterus hastened over with a band of those

veterans who had conquered under Alexander. This Athens. was too hard a trial for the Athenian levies; they were vanquished; and at this single disaster, the whole confederacy fell immediately to pieces. Antipater marched directly to Athens, which submitted without resistance. Demosthenes was the victim of this revolution. Having fled to the island of Calauria, and taken refuge in a temple, he was surrounded by Macedonian officers, and, to save himself from falling into their hands, swallowed poison. Phocion, who Death of had always resisted this rash ebullition, now sought Demostbe in vain to save Athens from the ignominy of a Ma- nes. cedonian garrison. Twelve thousand citizens were disfranchised; the popular form of government was suppressed; and every measure was taken to hold her A. C. 329 in the most strict and absolute subjection.

Thus Athens lost all that remained of her liberty; and she became from this period, as distinguished for the meanness of her adulation, as she had formerly been for the fierceness of her independence. Never did people run into such excesses of flattery. Every successive master who was imposed upon them, from the moment that he came into power, was fawned upon with the same abject servility. Antipater, on his death-bed, left the government of Macedon to Polysperchon, who acting, in every respect, contrary to his predecessor, espoused the popular interest among the states of Greece, and particularly in Athens. Phocion, who had been attached to An- Of Photipater and the opposite interest, became then the cion. object of hostility to the new governor, who procured from the Athenians his condemnation and death. Thus Athens lost her last great man, in the same manner as she had lost so many of his predecessors.

A. C. 319.

Polysperchon was not long of being driven out by Cassander, the son of Antipater, who re-esta blished the old system, and set Demetrius Pha- Demetrius lereus at the head of the government. The choice Phalereus was excellent; and under this accomplished person, Athens enjoyed more quiet, and perhaps more real happiness, than during the days of her glory. Every species of honour was profusely lavished on him; insomuch, that while Miltiades, the deliverer of the state, was honoured only by a place in an historical painting, three hundred and sixty statues were decreed to Demetrius Phalereus. Yet when, after a sway of twelve years, he was dispossessed by Demetrius, A. C. 306. the son of Antigonus, these statues were instantly Demetrius thrown down, and all their adulation transferred to Poliorcete this new master. Demetrius here abandoned himself to every species of debauchery; and the Athenians dishonoured themselves completely by their servile compliance even with his most shameful propensities. Yet when, fortune changing, he soon afterwards sought refuge in their city, he found the gates shut against him. By another turn of affairs, he soon after became again master of the city, and, according to every appearance, the Athenians had to dread the severest effects of his vengeance. But Demetrius, an accomplished person, and ambitious of fame, sought rather to attach them by an ostentatious clemency. Yet when adverse fortune compelled him once more to seek refuge within her walls, he failed not to experience a second repulse.

Athens now, amid the struggle of contending po

Athens. tentates, enjoyed, for some time, a precarious independence. This, such as it was, seems to have infused a portion of her ancient spirit. An inundation of Gauls, under the command of Brennus, poured down upon Greece, which they prepared to enter by the straits of Thermopyle. The Athenians took the lead in the confederacy of Grecian states formed to oppose them; and Brennus, after a desperate effort, found the barbarous strength of his troops insufficient to contend with the superior skill and valour of the Greeks. He was forced to relinquish his enterprize, and to content himself with laying waste the northern districts.

This last glimmering, however, of her ancient glory, was quickly extinguished. Antigonus, the son of Demetrius, having ascended the throne of Macedon, determined to avenge on Athens the injuries of his father: he laid siege to it therefore with a A. C. 268. powerful army; and, notwithstanding the efforts made by the other states, and even by Ptolemy of Egypt, he at length succeeded in compelling it to receive a Macedonian garrison.

Athens joins Rome against Macedon.

The Achaian republic now began its splendid career; during the whole of which, Athens remained in inglorious tranquillity. In the wars, however, which immediately succeeded between Rome and Macedon, she makes some small figure. She even gave occasion to the second Macedonian war. Two Acarnanian youths had been put to death by the Athenians, for some venial offence committed at their sacred rites. The Acarnanians, having in vain demanded satisfaction, obtained permission from Philip to lay waste Attica, in which they were aided by some Macedonian troops. The Athenians, without making any attempt to defend themselves, appealed to the Romans, who, eager for a pretence to make war upon Philip, availed themselves of this event. Attalus and the Rhodian ambassadors, then in alliance with Rome, happening to pass near Athens, appeared in the city, and were received with the most extravagant honours. Athens, however, took little share in the war which she had kindled, but derived a precarious security from the hostility of contending powers. The form of liberty was for a time confirmed to her, by that decree which gave freedom to all the Grecian states. But when Rome, having reduced Macedon to subjection, no longer kept terms with the other states, Athens, along with them, was reduced into a province, under the title of Achaia. She does not even appear to have shared in the gallant resistance made by the Achaian republic. What followed, however, some time after, shewed, that there was still some remnant of her ancient spirit. Mithridates, the renowned enemy of Rome, had openly raised the standard against that power, and had commenced hostilities by an indiscriminate massacre of all the Romans who were settled in Asia. From that moment, Athens hailed him as her deliverer. Rome, distract, ed by faction, was supposed to be in no condition to enforce her dominion. The complete triumph, however, of Sylla over Marius, fatally deceived this expectation. The former general marched directly into Greece, inflamed with the most furious thirst of vengeance. All the states submitted, except Athens; and therefore against it the Roman general advanced

