church, that of Egelsay, there is evidence which links it on, not to the advanced stages of architectural design, but to the primitive forms. This evidence is derived from its round tower, which, though built at the same time as the church, is comparable to the round towers which stand, both in Ireland and Scotland, without the appendage of the church. The tower of Egelsay Church is peculiarly constructed, and there are but two other towers of like nature in Scotland. One is at Brechin, in Forfarshire, and the other at Abernethy, in Perthshire. The Brechin tower (Fig. 2) stands in the churchyard adjoining the southwest angle of the cathedral. It is built of large irregular blocks of a hard reddish-grey sandstone. The masonry is excellent, the stones are cut to the circle of the tower, but not squared at top and bottom, and consequently not laid in regular courses. Those at the base of the tower are of large size, occasionally as much as 5 ft. in length and interlocked in several places. There is an external plinth or offset of 24 in. at the base of the tower, which is 86 ft. 9 in. high, to the spring of the later octagonal spirelet which now crowns the summit. It is perfectly circular throughout, and tapers regularly from base to summit. Internally it is divided into seven sections or stories of unequal height by stringcourses averaging 9 in. deep in the face and 6 in. in their projection fron the walls. This remarkable tower, and that of Abernethy, are singularly alike in form, construction, and position. The most remarkable thing about them is that they have never been connected with any remains, whether of monastery or church. They stand isolated in their magnificent solidity and strength, as the only types of their class in Scotland. Therefore, says Mr. Anderson, taught by scientific principles that the rarity of a strongly-marked type in one area may be a sign of its abundant existence in some contiguous or associated area, the archaeologist proceeds to look for the area from which the type here represented by these two specimens must have been derived. That area is found in Ireland; and thence Mr. Anderson leads his readers, and considers the position of the round towers in archæology. Into this question we cannot now enter in detail. But to learn how these round towers afforded an asylum for the ecclesiastics, and a place of security for the relics, such as bells, books, crosiers, and shrines under their guardian ship; to learn how they died out by a species of degradation of their original form and function; to learn that this process of degradation (or may we rather not say, development?) is illustrated by examples where the tower is placed as an integral part of the church, in various stages, until we come to the modern church tower, to learn all this is to learn some of the truest and best principles of archæological science, and for this we must refer our readers to Mr. Anderson's admirable book. Turning to other structural remains of the early Celtic Church, we come upon those groups of early remains where the church is associated with dwellings constructed within a rath or cashel-a fortified or protected monastic settlement. Here, again, Mr. Anderson takes us along the lines of strict archæological sequence to the simple form of the church, small in size, consisting of only one chamber, and with one door and one window. This utterly simple form is traced through further gradations, until it reaches the construction consisting of the placing of stone upon stone without any binding material to keep them together. A very good example is given from Ireland, Rock, off the coast of Kerry :situated on Shellig Michael, or St. Michael's : As it now exists, it consists of five circular beehive cells of dry-built masonry, associated with two rectangular structures, also of dry-built masonry, and one rectangular building of larger size, part of which is dry-built, and part constructed with lime cement. The largest of the beehive cells (figure 3). is almost circular in form externally, but contains a rectangular chamber 15 ft. by 12 ft. on the ground plan. Its walls are 6 ft 8 in. thick. They rise vertically all round, each stone projecting further inwards than the one below it, until at the height of 16 ft. 6 in. the rudely domical or beehive-shaped roof is finished by a small circular aperture, which might be covered by a single stone. The doorway is 3 ft. 10 in. high, with inclining, instead of perpendicular sides, and the passage which leads straight through the thickness of the wall is about 2 ft. Over the doorway is a small aperture like a window, and above it is a cross, formed by the insertion in the wall of six quartz boulders, whose whiteness is in strong contrast to the dark slaty stone of the building. Three square recesses, or ambries, are formed in the interior of the wall. Such are the salient features of this one structure from a most characteristic group of early Christian remains. This cluster of primitive buildings belongs to the class of ecclesiastical remains consisting of a church, or churches (that is, a form of structure that is not indigenous), associated with a cluster of dwellings constructed in the native manner, and surrounded by a rath or cashel. In other words, the archæologist, stepping beyond the bounds of historical chronology, treads upon the border-land of Paganism and early Christianity, and tells those of this age something about the life of primitive times. We may well pause here for a moment, and in imagination re-people those old-world towards these ends. He does not lead us to these primitive dwellings, tell us of their archæological value, and place the many specimens that now exist in their proper relationship one with another, with no definite purpose he does not, in short, deal simply with the primitive architecture of early Christian Scotland, and then leave us to grope our way to some false, or at all events, ill-supported conclusions as to the culture that once existed within these walls, as to the men who worshipped and their manner of worship. He dwellings which have existed these hundreds of years in the out-lands of our island home; we may well wish to know something about