4. HEREFORD. Several instances were discovered here by the late Dean Merewether. He published particulars of the case of Chancellor Swinfield's tomb (A.D. 1297); and a full account of Bishop Swinfield's tomb, opened in 1861, is given in Fasti Herefordenses (4to, 1869).

5. LINCOLN. A stone coffin, containing the remains of a corpse in good preservation, was found at the east end of Lincoln Cathedral. A chalice and

the remains of a staff were found with the body. The cross on the coffin-lid appears to indicate by its form that the coffin was that of an archbishop. A full account of this discovery and contents of coffin appear in Archæologia (vol. i. p. 53), Sepulchral Slabs and Crosses, Cutts (p. 78).

6. EXETER. "In relaying the floor of the choir, in August, 1763, a large slab was removed from a very shallow walled grave, in which lay a leaden coffin, of ancient make and six feet long. The upper part was partly decayed; the skeleton was nearly entire. On the right side stood a small chalice covered with a paten, and a piece of silk or linen was round the stem. Amongst the dust was discovered a fair gold ring, with a large sapphire, and on the left were some fragments of a wooden crozier. The remains were respectfully covered in, but the ring and chalice are preserved in the Chapter House." (Oliver's Lives of the Bishops of Exeter.) A sketch of chalice, paten and ring are given in the Transactions of the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society. Bytton was Bishop of Exeter 1292-1307.

7. TEWKESBURY. The tomb of Alanus, Abbot of Tewkesbury, ob. 1202, when opened, contained, on the right side of his skeleton, a plain crozier of wood, neatly turned; the top gilded, with a cross cut in it, 5 feet 11 inches long; on the left side a fragment of a chalice. (Archæologia, vol. xiv. 152.)

8. EVESHAM. In excavations on the site of the Abbey of Evesham, circa 1810-1820, the tomb of Henry of Worcester, Abbot of Evesham (ob. 1263), was found and opened. A crozier was found on the right side, and a chalice and paten of pewter, fallen out of the left hand, lying across the breast. (Archeologia, vol. xx. 568.)

9. In CHEAM Church, Surrey, during the removal of the old tower, a stone coffin was discovered, seven inches below the level of the floor. The coffin contained the remains, possibly, of one of the rectors of Cheam as early as the thirteenth century. A pewter chalice and paten were found on the left-hand side of the skull, apparently in the original position, &c. (Archeological Journal, No. 83, 1865, p. 92.)

10. During excavation in KIRBY-UNDERDALE Church, among other things discovered were "the pewter chalice and paten in the stone coffin of a former rector.' (Guardian circa 1872.)

11. CHARLEWOOD Church, Surrey. An instance found in the graveyard of this church is related in Archeological Journal (vol. xviii. p. 276).

the chalice was of oval shape, with an inner lid, and over it a raised cover-the paten, said to have been lead, probably pewter. (History of St. Mary Magdalen Church, Doncaster, Rev. J. E. Jackson, pp. 35-36.)

13. EPWORTH. In September, 1880, during some alterations of the floor of the church at Epworth, a coffin, without a lid, was found, containing a skeleton of a full-grown person-probably that of a former parish priest-with a chalice and paten of pewter (?) lying on the breast. In a paragraph recording this in THE ANTIQUARY (1880, November, p. 225), the skeleton is spoken of as "apparently of a woman." This error is probably caused by the discovery, in the same coffin, of the bones of an infant also. The presence of these latter is easily accounted for by the fact that the coffin was without a lid, and many other burials had taken place in the same part of the church.

See also Bloxam's Monumental Architecture (1834). F. ROYSTON FAIRBANK, M.D. Doncaster.

I have in my possession a miniature chalice found on the breast of, no doubt, a priest, buried in a stone coffin in the north transept of the Abbey Church of Hexham, in Northumberland. It is of copper about

