The directors of the disused Potteries Railway, which is about to be reconstructed, have been considering the matter of removing the well-known old stone pulpit, which stands in their station yard at Shrewsbury, on the site of the refectory of the Abbey of St. Peter and St. Paul, Salop. It has been suggested that it should be removed from its present situation, and re-erected on some part of the Abbey churchyard. This is much to be regretted; and every antiquary must hope that the greatest pains will be taken, both by the directors and by the authorities of the Abbey church, to preserve this most interesting relic. The pulpit is described and figured in Owen and Blakeway's History of Shrewsbury.

An interesting and judicious restoration of a fine old timbered house has taken place in Godalming, Surrey. The work has been carried out by Mr. Welman, a local architect, and the utmost care has been taken to preserve and uphold all the best of the old work. The massive oak timbers and richly-ornamented tie-beams of what was originally a hall some 18 feet square, are all retained in situ. The window of eight lights behind the hall is of unusual size, being nearly 15 feet wide, and much of the oak work is of rich colour and in splendid order. The house must have been one of considerable importance in its time.

tance of about 30 mètres from the Aurelian Wall, and at the depth of 4 mètres below the level of the modern road, where a sewer is being constructed. The chief of these consists of an important sepulture of the Republican epoch of very large dimensions, and constructed entirely of tufo. Its front runs along the left line of the ancient Via Salaria, and is composed of a base about a palm and a half high, and of a parallelopiped body, formed of two courses of square blocks, reaching altogether to the height of 115 mètres, around the top of which is a cornice. * * *

In the interior of the city have been found a fragment of marble frieze, like that of the forum of Nerva; remains of brick constructions and a marble capital near the convent of St. Susanna; and in the bed of the Tiber (while dredging) an ancient bronze kitchen-utensil, turned on a lathe in simple and elegant form.

*

In the researches recently made near Rovigno, in Istria, by the Austrian Rear-Admiral Kinke, more than 20 mètres below the level of the Adriatic, have been discovered the remains of streets, houses, and walls, and which seem to be the ancient submerged city of Cissa. Divers will be sent to explore the buildings.

*

At Saint-Dié, in France (Vosges), important Celtic remains have been found, consisting of a square mass of masonry like a fortress, of which the walls are in some places 2 mètres thick and 2 mètres high, all built of blocks of unhewn stone. On the east side of these Cyclopean remains is a cube-shaped rock, supposed to have been a sacrificial altar, and having plainly marked on it the figure of a cross, Other cross-marked Celtic monoliths have occurred before, and are treated of by

IN Rome excavations have continued around the large funereal monument discovered in the Via Salaria last July. It bears the name Quintus Terentilius Rufus, and in its neighbourhood various fragments of sepulchral stones have come to light. Outside the walls similar discoveries have been made between the Salarian and Pincian gates, at the dis

Croix avant le Christianisme.

* * *

At Ascoli Piceno, in Italy, a tufo cippus has been discovered, bearing an important inscription in the ancient Sabellian dialect. It consists of three lines, and is inscribed in the boustrophedon manner.

* *

At Laurium, in Greece, Mr. Antonakopoulos, a mining agent, has discovered, a few weeks

ago, in Thorikos, a Greek inscription, which appears to have been placed as a boundarystone on the land of an ancient temple of Zeus Auantêr, a name that is new to us. Mr. Polites has made an interesting communication to the Athenian Hestia on the subject, showing that the epithet Auantêr is given to Jove as the deity of summer heat, corresponding to the epithets already known of Seirios and Aithiops.

In the prehistoric section of the Ethnological Museum at Berlin, near the skeletons first exhibited in the beginning of the year from the barrows of Klein-Rössen, near Merseburg, two other examples have now been placed. One is the skeleton of a woman, surrounded by her ornaments of pearl and stone and food for the dead, just as it was found in Klein-Rössen. The other is from the excavations at Lenguel, in Hungary, described by Pfrarrer Wolsinsky at the Vienna Anthropological Congress held last year. This skeleton lies with the knees raised up higher than the head, and with the hands pressing against

the face. Of the double set of skeletons found on this site in Hungary, in the first all rest on the left side and turn towards the south; in the other, all rest on the right side and turn towards the east. This peculiarity may denote differences of date at which the burials took place, and the difference of

ornaments found in the interment bears out the theory that one set is older than the other. One of these Hungarian skeletons of still further interest will, it is thought, be forwarded to Prof. Virchow. Others are being prepared for exhibition by Herr Konservator Krause.

* * * The Historical Society of Dillingen has begun to excavate near the village of Faimingen, on the Brenz, in Würtemberg, the site of an ancient Roman camp, the largest hitherto found in Germany, since it measures 58.700 square mètres in area (some 15 acres).* The tower of the porta prætoria, and both of the towers that flanked the porta principalis dextra, and part of the circuit wall were laid bare last year. At the distance of 116 mètres from the north end of the western wall, and

The largest Roman camp hitherto known in Germany, that of Niederbieker, is 920 mètres in circumference, representing an area of 50,925 mètres

square.

I

110 mètres from the south end, the foundations of a tower have now been found, which is without doubt one of the two towers that flanked the porta principalis sinistra, 1 mètre high and 6 mètres wide. During the last few years the Roman road leading from Faimingen, past Sachsenhausen, to Heidenheim, has been discovered, running in a width of 230 mètres, made of limestone chips from the neighbouring quarry of Wittislinger.

The museum of the Society of Christian Archæology at Athens has lately received so large an augmentation from private gifts that it will soon take a high rank among European collections of Christian antiquities, especially in the Byzantine period and of the regions under the Turkish domination. The latest additions consist of some ornamental terracottas from the mediæval metropolis of Calamata, in Messenia.