VOL. III. PART I.

without delay. Athens made a resistance beyond Athens. expectation, and not unworthy of her ancient fame. The city and the Piræus, which formed separate for- Siege of Athens by tresses, were then in different hands. The former Sylla. was commanded by Aristion, who is represented as a violent and profligate character, but who appears A. C. 86. evidently to have possessed great energy and activity. The Piræus was held by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates, possessed of distinguished merit and ability. Sylla spared no efforts to overcome this unexpected resistance. To construct his machines, he levelled all the sacred groves around Athens, nor spared even the Academy and the Lyceum. He plundered the treasures of Delphi, without regard to the sanctity which had so long been attached to them. Yet every attempt which he made to reduce the place by storm, was completely baffled, and he was compelled to have recourse to blockade. Having succeeded in demolishing part of the long walls which joined Athens to the Piræus, the city, deprived of communication with its harbour, soon began to be straitened for subsistence. Treachery completed what force had begun; the supplies of Athens were entirely cut off; and she began to experience all the horrors of famine. Aristion desperately resisted every proposal of surrender; but at length the citizens, either through fatigue or disaffection, ceased to keep the same strict watch as formerly. Sylla, observing this, prepared a midnight attack, which, finding them completely unprepared, soon made him master of the city. Exasperated at their long defence, he gave full vent to the ferocity of his character. Not only was the city given up to indiscriminate plunder; but orders were issued, that every Athenian, of every age and sex, should be put to the sword. The city streamed with Athenian blood; and scarcely, of her whole population, did a feeble remnant survive. Archelaus, seeing the city lost, judged it necessary to evacuate the Piræus. Sylla, thus deprived of human victims, vented his impious fury on the structures, the pride of Athens and of Greece, with which that port was adorned. The fairest edifices of the city had been defaced; but the Piræus was completely levelled with the ground.

On the few occasions in which the Athenians took any share in the civil wars of Rome, they were still faithful to the cause of liberty. They espoused the part of Pompey against Cæsar; and again, on the death of Cæsar, they threw down his statues, and in their stead set up those of Brutus and Cassius, which last they placed next to those of Harmodius and Aristogiton. After the battle of Philippi, when there remained no longer any party friendly to liberty, Athens, in the division of the empire between Octavius and Antony, fell to the share of the latter. The profuse and thoughtless gaiety of his character, seems even to have conciliated the affections of the people. After his last departure from Rome, he fixed his residence for some time among them, and was received with all that servile flattery which they were accustomed to lavish on the favourite of the moment. By a refinement of adulation, they proposed his marriage with Minerva, their tutelar deity; to which Antony, with artful waggery, consented, on condition that she should bring him a portion of

F

Athens.

Athens a school of learning,

ten millions of drachmas, (300,0001.) Augustus punished this attachment to his rival, by depriving Athens of her few remaining privileges, and of the island of Egina, which she had received from Antony.

But while Athens thus saw every trace of her po litical existence vanish, she rose to an empire, scarcely less flattering, to which Rome itself was obliged to bow. Her conquerors looked to her as to the teacher and arbiter of philosophy and science. All the most distinguished Roman youth were ambitious of literary accomplishments; and all flocked to Athens, in order to acquire them. Several even preferred its tranquil and elegant pleasures to the tumult of the capital; and among these was Atticus, the celebrated friend of Cicero, who received that surname, from having fixed his residence at Athens.

The tyranny of the twelve Cæsars, being exercised chiefly against the nobles and senators of Rome, did not fall very heavy on this, or the other cities of Greece. Germanicus, under Tiberius's reign, bestowed on it the valued privilege of having a lictor to precede the magistrates. Even Nero conferred a nominal liberty upon it, along with the rest of Greece; and it is remarkable, that this gift was revoked by Vespasian. But it was in the golden age of the Roman empire, that Athens was destined to resume, in regard to outward appearance at least, her former splendour. Adrian, that singular character, ambiAdrian and tious to perpetuate his name by monuments of art, the Anto- chose Athens as his favourite residence, and lavished treasures in adorning it. He built several temples, and, above all, he finished that of Jupiter Olympius, the work of successive kings, and one of the greatest productions of human art. He founded a splendid li. brary. He bestowed also many municipal and other privileges. The Athenians repaid his benefits with their accustomed profusion of gratitude. An inscription, placed on one of the gates, declared Athens to be no longer the city of Theseus, but of Adrian.