of an inch thick, and has been strongly gilt, a great part of the gilding still remaining. Total height, 2 in., diameter of bowl the same. The bowl is hemispherical, 1 in., including beaded ring round its base; the stem spherical, of an inch; the foot a segment of a sphere, also of an inch, flattened out of an inch at the bottom. This very interesting relic came to light during a "restoration of the Abbey in 1860, when, alas! much that was "old" was swept away, and much that is new was badly done. Up to that time the Abbey possessed a "Lady Chapel," across, and opening from, the east end of the choir, now removed bodily. I can remember the ancient altar slab lying in the pavement in front of the modern Communion Table, a noble stone upwards of nine feet long, with its five cross-crosslets. It has vanished, probably broken up, as the "old materials" became the property of the contractors. Since then another restoration has taken place, more careful, and principally of the north transept, but the area of the choir having been cleared for congregational seating, "Prior Richard's shrine," with its little altar in situ, the ancient "Frith-stool" or sanctuary chair, and other monuments of antiquity, have been relegated to bye-corners. The wooden rood-screen, painted with figures of saints, priors, and Dance of Death, happily remains in its place; and the glorious Early English transepts, the Saxon crypt with Roman slabs, and other architectural features, leave Hexham still well worthy of a special pilgrimage to the antiquary. W. FEATHERSTONHAUGH. Edmundbyers R., Co. Durham.

The only instance that I know of in Suffolk was at St. John's, Dunwich, taken down about 1540. Under a large stone in the chancel was found a stone coffin in which was the corpse of a man having on his legs "boots picked like Crakows," and on his breast stood

THE BUCKENHAM FAMILY.

For some time past, my attention has been directed to investigations connected with the origin of the Four Buckenhams in Norfolk, as well as that of the Buckenham family.

I was much pleased to see in your issue of March last, page 132, Professor Stephen's reading of the inscription on the Runic stone, found at Broughs commencing, "INGALANG IN BUCKENHOME," the date of which he sets down about A. D. 550-600.

I find in the Rev. Isaac Taylor's "Words and Places," that the Roman Emperor Valentinian, in A.D. 371, sent over to Britain a tribe of the Allemanni (opposite Mayence), viz., the Bucinobantes, and he affirms that they settled in Norfolk, and were in all probability the founders of the Four Buckenhams. The same theory is maintained by Haigh, and probably both have derived their opinions from the fragmentary History of Ammianus Marcellinus, who, though giving a full account of the Bucinobantes, does not mention the Buckenhams.

After the arrival of the Bucinobantes in Norfolk, their individuality seems to have been lost, for, as far as I have hitherto endeavoured to trace their aftermovements, my efforts have been unsuccessful.

I should indeed feel much obliged if you, or any one of your correspondents, would kindly give me any information in regard to the history of this family during the Saxon period-viz., from A.D. 371, or mention the titles of any books, MSS., &c., that I might consult, in order to throw light on the subject.

Their history is clear from the date of the Norman Conquest, indeed from a date anterior to that, A.D. 1042, and we have completed the pedigree of the family from that date; save that there is a gap of about half a century back, from A.D. 1718.

TEWKESBURY ABBEY & CRANBORNE. The early and close connection which subsisted between the Priory of Cranborne and the Abbey of Tewkesbury has given me, who am a native of the former place, an interest in the history of the latter ancient foundation; hence I have read Dr. Hayman's "Historical Memories" (vol.i. pp.9, 55, 97) so ably and instructively set forth in your pages, with the liveliest sentiments of gratification; but, as truth is our object, I trust he will pardon me if I make an observation or two on what seems to me to be an erroneous statement

in his Paper. It is not, however, an error of Dr. Hayman's own, but is found in a passage which he quotes from Mr. Blunt's "History of the Abbey," a work which has not come under my notice. The passage to which I allude (p. 58) refers to Brihtric, who is said to have been "seized in his chapel at Hanley, about three miles from Cranborne Abbey (where he had perhaps

fled for sanctuary), on the very day of her (Quern Matilda's) coronation; and had him conveyed a prisoner to Winchester," &c. It is quite true that there is the village of Handley at the distance of five (not three) miles from Cranborne; but there is no record or tradition, so far as I know, of any chapel there to which Brihtric fled for sanctuary. To be sure, there is the parish church, which may give some support to the statement. But there is no authority for anything of the kind. All that we know about this cruel transaction is found in the Chronicle of Tewkesbury (Monasticon, new edit., vol. ii.), which runs thus:ipsum in Manerio suo de Hanleya cœpi fecit, et Wyntoniam adduci, quo ibidem mortuus et sepultus, sine liberis decessit." It will be noticed that here the manor only of Hanley is mentioned. In the next place we may see how Leland improved on this simple statement :-" put hym yn the Castelle of Hanley, beside Saresburye, and there he died" (Itinerary, edit. Oxford, 1744). Here we have the castle, not the chapel of the Manor of Hanley, but we have its proximity to Salisbury specified. But it was neither the one nor the other, so far as this parish is concerned. The manor, too, of Handley does not appear to have been one of the 440 manors which Brihtric held as of the Honour of Gloucester. The Manor, mentioned in the Chronicle, is undoubtedly that of Hanley in Worcestershire, where the Earls of Gloucester had a castle; and here in his own castle he was seized, and taken from thence to Winchester, at that time the capital of the southern counties, where he died in prison, and where he seems to have been buried.

