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OF THE

FORTY-NINTH MEETING

OF THE

BRITISH ASSOCIATION

FOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE;

HELD AT

SHEFFIELD IN AUGUST 1879.

LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1879.

Office of the Association: 22 ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON, W.

LONDON: PRINTED BY

SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET

CONTENTS.

Page

OBJECTS and Rules of the Association

Places and Times of Meeting and Officers from commencement............... xxviii

Presidents and Secretaries of the Sections of the Association from com-

Evening Lectures......

Lectures to the Operative Classes.......

Officers of Sectional Committees present at the Sheffield Meeting ....

Treasurer's Account............

Table showing the Attendance and Receipts at Annual Meetings............ liv

Officers and Council, 1879–80..........................

Report of the Council to the General Committee........

Appendix I.-Correspondence with the Treasury about the Natural History

Appendix II.-Report of the Patent Law Committee.......

Recommendations of the General Committee for Additional Reports and

Researches in Science..........

Synopsis of Money Grants............

Places of Meeting in 1880 and 1881........

General Statement of Sums paid on account of Grants for Scientific

Arrangement of the General Meetings.......

Address by the President, Professor G. J. ALLMAN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.SS.

L. and E., M.R.I.A., Pres. L.S.........

REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.

port of the Committee, consisting of Professor Sir WILLIAM THOMSON, Pro-

fessor CLERK MAXWELL, Professor TAIT, Dr. C. W. SIEMENS, Mr. F. J.

BRAMWELL, and Mr. J. T. BOTTOMLEY, for commencing Secular Experiments

upon the Elasticity of Wires. Drawn up by J. T. BOTTOMLEY

Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. JOULE, Professor Sir WIL-

LIAM THOMSON, Professor TAIT, Professor Balfour Stewart, and Professor

J. CLERK MAXWELL, appointed for the purpose of effecting the Determina-

tion of the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

Report of the Committee appointed for the purpose of endeavouring to pro-

cure Reports on the Progress of the Chief Branches of Mathematics and

Physics; the Committee consisting of Professor G. CAREY FOSTER (Secre-

tary), Professor W. G. ADAMS, Professor R. B. CLIFTON, Professor CAYLEY,

Professor J. D. EVERETT, Professor CLERK MAXWELL, Lord RAYLEIGH,

Professor G. G. STOKES, Professor BALFOUR STEWART, Mr. SPOTTISWOODE,

and Professor P. G. TAIT

Twelfth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor EVERETT, Professor

Sir WILLIAM THOMSON, Professor J. CLERK MAXWELL, Mr. G. J. SYMONS,.

Professor RAMSAY, Professor GEIKIE, Mr. J. GLAISHER, Mr. PENGELLY,

Professor EDWARD HULL, Professor ANSTED, Dr. Clement Le Neve Foster,

Professor A. S. HERSCHEL, Mr. G. A. LEBOUR, Mr. A. B. WYNNE, Mr. GAL-

LOWAY, Mr. JOSEPH DICKINSON, and Mr. G. F. DEACON, appointed for the

purpose of investigating the Rate of Increase of Underground Temperature

downwards in various Localities of Dry Land and under Water. Drawn up

by Professor EVERETT (Secretary)

Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor CAYLEY, F.R.S., Professor

G. G. STOKES, F.R.S., Professor H. J. S. SMITH, F.R.S., Professor Sir

WILLIAM THOMSON, F.R.S., Mr. JAMES GLAISHER, F.R.S., and Mr. J. W.

L. GLAISHER, F.R.S. (Secretary), on Mathematical Tables. Drawn up by

Mr. J. W. L. GLAISHER..

Sixth Report of a Committee, consisting of Professor A. S. HERSCHEL, M.A.,

F.R.A.S., Professor G. A. LEBOUR, F.G.S., and Mr. T. J. DUNN, B.Sc.,

on Experiments to determine the Thermal Conductivities of certain Rocks,

showing especially the Geological Aspects of the Investigation

Report of a Committee, consisting of Professor G. FORBES, Professor Sir

WILLIAM THOMSON, and Professor EVERETT, appointed to obtain Observa-

tions on Atmospheric Electricity at Madeira. Drawn up by Dr. GRABHAM,

Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor SYLVESTER, F.R.S., and

Professor CAYLEY, F.R.S., appointed for the purpose of calculating Tables of

the Fundamental Invariants of Algebraic Forms

Report of the Committee, consisting of the Rev. SAMUEL HAUGHTON, M.D.,

and BENJAMIN WILLIAMSON, M.A., appointed for the Calculation of Sun-

Heat Coefficients. Drawn up by Dr. HAUGHTON

Second Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor Sir WILLIAM THOM-

SON, Dr. MERRIFIELD, Professor OSBORNE REYNOLDS, Captain DOUGLAS

GALTON, and Mr. J. N. SHOOLBRED (Secretary), appointed for the purpose

of obtaining information respecting the Phenomena of the Stationary Tides

in the English Channel and in the North Sea; and of representing to the

Government of Portugal and the Governor of Madeira that, in the opinion

of the British Association, Tidal Observations at Madeira or other islands

in the North Atlantic Ocean would be very valuable, with the view to the

advancement of our knowledge of the Tides in the Atlantic Ocean.

