Ramsbury, bishops of, see Hermann,
Odo
Ramsey, Cnut's gifts to, 433; Wyth-
mann abbot of, 545
Randolf of Bayeux, 505
Rapes of Sussex, 231
Reading, Danes at, 98, 102, 103
Rechru, 66, note 3
Reeve, the king's, his duties, 238;
see High-reeve, Wic-reeve, Shire-
reeve, Port-reeve, Tun-reeve
Reginbold, chancellor, 546, 547
Repton, burial-place of the Mercian
kings, 106; Danes winter at, ib.
Revenue, the royal, its distribution
under Elfred, 181, 182; its
sources, 403, 404, note 2
Rheims, council of, 519; its political
results, 520, 521
Richard the Fearless, son and suc-
cessor of William Longsword,
273; reared in the Bessin, 388;
his accession followed by a civil
war, 273; his alliance with
Harald Blaatand, 364; Normandy
under him, 323, 389, 390; treaty
with Ethelred, 376 and note
Richard the Good, son of Richard the
Fearless, 391; his alliance with
Ethelred, 391, 392; gives a re-
fuge to Ethelred and his house,
411, 412
Richard III., son and successor of
Richard the Good, 473; betrothed
to Adela of France, 521
Richard, son of Scrob, 492
Richmondshire, 231
Riesig, king of Northumbria, 115;
his death, ib.
Ridings, see Trithings
Ripon, Wilfrid's abbey at, destroyed
by the Danes, 93; the church
destroyed by Eadred, ib., note 2,
292; Ethelstan's grants to, 222
Riponshire, 231
Roads, their dangers in the tenth
century, 337; Roman, see Watling
Street, Fosse, Icknield
Robert the Devil succeeds Richard
III. as duke of Normandy, 474 ;
subdues Brittany, ib.; restores
King Henry of France, ib.; supports
Baldwin of Flanders, ib. ; prepares
to invade England, ib.; his fleet
wrecked, 475; names William as
his successor, ib.; pilgrim to the
Holy Land, ib. ; his death, 476
Robert, abbot of Jamièges, chaplain
of Eadward the Confessor, 492,
546, 547; his influence over the
king, 501; made bishop of
London, ib., 547; archbishop
of Canterbury, 525; his quarrel
with Godwine, 525, 526; his visit
to William, 531, note; his flight,
534, 537; outlawed, 537; protests
against Stigand's intrusion, 538,
579; his deposition held invalid,
ib.
Robert the Strong, duke of Paris, 243
Rochester attacked by the Wikings,
78, 148, 382; relieved by Elfred,
149; mint at, 228; see of, its lands
ravaged by order of Ethelred II.,
357, 358; bishops of, see Siward
Roderic Mawr, king of North Wales,
pays tribute to Mercia, 80; alli-
ance of his house with the north-
men, 183; its submission to El-
fred, ib.
Rodward, archbishop of York, 221
and note 2; his death, 222
Roeskilde, Harald Blaatand builds
a church and castle at, 365; Cnut
appoints an English bishop to, 433
Roger of Toesny, 421, 473
Rognwald, son of Harald Fair-hair,
burnt by Eric Bloody-axe, 263
Rollo, see Hrolf
Rome, Alfred's visit to, 99; Ælfred
sends alms to, 105 and note 2;
his intercourse with, 183; Saxon
school at, 18, 468
Romney secured by William, 572
Ross, Wikings in, 66, 215
Rouen sacked by the Wikings, 76;
attacked by Hrolf, 244; loyal to
William, 506
Rudolf of Burgundy claims the
West-Frankish Crown, 249; be-
comes king, 250; defeats the
northmen of the Loire, ib.; re-
ceives the homage of William
Longsword, 251; his death, 265
Runcorn fortified by Ethelflæd,
Saintes pillaged by the Wikings, 77
Salt-works in Dorset, 7 and note;
Cheshire, ib., note; Worcestershire,
335; Kent, 336 and note 1
Sandwich, raid of the Wikings on,
78; its early importance as a sea-
port, ib. and note 1; Ethelred's
fleet assembles at, 403, 446, note
1; Swein lands at, 409; becomes
the main port of the Channel,
446; its "butsecarls," ib. and
note 1; its ferry-dues and port-
tolls granted by Cnut to Christ-
church, Canterbury, ib, and note
2; seized by Harald Harefoot, ib.
and note 3; its possession disputed
between Christchurch and St.