I will now say a few words on another subject. When the chancel of Cranborne Church was rebuilt a few years ago by the Marquis of Salisbury, there were found in demolishing the old walls parts of the effigy of a warrior, in Purbeck marble, which had been broken up and utilized in the building. I have a fragment of the head, and other pieces which show gilded and coloured. This mutilation of an ancient that the figure was clothed in armour of ring-mail, monument occurred most probably at the time of a previous rebuilding of the chancel, which is believed to have been in the early part of the 15th century, under the auspices of Thomas Parker, the last Abbot of Tewkesbury, who seems to have taken pleasure in "bricks and mortar." His monogram, "T.P.," was formerly to be seen on the cornice above our east window, on the exterior; and may be still seen within the church on the pulpit, which is a good specimen of old oak carving in the perpendicular style of Gothic. I have also a large metal button, or badge, with the same monogram, which has traces of white enamel in the letters, and may have been worn by the Abbot's bedemen or retainers. It was dug up near the churchyard. But of this monument: It is not at all obvious to what date or what person it may be confidently assigned. None of the De Clare family were buried at Cranborne; but I have the impression that it may have been a cenotaph dedicated to the memory of Robert Fitz-Hamon, by Robert, Consul of Gloucester, whose marriage with Mabel, the eldest of his co-heiresses, became the source of great wealth and honour. It had manifestly been a handsome and costly memorial, and it

seems strange that its associations should not have Imade it sacred. At the time of the death of that great soldier, Fitz-Hamon, the building of Tewkesbury Abbey was in an unfinished state, therefore his body was deposited in a temporary grave, from which it was subsequently removed to another situation in the church; and it was reserved for Abbot Parker to erect a sumptuous monument over the remains. This must have happened about the same time as the rebuilding of the chancel of Cranborne Church by him, and we may conjecture, I think with some probability, that this cenotaph, having become, after the lapse of near upon three centuries, defaced, worn, and nameless, was ordered to be broken up; and thus was destroyed the last visible link of the historical chain which united the Abbey of Cranborne with the Abbey of Tewkesbury. It has ever been the custom, I suppose, to erect under special circumstances honorary tombs and memorials to persons whose bodies may have been interred in other places. Here, indeed, is a case in point: In the "Historical Memoiries of Tewkesbury Abbey" (vol. i. p. 57) it is stated that the fragment of a memorial to this very Robert, Consul of Gloucester, was found under the altar at Tewkesbury, and it is known that his bones lie in Bristol. T. WILLIAM WAKE SMART.

In illustration of this expression it may be worth while to cite the following passages from Fielding's Tom Jones, book ii. chap. 6:

"And since he provokes me, I am ready, an't please your worship, to take my bodily oath, that I found them," &c.; and, a page or so further on, "Yet, notwithstanding the positiveness of Mrs. Partridge, who would have taken the sacrament upon the matter, there is a possibility that the schoolmaster was entirely innocent."

Of course these passages do not solve the difficulty, nor prove the derivation from corporale to be in

correct.

The expression, "to take the sacrament upon " a thing, reminds us of the original meaning of the Latin sacramentum; but the connection is, I imagine, more or less accidental. IOTA. Bristol.

FAMILY AND ARMS OF MAULE.
(iii. 191.)

Mr. Edward Maule, of Godmanchester, Hunts, I think, can give curious information. One of this family, in conjunction with my namesake, published the History of Greenwich Hospital, 1789-1811. Another of them, Colonel Maule, published his military doings in Holland and Portugal, about the end of last century. C. C. London.

RUSHES IN CHURCHES.
(iii. 187.)