Report of Observations of Luminous Meteors during the year 1878-79, by a

Committee consisting of JAMES GLAISHER, F.R.S., &c., R. P. GREG, F.G.S.,

F.R.A.S., C. BROOKE, F.R.S., Professor G. FORBES, F.R.S.E., WALTER

FLIGHT, D.Sc., F.G.S., and Professor A. S. HERSCHEL, M.A., F.R.A.S.

Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. DAVID GILL, Professor G. FORBES,

Mr. HOWARD GRUBB, and Mr. C. H. GIMINGHAM (with power to add to

their number), appointed to consider the question of Improvements in

Astronomical Clocks

Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor G. FORBES (Secretary), Pro-

fessor W. G. ADAMS, and Mr. W. E. AYRTON, appointed for the purpose of

improving an Instrument for detecting the presence of Fire-damp in Mines. 131

Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. W. CHANDLER ROBERTS, F.R.S.

(Secretary), Dr. C. R. ALDER WRIGHT, and Mr. A. P. LUFF, appointed for

the purpose of investigating the Chemistry of some of the lesser-known

Alkaloids, especially Veratria and Bebeerine

Seventh Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor PRESTWICH,

Professor HUGHES, Professor W. BOYD DAWKINS, Professor L. C. MIALL,

Rev. H. W. CROSSKEY, Messrs. W. PENGELLY, W. MOLYNEUX, D.

MACKINTOSH, R. H. TIDDEMAN, J. E. LEE, and J. PLANT, and Dr. DEANE,

appointed for the purpose of recording the position, height above the sea,

lithological characters, size and origin of the Erratic Blocks of England,

Wales, and Ireland, reporting other matters of interest connected with the

same, and taking measures for their preservation. Drawn up by the Rev.

H. W. CROSSKEY (Secretary)

Fifteenth Report of the Committee, consisting of JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., Sir

JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., F.R.S., EDWARD VIVIAN, M.A., GEORGE BUSK,

F.R.S., WILLIAM BOYD DAWKINS, F.R.S., WILLIAM AYSHFORD SANFORD,

F.G.S., JOHN EDWARD LEE, F.G.S., and WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S.

(Reporter), appointed for the purpose of exploring Kent's Cavern, Devon-

Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. JOHN EVANS, Sir JOHN LUBBOCK,

Major-General LANE FOX, Mr. GEORGE BUSK, Professor W. BOYD DAW-

KINS, Mr. PENGELLY, and Mr. A. W. FRANKS, appointed for exploring cer-

tain Caves in Borneo

Fifth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor HULL, Rev. H. W.

CROSSKEY, Captain D. GALTON, Mr. GLAISHER, Mr. H. H. HOWELL, Profes-

Sor G. A. LEBOUR, Mr. W. MOLYNEUX, Mr. MORTON, Mr. I. ROBERTS, Mr.

PENGELLY, Professor PRESTWICH, Mr. JAMES PLANT, Mr. MELLARD READE,

Mr. W. WHITAKER, and Mr. DE RANCE (Reporter), appointed for investiga-

ting the Circulation of the Underground Waters in the Jurassic, New Red

Sandstone, and Permian Formations of England, and the Quantity and

Character of the Waters supplied to various Towns and Districts from these

Report of the Committee, consisting of the Rev. MAXWELL CLOSE, Professor

W. C. WILLIAMSON, and Mr. W. H. BAILY, appointed for the purpose of

collecting and reporting on the Tertiary (Miocene) Flora, &c., of the Basalt

of the North of Ireland. Drawn up by WM. HELLIER BAILY, F.L.S., F.G.S.

Report of the Committee, consisting of the Rev. H. T. BARNES-LAWRENCE, Mr.

SPENCE BATE, Mr. H. E. DRESSER (Secretary), Mr. J. E. HARTING, Dr.

GWYN JEFFREYS, Mr. J. G. SHAW LEFEVRE, M.P., Professor NEWTON,

the Rev. Canon TRISTRAM, appointed by the Council for the purpose of

inquiring into the possibility of establishing a Close Time for the Protection

of Indigenous Animals

Report of Committee, consisting of Mr. C. SPENCE BATE, and Mr. J. BROOKING

Rowe, appointed for the purpose of Exploring the Marine Zoology of Devon

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