Augustine's, ib.; its herring-
fisheries, 447; Harthacnut lands
at, 484; Eadward gathers a fleet
at, 502, 522, 533
Saxony, duchy of, attacked by
Harald Blaatand, 364
Scale How, 277
Scandinavia, its dependent position
under Cnut, 424; supplies iron
to Britain, 447; see Danes,
Northmen, Norwegians, Swedes,
Wikings
Scargate fortified by Æthelflæd, 198
Schools, see Abingdon, Elfred, Bec,
Glastonbury, Rome, Winchester,
Worcester, York
Scots subject to the Picts, 185;
their name supersedes that of
Picts, ib.; join a league against
Ethelstan, 220, 253; defeated at
Brunanburh, 254, 255; their
alliance with Eadred, 289; in-
vade Northumbria, 435; defeated
at Durham, 399, 470 ; kingdom of,
attacked by the Ostmen, 91; by
Thorstein and Sigurd, 107; its
extent in the time of Elfred,
184; its alliance with him, 186;
its danger from the northmen,
215, 216; its relations with Ead-
gar, 324; its acquisition of Edin-
burgh, ib., 470; of Lothian, 471;
its altered relations to England,
ib., 472; its decline under Dun-
can, 558; Norman refugees from
England in, 559; invaded by
Siward, ib. ; the Ætheling Eadgar
takes refuge in, 574, 576; kings
of, see Constantine, Duncan, Ken-
neth, Macbeth, Malcolm
Seal, its use under Eadward, 486, 493
"Secundarius," 86, note 2; office
held by Elfred, ib., 101; by God-
wine, 429 ; instituted by Cnut, 493
note; continued under the Con-
fessor, ib.; its use, 544
Selsey, bishops of, see Ethelric,
Неса
Selwood, the thegns of Wessex con-
spire at, 83; boundary of East
and West-Wessex, 233
"Selwoodshire," the diocese of Eald-
helm, 231, note
Semland, 290, 363
Senlac, battle of, 570-572
Serf, see Villein'
Seterington, Carl's sons slain at, 496
Seven Boroughs, two chief thegns
of, slain by Eadric at Oxford, 414
Severn, river, fisheries in, 440 and
note; lead-works in valley of, 336
Shaftesbury, abbey founded by Elf-
red at, 133; mint at, 228; Ead-
ward the Martyr buried at, 357
Sherborne, see of, 46; bishops of,
see Ealdhelm, Ealhstan
Sherstone, battle of, 417
Sheppey ravaged by the Wikings,
64; they winter in, 79, 80; the
Danes in Kent driven thither by
Eadmund Ironside, 416, 417
Shetland, Wikings in, 66, 170; ex-
pelled by Harald Fair-hair, 170
Ship-money, 404, note 2
Ships of the Wikings, 59 and notes,
88, note 2
Shires, their West-Saxon origin,
141, note 6, 231; uses of the
word, 231, 232; instances of shires
in Cornwall, Kent, Sussex, York-
shire, 231, 232; in York, 230,
231, 451, note 4, 461, note 2 ; later
shires preserve the administrative
forms of the "folk," 231; first
named in the laws of Ine, 232,
233; use of the word by Asser
and Elfred, 233, note 2; early
formation in Wessex, 231-233;
Hampshire and Wiltshire, 232;
difference in names of earlier and
later shires, 234; extended to the
eastern dependencies of Wessex,
ib.; established throughout Wes-
sex by Ethelstan's time, ib. and
note 2; their introduction into
Mercia, 233-236; into the Dane-
law, 236; their late introduction
into East-Anglia and the north,
237, note 2; organization of the
whole kingdom in, its date, ib.;
difference of their organization
in Wessex and in Mid-Britain,
238; sums due to the king from,
239; financial use of the system,
Shire-man, see Shire-reeve
Shire-moot the sheriff's court, 240
Shire-reeve, his office and duties,
233, 239; his importance in the
shire moot, ib., 240, note 1;
growth of his authority, 240;
its executive character, ib., note 2
Shoebury, Wikings encamp at, 172
Shrewsbury, castle at, 575
Shropshire, 237
Sidroc the Old and Sidroc the
Young, jarls, join Guthrum, 98;
slain at Ashdown, ib., note 1
Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury,
negotiates a treaty with the Nor-
wegians, 375, note 1; position in
the councils of Ethelred, 429
Sigurd, jarl of Orkneys, 107
Sigwald, jarl at Jomsborg, 368,
407; his vow at Harald Blaatand's
funeral feast, 368
Sihtric, king of Dublin, driven out,
becomes king at York, 242;
marries a sister of Ethelstan,
219; his death, ib.