Under

nines.

Schools of Athens.

The Antonines trod in the footsteps of Adrian. Under them, Herodes Atticus devoted an immense fortune to the embellishment of the city, and the promotion of learning. He was at the head of a species of university, founded by Adrian, and the professors of which were increased by Marcus Aurelius to thirteen. There were two for each of the four sects of philosophy, two rhetoricians, two civilians, and a president. Handsome salaries were attached to these appointments.

Amid the accumulated calamities of the Roman empire, the taste for learning and the arts suffered a gradual decline. Yet to those, who still cherished it, Athens continued to be the centre of resort. Being shut out, however, from all concerns of business, or of public life, her teachers lost entirely that sound and manly character, which they once possessed, and sunk into mere pedants and sophists. A sort of mystic fraternity seems to have been formed, admission into which was gained by a variety of childish ceremonies; while the initiated were distinguished by a peculiar dress, in which no one else was allowed to appear. Clokes and staves, a long beard, and a book in the left hand, were everywhere to be seen; and

Athens was also distinguished as the last retreat of paganism. Philosophy, which had formerly been rather hostile to superstition, proved now its only support. Her pride had never brooked the humility and the absence of worldly wisdom, which characterised that divine dispensation. Instead of acknowledging the purity of its doctrines and precepts, she employed a preposterous ingenuity in drawing a veil over the deformities of the pagan mythology. It was at Athens that Julian was supposed to have imbibed that enmity against Christianity which distinguished his reign. As, however, the ancient religion more and more declined, the credit of Athens declined along with it. Under the succeeding emperors, she experienced the most mortifying neglect, and at length her schools were entirely shut by Justinian.

It was not, however, merely in the decline of learn- Athens raing, and of the ancient religion, that Athens felt the vaged by calamities of the Roman world. Already, in the the barba first invasion of the Goths, in the middle of the third rians, century, Athens was selected as a victim. The fleet of those barbarians anchored in the Piræus. Attempts had been made to repair the walls, which had been allowed to fall into decay. They were unable, however, to resist the impetuous attack of the Goths. Athens was taken, and plundered. Dexippus, meanwhile, a brave officer, having hastily collected a body of troops, unexpectedly attacked, and drove them out of the city with considerable loss. It is reported that, during this visit, the Goths, having collected all the libraries of Athens, were preparing to burn them; but one of their number diverted them from the design, by suggesting the propriety of leaving to their enemies what appeared to be the most effectual instrument for cherishing and promoting their unwar like spirit. Serious doubts, however, are entertained as to the truth of this anecdote.

Greece now enjoyed a long respite from foreign war, till the weak reign of Arcadius and Honorius, when a still more dreadful tempest burst upon her. Alaric, that ferocious and terrible chief, after overrunning the rest of Greece, advanced into Attica, and found Athens defenceless. The whole country was converted into a desert; but it seems uncertain whether he plundered the city, or whether he accepted the greater part of its wealth as a ransom. tain it is, that it suffered severely; and Synesius, a cotemporary, compares it to the mere skin of a slaugh tered victim.

Cer

After the devastations of Alaric, and still more, after the shutting of her schools, Athens ceased almost entirely to attract the attention of mankind. The pursuits of industry, however, seem to have been carried on with some activity: Besides the honey of Mount Hymettus, there seems to have been a pretty considerable manufacture of silk; since, in 1130, a colony was transported from Athens to Sicily, with the view of introducing that branch of industry into the latter country.

After the taking of Constantinople by the Latins, and occu in the beginning of the thirteenth century, the west- pied by t ern powers began to view Greece as an object of am- Latins.

Athens. bition. In the division of the Greek empire which they made among themselves, Macedonia and Greece fell to the share of Boniface, marquis of Montserrat; who bestowed Athens and Thebes on Otho de la Roche, one of his followers. This prince reigned with the title of Duke of Athens, which remained for a considerable time; hence Chaucer and Shakespeare, confounding dates, talk of Theseus, Duke of Athens. After several successions, it came by marriage to Walter of Brienne. Considerable opposition, however, seems to have been made to him among his vassals; and these being reinforced by the Catalans, who then extended devastation and conquest over these regions, the new duke was expelled, and forced to return to France, where he fell in the battle of Poictiers. About twenty years after, his son made a fruitless attempt to recover it. Meanwhile the Catalans, having been compelled to acknowledge the supremacy of the house of Arragon, the government of Athens remained for some time at the disposal of that house. It was then seized by the powerful Florentine family of the Acciaioli. One of them ceded it to the Venetians, but his son seized it again, and it remained in the family till 1455, when it surrendered to Omar, a general of Mahomet II., and thus formed one of the two hundred cities which that prince took from the Christians. He settled a colony in it, and incorporated it completely with the Turkish empire.