Up to and inclusive of the last Guild Feast at Norwich, previous to the Munincipal Reform, it was the custom to strew the nave of the Cathedral over which the Mayor and Corporation walked with green rushes, the calamus romaticus which grows in the surrounding marshes and emitted a fragrant smell.

I remember the tenure of a copyhold of a manor in Suffolk, as expressed in the Court Books, was by the service of strewing the church over every year with rushes. G. A. C.

OLD ENGLISH CUSTOMS.
(iii. 247.)

Mr. Lach-Szyrma, in his interesting Paper upon the above subject, remarks that "the decking the outside of houses at May-day, which once prevailed in England, has a parallel in the decking of the outside of houses, barns, &c., with greens at Whitsuntide in some parts of the German Empire."

I beg to say that in Norfolk, and at the present time, it is a very general custom to decorate with boughs of trees the outside of the inns at which club-feasts are held at Whitsuntide; and this not only in the villages, but in the market-towns. Many distinctive features connected with the benefit-clubs are dying out; but this house-decoration still continues in full vigour. JOHN ARMSTRONG,

East Dereham, Norfolk.

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AUGUST, 1881.

Shakespeare's "Deer Adventure."

HAT Shakespeare was a leader in the town of Stratford during his youth in all the great sports and festivities we can readily believe. But the biographers, especially Öldys and Rowe, who came so late as 1709 into the field, found his name attached by report to the old squabble and riots that had taken place between the Stratford people and the Lucys. It was, therefore, not unnatural that when a dispute occurred about a stray deer which Shakespeare had shot on the adjoining estate of Fulbrooke (though he did not succeed in recovering his game), the event was, from these mixed reports, converted into a charge of stealing deer out of Sir Thomas Lucy's Park of Charlcote. Then it was magnified into an alleged habit or frequent practice of deer stealing, for which he was stated to have been prosecuted by that knight, and so severely that he was obliged to leave his family and take shelter in London.

Happily the facts, as now explained, enable us to eliminate tolerably well the whole of the falsehood from these worse than exaggerations.

Before Shakespeare's birth the Stratford people had resorted to the estate of Fulbrooke as a sort of "no man's land,” which had been sequestered to the Queen on forfeiture by Sir Thomas Englefield on the Queen's accession in 1558.

In the year 1564, on a document happily traced by Mr. Halliwell Phillipps in the State Paper Office, we find it recorded that thirtyfive Stratford people had been charged by Thomas "Lucy, Esquier," for a riot in hunting, &c.; but as Shakespeare was only

VOL. IV.

born in that year his name could not appear. The year is proved by the fact that Lucy was an Esquier, therefore not then knighted, an event which took place in 1565.

Here then is proof of an astounding exaggeration, from lapse of time, which requires to be duly analyzed. First as to the estate, the locus in quo, it was not Charlcote Park, for it cannot be proved that Shakespeare ever even visited the Park.

The incident occurred on the estate of Fulbrooke, adjoining Charlcote, where deer from thence might naturally escape and take refuge, there being to this day many outlying deer in the neighbourhood as in other parts of England.

Fulbrooke was of course a neglected place from having been in the hands of the Crown for nearly thirty years. It was probably all the more beautiful. At a much earlier time, when it had been also under forfeiture, it was, says Dugdale, the haunt of idle vagabonds, robbers, and murderers. It was, of course, open to passing visitors, and one may imagine it a famous resort for poachers, wood-stealers, and sportsmen, in search of hawks' nests, rabbits, and stray fawns, or even deer.

The number of wandering persons about England, called "broken men," at this time was remarkable, many of them, it is stated, former recipients at the abbeys and monasteries, who had not then become part of the settled population. So much trouble did they give, that on one occasion the magistrates of Somersetshire captured a gang of 100 at a stroke, and hanged fifty on the spot, and the remainder at the next assizes. (See Green's England, Vol. 2, p. 384.)

Shakespeare himself confirms the general account:

The country gives me proof and precedent
Of Bedlam beggars, who, with roaring voices,
Strike in their numb'd and mortified bare arms
Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary,
And with this horrible object, from low farms

Enforce their charity.

King Lear, act ii. sc. 3.

This trouble was only finally subdued by the masterly and efficient machinery of Elizabeth's Poor-law (43 Elizabeth). Unhappily Ireland was left without such a law, and has been a sufferer ever since.

E