Silver How, 277
Silverside, 277
Siward becomes earl of Northumbria,
487, 495; of Nottingham, North-
ampton and Huntingdon, 537 ;
his independent position, 492 ;
his character, 495; his surname
of "Digera," ib.; slays Eadwulf,
ib., 496, note; marries Ealdred's
daughter, ib.; joins the king
against Godwine, 527; his in-
fluence, 557, 558; Duncan's sons
take refuge with him, 558 ; invades
Scotland, 559; establishes Malcolm
as its king, ib.; his death, 560;
his burial-place, ib., 452
Siward, bishop of Rochester, 579
Siward, descendant of Earl Uhtred,
revolts against Tostig, 562, note
Skeggles Water, 277
Skiringsal, centre of northern trade,
118, note 3
Slaves, the English, answer to the
Scandinavian thralls, 57; tolls on
the sale of, 333; efforts of the
Church in their behalf, 334;
Æthelstan's reform, ib.; not
bound to work on Sundays, ib.;
allowed to purchase their free-
dom, ib. and note 3; forms of
manumission and emancipation,
335; enactment of the Synod of
Chelsea concerning, ib.
Slave-trade among the Danes, 118
and note 4; at Chester, 443;
Bristol, 444; London, 456; vain
attempts to abolish, 445
Sleswick, 63
Sokes, growth of, 30; the soke a
privilege of the thegn, 136
Somerset, origin of its name, 234;
victory of its fyrd at the Parret,
75; Eadmund Ironside raises
troops in, 416; detached from
Wessex and joined with Hereford,
&c., under Swein, 500; ealdormen
of, 233, note 2; see Ethelnoth
Somerton, 234
Songs, national, preserved among
the gleemen, 338; by William of
Malmesbury, 297, note 1; in the
Chronicle, 254, note 1, 218, note 2,
341; Northumbrian songs pre-
served in West-Saxon versions, 298
Southampton gives its name to
Hampshire, 231; mint at, 228;
Swein and Olaf winter at, 380;
Eadward the Confessor makes
an unsuccessful descent at, 480;
ealdormanry of, see Wessex (Cen-
tral)
Southwark, Godwine encamps at,
528; burnt by William, 572
Spearhafoc, bishop of London, 525;
his appointment quashed by the
Pope, 526; withdraws, 537
Stafford fortified by Æthelflæd, 201 ;
gives its name to a shire, 236
Staffordshire, its origin, 236
Staller or constable, his office, 542
Stamford, one of the Five Boroughs,
122, 206; its lawmen, ib., 461,
note 2; fortified by Eadward the
Elder, 206
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 569
Stigand, priest of Assandun, 545,
578; chaplain to Cnut, 578; to
Harald Harefoot, ib., 545; first
nomination to a bishopric, 578;
bishop of Elmham, ib.; friend
of Emma, ib.; supports God-
wine, 529, 535; deposed and
restored, 578, 579; bishop of
Winchester, 579; archbishop of
Canterbury, 538, 579; his un-
canonical position, ib.; holds
both sees, 579; his wealth,
ib.; gets a pallium, 568, 579;
consecrates two bishops, 579;
feeling against him in Normandy,
538; at Rome, 579, 580; in
England, 579-581; Wulfstan's
repudiation of him, 580, 581;
present at Eadward's death, 581
Strath-Clyde ravaged by Halfdene,
107 and note 1, 115; set free by
the wreck of Northumbria, 184;
joins the northern league against
Eadward, 216; submits to him,
217, note 1; its border extended
to the Derwent, 277; the name
replaced by Cumbria, ib., 184
Streoneshealh destroyed by Danes,
93; replaced by Whitby, ib.