Becomes a

part of the

Turkish empire.

Present

state of Athens.

The Acropolis.

Since that time, Athens is known in history only by two ineffectual attempts of the Venetians to make themselves masters of it. The first was in 1464, under their general Victor Capella. They gained possession both of the Piræus and of the city; but, failing in their attempt upon the Acropolis, were obliged to retire. The next was in 1687. In this siege, the Turks having made the Parthenon their powder magazine, a bomb fell into it, and blew up the whole roof of that famous edifice. Athens surrendered; but, the very next year, the Venetians were forced to abandon it.

It would be impossible to conclude, without endeavouring to give some idea of what Athens now is, and of what still remains to her after such a series of destroying revolutions. Even after all that time and barbarism have effected, her ruins still excite astonishment and admiration in every beholder.

In this survey, we naturally turn our eyes first to the Acropolis, of which a considerable portion is still standing. It has been converted by the Turks into a fortress, and a large irregular wall built round it. In this there appear some remains of the old wall, with fragments of columns, which have been taken from the ruins for the purpose of building it. Of the Propylea, which formed the ancient entrance, the right wing was a temple of Victory. The roof of this edifice remained till 1656, when it was carried away by a sudden explosion. On its foundation is now built the seraglio of a Turk. In a part of the wall still remaining are some fragments of exquisite sculpture in bas relief, representing the combat of the Athenians with the Amazons. Of the opposite wing of the Propylea, there still remain six columns, with gateways between them. These columns are of mar

ble, white as snow, and of the finest architecture. Athens. Each is not, though it appears to be, composed of a single piece, but of three or four joined so skilfully, that, though exposed to the weather for two thousand years, no separation has taken place. These columns are half covered by a wall, which the Turks have raised in front of them.

From the Propylea, we enter into the Parthenon, that grand display of Athenian magnificence. Eight columns of the eastern front, and several of the lateral porticos, are still standing. Of the frontispiece, which represented the contest of Neptune and Minerva for Athens, nothing remains, but the head of a sea-horse, and the figures of two women, whose heads are wanting; but these slender specimens display admirable truth and beauty. The combat of the Centaurs and the Lapitha is in better preservation. Of all the statues with which it was enriched, that of Adrian alone remains. The inside is now converted into a mosque. into a mosque. Upon the whole, this edifice, mutilated as it is, retains still an air of inexpressible gran

deur.

There are considerable remains also of the Erectheum, particularly those beautiful female figures, called Caryatides, which support, instead of columns, two of the porticos.

Of the two theatres, the theatre of Bacchus, and the Odeum, there remains only so much of the outer walls, as is sufficient to shew their site, and their immense magnitude. The area is now ploughed, and produces corn.

Having thus surveyed the Acropolis, we shall now The town. enter within the town, which does not, however, present any monuments of equal magnitude. Near a church called Great St Mary, are three exquisite Corinthian columns, supporting an architrave. This passed originally for the temple of Jupiter Olympius; an idea which Stuart has clearly proved to be erroneous. He supposes it to be a remnant of the Pæcile.

The Tower of the Winds, by Androneus Cyrrhestes, is still entire. Its figure is octagon, and on each of the sides is carved, in relief, a representation of one of the principal winds. The sculpture is admirable. This building owes its preservation to its having become the mosque of an order of Dervises.

Among the monuments of distinguished men, of which a street called the Tripods was almost entirely composed, one only remains, the choragic monument of Lysicrates. It consists of a basement, circular colonnade, and cupola. The order is Corinthian. The architecture and sculpture are exquisite. It was supposed by Wheeler to be the Lantern of Demosthenes, where that orator retired to study; but this is clearly refuted by Stuart.

Of the splendid Gymnasium erected by Ptolemy, a few black and ruined walls present the only traces.

On going without the city, our attention is immedi- Ruins withately attracted by the sublime ruins of the temple of out the ciJupiter Olympius. Sixteen columns only remain of ty. one hundred and twenty. Wheeler, in 1676, found seventeen; but a little before Chandler's visit in 1765, one had been overturned for the building of a mosque. Of the statues which, in such numbers, enriched this edifice, none now remain. Some only