the mode of living adopted by their inhabitants, their customs and manners, their tenets and beliefs; and we may wish to re-kindle, too, the earnest spirit of the pioneers of a religion that now owns cathedrals and churches, the offspring of the purest art, throughout the length and breadth of Europe.. Mr. Anderson does in effect do something goes a little further than this. He proceeds. to speak of the various relics that are still extant of the early Celtic church, their history and associations, their art and its relations to the art of Europe. And this takes us into the important subjects of books, crosiers, reliquaries, and bells-subjects that are dealt with by a master-hand. But space forbids that we can in these pages dwell longer upon Mr. Anderson's work now. that we can do is to refer our readers to the book itself, where they will find everything to assist them-an easy simple style of diction, clear archæological principles, good illustrations of the subjects treated of, and a host of reflective observations, which altogether make up a volume worthy of the great subject of which it treats, and the occasion which created it. We should like especially to have said something about the old MSS. here dealt with, the intense Celticism of which makes it apparent that the culture of these beehive monasteries must have been much beyond what their architecture tells us, must have been far truer than the false culture of long-succeeding ages of monastic life. And thus, in summarizing the results of our consideration of Mr. Anderson's book, we have before us a primitive and simple style of dwelling, in open contrast to a high standard of art culture, and we draw, therefrom, the conclusion that archeology does not sanction the law held to by some students that the highest expression of a people's culture is to be found in their architecture. Butler's Unpublished Remains. PART II. These E have already referred to the sixtysix prose characters which Thyer had copied but did not print, and we now propose to give our readers some idea of the remainder of the unpublished papers of the author of Hudibras. consist of—(1) A large number of sheets of verse, some apparently connected with the composition of Hudibras, and others arranged under a variety of headings, such as Honor, War, Love, Marriage, Popery, Arts and Sciences, Christianity, &c., &c.; (2) Prose remarks on Truth and Falsehood, Virtue and Vice, Wit and Folly, Religion, Nature, Reason, Ignorance, and similar subjects, Criticisms upon books and authors, and disconnected thoughts which form a sort of Common-place Book. Taking them in this order, we will commence with a short notice of the miscellaneous verse. (1) We see Butler here, as in all his writings, a disappointed man, whose hand was raised against every man. He had a keen eye for the ridiculous side of things, but he did not care to draw attention to the better side. This may be said of all satirists, but it is a specially marked characteristic of Butler. One would have thought that there was enough folly on all sides of him to occupy his pen, and it is to be regretted that the new-born love for science and antiquity which distinguished the Restoration era, should have had so persistent an enemy in this man of genius. All know the severe attack upon the Royal Sociey which is contained in the amusing account of The Elephant in the Moon. There are several allusions to the "Virtuosi" in these papers, thus: "... A more strange device Or virtuosos free command Things how they please to understand; To think to finde out what's a clock." "Astronomers Have made great princes presents of new stars, As virtuosos sillily have done, And giv'n away whole ilands in the moon, Are all that's left of natural specifiques." The antiquary is next hit hard :"A little wit and reason's necessary To qualify an able antiquary, Who has no business for the intellect The commentator is not let off without a shot "How excellent an author would Tom Thumb, Translated into Arabique, become; The signe of the three loggerheads, useful to mankinde, as those that are false and frivolous, within a short time perish naturally of themselves. For among those multitudes of foolish bookes which we find mentioned by antient authors only for being such, there is not one transferred to posterity, while the greatest part of all those they The physician and his college come in for admired and commended are preserved and their share of abuse :— "There was a doctor that with sturdy paines And many years' vexation of his braines Believ'd h' had found out (as they call their guesses) An universall cure for all diseases, And now durst challenge Death to do its worst." We do not know the date at which these pieces were written, but if written in the author's later days, evidently the facile hand had not lost its cunning. Some few pages are headed by Butler himself, as Additions to Hudibras. Thyer made very little use of these pieces, but he extracted some specimens, and printed them as Miscellaneous Thoughts, with the following note:-"This and the other little sketches that follow, were among many of the same kind, fairly wrote out by Butler in a sort of poetical Thesaurus, which I have before mentioned. Whether he intended ever to publish any of them as separate distinct thoughts, or to interweave them into some future composition, a thing very usual with him, cannot be ascertained, nor is it, indeed, very material to those who are fond of his manner of thinking and writing." (2.) In the prose observations and reflections, the same subjects are treated, to a great extent, as in the verse, and the same classes are subjected to the same satire; thus we read: “ Antiquaries are but travellers in time, and something worse than those who wander over several forraine cuntrys, for the difference is Antiquaries only travel by book and take up all their relations upon trust. ... We finde Antiquaries generally most concerned with and delighted with the admiration of those inventions of the antients that are utterly lost, and consequently unknown, as if that very loss were an argument of their excellency, when it is rather of the contrary, for the world is not so apt to neglect