Strut-Harald, jarl of Zeeland, 367,
Style, royal, of Eadward the Elder,
192; of Æthelstan, 240, 241, 269,
note 2; of Eadmund, 269, note 2;
of Eadred, 287, note 2, 288, note
2, 299; of Eadgar, 313, note, 314
and note 2
Suffolk, 237, note 2
Surrey forms part of the "Eastern
Kingdom," 69; its fyrd defeated
by the Wikings in Thanet, 79;
attacked by the Danes, 104; eald-
ormen of, 233, note 2; becomes
a shire, 234; supports Godwine,
532, note 2; joined with Essex,
&c., under Leofwine, 565
Sussex forms part of the "Eastern
Kingdom," 69; its rapes, 231; be-
comes a shire of the West-Saxon
realm, 234; its coast harried by
Child Wulfnoth the South-Saxon,
407; supports Godwine, 532,
note 2; kings of, their extinction,
39, note 1
Sutherland, Wikings in, 66, 215
Sweden, its beginnings, 53 and note
1, 62; settlement of the Danes in,
89; kings of, see Eric, Olaf
Swein, son of Harald Blaatand,
legends of his childhood, 365;
heads resistance to Blaatand, ib.,
366 and note 2; his baptism, 365,
note 2; exiled by his father, 366;
succeeds him as king, ib.; restores
heathenism, ib.; struggle with
Jomsborgers, 367 and note 1; his
marriage, ib., note 1; his vow at
Harald's burial-feast, 367, 368;
driven from Denmark,
his Wiking life, ib.; joined by
Olaf Tryggvason in an invasion
of England, 379; lands at South-
ampton, 380; repulsed from
London, ib. and note 1; treaty
with Ethelred, 381; withdraws
from England, ib.; recalled to
Denmark, 384; wars with Olaf
of Sweden, ib.; marries Olaf's
mother, ib.; his victory over
Olaf Tryggvason, 384,
386;
again attacks England, 396; lands
at Exeter, ib.; met by fyrds of
Wiltshire and Hampshire, ib.;
invades East-Anglia, 397; breaks
truce with Ulfeytel and plunders
Thetford, ib.; defeats the East-
Anglians, 398; returns to Den-
mark, ib.; sends Thurkill to
attack England, 407; lands at
Sandwich, 409; enters the Hum-
ber, 409, 410; joined by the
Danelaw, 410; marches into
Wessex, 411; receives the sub-
mission of Winchester, ib.;
repulsed from London, ib.; re-
ceives the submission of West-
Wessex, ib.; receives hostages
from London, ib.; his death, 412
Swein, son of Cnut, 421; driven
from Norway, 477; his death, ib.
Swein Estrithson claims the crown
of Denmark, 487; of England, ib. ;
Eadward's alleged promise to,
489; his struggle with Magnus,
493, 502; sails to England, 574;
bought off by William, 575
Swein, son of Godwine, 479;
earl of Herefor1, &c., 500; carries
off the abbess of Leominster,
501; outlawed, ib.; his re-
storation opposed by Harold
and Beorn, 523; murders Beorn,
ib.; branded as "nithing" and
outlawed, ib.; restored, 524; flies
to Flanders, 529; his earldom
divided, 530; his pilgrimage
and death, 532
Swithiod, kingdom of, 62
Swithun, St., bishop of Winchester,
73; his fidelity to Ethelwulf,
83; his historical work, 165, 166
and note 2; church in London
dedicated to, 462, note
Taillefer at Senlac, 570, 571
Tamar, river, boundary of West
Wales, 67, 221
Tamworth, residence of the Mercian
kings, 45, 200, 235; fortified by
Æthelflæd, 200; stormed by the
Ostmen, 272
Taxation, national, under Æthelred
II., 404, note 2; ship-levy and
Danegeld, 405, note 2; of London
under Cnut, 465
Tempsford, Danes encamp at, 205;
taken by the English, ib.
Teowdor, under-king of the North-
Welsh, 224, note 1
Thames, river, the Danes sail up,
98; its lower valley annexed
to Wessex, 197; boundary between
the realms of Eadwig and Eadgar,
314 and note 1
Thanet, victory of the Wikings in,
79; ravaged by Eadgar, 350
Thegns, origin of, 35; displace the
Ethelings, ib.; their relation to
the king, ib. ; growth of the class,
135; its extension under Elfred,
136; three classes of, 135, 136;
their wealth and luxury, 336;
their share in taxation, 403, note 2
Thelwell, Eadward the Elder at,
214
Theodred, bishop of the "Lunden-
wara," 459, note 3
Theodore, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 334
Thetford, Ivar and Hubba winter at,
96; plundered by the Danes, 397
"Thing" corresponds to "moot,"
57; replaces it, 120; survival
of the word at Thingwall, 117,
Thored, Gunnar's son, 327, note 2;
harries Westmoringa-land, ib., 275,
note 1
Thored, ealdorman, 372, note;
leader of the fyrd with Elfric,
377
Thorgils, leader of the Wikings, 66
and note 4; settles in Ulster,
74; destroys Armagh, ib.; slain,
76
Thorstein, son of Olaf the Fair, in-
vades the Scot kingdom, 107
"Thrall," 57
Thunresfeld, witenagemot at, 225
and note 1, 234, note 2
Thurbrand, 496, note
Thurcytel, Jarl, holds Buckingham,
203; submits to Eadward the
Elder, ib., 211
Thurferth, Jarl, of Northampton,
submits to Eadward the Elder,
204, 211
Thurkill, son of Strut-Harald of
Zeeland, 407; sent to England by
Swein, ib.; his ravages, ib.; defeats
the East-Anglian fyrd, 407, 408;
bought off by Ethelred, ib;
sacks Canterbury and seizes Arch-
bishop Elfheah, 409; enters
Ethelred's service as a mercenary,
ib. ;
defends London against
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