and lose anything that is found true and still extant." This is a very comfortable doctrine, which is held by many in the present day, but it is by no means proved that many great works have not been irrevocably lost." In fact, the reverse could easily be proved. The thoughts contained under the various headings of Learning and Knowledge, Truth and Falsehood, Religion, Wit and Folly, Ignorance, Reason, Virtue and Vice, Opinion, Nature, History, Physique, Princes and Government, and Contradictions, are very weighty, but exhibit the bitterness of the disappointed man ; such as "the reason why fooles and knaves thrive better in the world then wiser and honester men, is because they are nearer to the general temper of mankind, which is nothing but a mixture of cheat and folly;" or, "wisdom pays no taxes, nor is it rated in the subsidy books, and therefore has not so much right to a share in the government as wealth, that contributes more towards it. It is like hidden treasure, that is of no use in the traffique of the world, while it is conceald and forfeited as soone as it is discovered. And as knowledge cast Adam out of Paradise, so it do's all those who apply themselves to it, for the more they understand they do more plainly perceive their own wants and nakedness as he did." The collection of criticisms upon authors and books are particularly interesting, as they show Butler's course of study. And we should like to quote largely from them if space would allow of it. He twice girds at those writers who affect an obscurity in their style, and says, “these are owles of Athens only in avoyding the light." Here is an interesting criticism upon himself: "My writings are not set off with the ostentation of Prologue, Epilogue, nor Preface, nor sophisticated with songs and dances, nor musique, nor fine women between the cantos, nor have anything to commend them but the plain down rightness of the sense." We hope we have given enough in these articles to prove that words of wit and wisdom written by one of our greatest authors still exist, although they have hitherto been practically unknown. HENRY B. WHEATLEY. and curve of plank, the same thick rough thwarts, and lofty prow rising far above the gunwale. Indeed, as one sees the fish and wood boats rounding into the creeks and harbours of Norway, half a dozen together, on a bright summer's day, with their dingy-coloured sails set half-way up the mast, The Viking Ship at Christiania. always kept at exact right angles to the HE Viking ship which was discovered at Gogstad about a year ago, and which was mentioned in an early number of THE ANTIQUARY (vol ii. p. 43), has now been removed to a permanent habitation in the garden of the University of Christiania. As it may be considered one of the most important antiquarian discoveries of the present century, and a unique illustration of the times of the early Norse explorers, it may be interesting to the readers of THE ANTIQUARY to have some further details concerning the ship and its present aspect and surroundings, especially as it is now in permanent dry dock, and so well placed as to enable the visitor to realize fully the form and character of those early ships which brought the Norsemen of a thousand years ago to our shores, adding their freight of human life and character towards the formation of our many-sided national existence. The visitor to the University garden at Christiania is led by a courteous custodian through winding paths to a distant corner of the grounds, and in a quiet nook is shown into a large and substantially-built wooden house, with windows on one side. The first thing which strikes one on being ushered into the shed is the great size of the ship and its majestic aspect, as it towers above the floor on a solid trestle of wood; the next feeling is one of wonder at its perfect state of preservation. Its length is seventyfive feet from stem to stern, and its breadth sixteen feet. In shape it exactly corresponds with the ships which are used in the present day in bringing dried fish and wood from the coasts of Norway up the fjords to such towns as Bergen, Molde, and Throndhjem, showing how little has been left to improve in the form of the boats of this coast since the Viking days-the same breadth of beam course of the boat, and bellying out before the wind, one can well imagine the imposing aspect of the fleets which ravished our own shores in the days of Alfred and Athelstan. The timber of the Viking ship is in a most excellent state of preservation, and all the parts have been reinstated in their proper places, as far as possible, the rudder being fastened in its original position with modern rope; and the whole structure has been coated over with a resinous composition, to secure it from further decay. About six feet square of wood has been cut out of one side of the ship at an early period, with the object, it is believed, of getting out the treasure which it is supposed to have held; but, as the other side is perfect, its symmetry is not injured from that point of view. The frame is laid on a very solid keel and the planks fastened over one another in regular curves, being well overlapped, and caulked with tow and moss, and fastened together with iron nails, which have heads at one end and appear to have been flattened out at the other, so as to ensure their holding tightly on both sides of the wood, just as rivets are put into iron ships in the present day, the points being hammered out while red-hot. The planks lie true and evenly throughout the length of the ship, and, but for the cracks and fissures in them at the prow and stern where the curve is greatest, might have been laid down last week. The top plank, or gunwale, on each side is of great strength, and is pierced with sixteen holes for oars; an ingenious method is adopted for putting the oars through them from the inside of the ship-a very essential arrangement on account of the heaviness and length of the oars. It consists of a narrow slip of about three inches long, cut into the oar-hole, so that, while the oar-holes are the right size for receiving and working the handle of the oar with ease, the broader blade which could not otherwise pass through |