*

Dr. Jón Thorkalson, of Iceland, who during last summer visited this country in connection with the issue of Diplomatarium Islandicum, has made some interesting discoveries of Norse MSS. In the British Museum he came upon the original MS. parchment of a Norse archbishop, Eilif Arnason, hitherto unknown, dating 1331, and giving much valuable information of affairs in Norway in the fourteenth century. He also found a large collection of MSS. by the Icelandic

poet and ecclesiastic, Gottskalk Jonsson, written between 1543-93. The contents vary greatly, and there are many texts from the Sagas, hitherto believed to be lost; but the most interesting find is a MS. by Sæmund Frode, who died in 1133, which gives an account of the productions of this gifted scald.

Some years ago the ancient church at Haave, in Sogn, on the west coast of Norway, partly in ruins, was purchased by a Norwegian architect, a lover of ancient relics, for a sum of £23. He has since had it restored, and the interior put into its original state, so that the edifice is now one of the most interesting antiquarian sights in Norway. During the restoration some interesting antiquities were found, including several wax tablets, bearing church records.

*

A curious discovery has been made at Skonör, on the south coast of Sweden, in the sand a little way from the shore, consisting of the skeleton of a man in a well-preserved naval uniform. On the jacket were a number of brass buttons. On the right hand was a gold ring, but the name inside is worn away. In a purse in the jacket were found three sovereigns, three half sovereigns, and ten silver coins, struck in England in 1797 and 1800. The skull of the man was battered in.

under a staircase, in which were found eight valuable marble statues, several feet in height, together with a petition addressed to King Christian VIII. *

Dr. Sophus Müller, the well-known Danish antiquarian, has been giving a series of interesting lectures in Copenhagen on "The Bronze Age in Denmark."

*

A man ploughing at Pæstö the other day brought to the surface a fine gold ring, valued at £30, having semicircular ornamentations. It has been purchased by the National Museum.

* *

The age and style of the celebrated Roskilde Cathedral, the Danish Canterbury Cathedral, and wherein all Danish kings since five hundred years lie buried, have been the subject of an interesting study by Prof. Julius Lange, the well-known architect. By Profs. Kornemp and Löfflen the edifice is considered to date from the first part of the thirteenth century; whilst a memorial lead tablet found in one part, dated 1233, would indicate that this portion was already finished then. This Prof. Lange disputes, also the opinion that the cathedral was built from east to west, as this is contrary to what was the custom in France. He considers that the cathedral was commenced at both ends, and that an old edifice, which was built at an earlier date, stood in the centre. Prof. Lange is of opinion from his studies that the prototypes of Roskilde Cathedral were the cathedrals in north-eastern France, although differing as to the pillars in the upper gallery, which are absent in the latter. However, Prof. Lange considers that the cathedral resembled that of Tournai, in southern Belgium, more than any other, a view shared by the well-known German architect, Prof. Adler. There would, indeed, also seem to be some historical foundation for this, as there existed a warm friendship between the celebrated prelate Stephen, of Tournai, and Bishop Absalom, who built Roskilde Cathedral. The former was an ardent architect, and had a share in the building of St. Denis and the Nôtre Dame, in Paris, and built the Chapelle St. Vincent, in Tournai, connecting the cathedral and the bishop's

residence, which architecturally much resembles the Roskilde Cathedral. This prelate repeatedly urged upon his Danish confrère the building of a grand cathedral, and no doubt his architectural assistants have had a share in the building of this edifice. Moreover, from the convent at Clairvaux, the church of which has since been destroyed, monks came to Essorn, in Denmark, at the request of Archbishop Eskil, and thence emanated the brick architecture adopted for many Danish churches, including Roskilde. These monks also built the convent church of Colbatz, in Pomerania, and as this edifice is identical in style with that of the Roskilde Cathedral, Prof. Lange considers that they are contemporaneous. The books of the former show that the edifice was begun in 1210, and Prof. Lange believes that the Roskilde Cathedral dates from the beginning of the same century.

* *

The Louvre Museum has just been enriched with a valuable collection of antiquities from Carthage, brought to France by Captain Marchant. There are fifty-two columns, some thirty Greek and Roman inscriptions, 150 antique lamps, besides medals, basreliefs and heads, one of Jupiter Serapis, and one of the Emperor Hadrian.

Costume in Heraldry.

By B. F. SCArlett.

T first sight this title may seem to be inappropriate, as heraldry is more associated with a want of costume, than with it; and a mermaid or savage proper seems to fulfil all the requirements of heraldic full dress.

But I hope to be able to show that we have in our English heraldry some examples of costume, particularly of our military uniform, which is worthy of consideration; representing in some cases, as it does, our old military uniforms, many of which are now obsolete, whilst a few crests show our English countryman's dress as it was some three hundred years ago.

To begin with the first age of man, heraldry shows us the swaddled babe in the arms or crest of the following families: Lathom, Stanley, Culcheth, Hyndley and Thurland. This mode has not been used in England for nearly three hundred years, but a very fair imitation of these heraldic swaddling bands is still to be seen in the country towns of Italy.

The countryman with the ox-yoke, of the Hays, is differently described in the various branches of that family, the oldest dated costume being that of the supporters of the Earl of Erroll (granted 1453); whilst the supporters of the Earl of Kinnoull are always described as "Lowland Scotchmen," and the countryman of the Cunynghames bears a shake-fork, and is of the date of 1702.

Probably the oldest crest we can show of the kind, is the well-known crest of the Traffords, the thresher with his flail and motto, "Now thus"; but as a rule the costume is made too modern, as the crest is an early one, and the story from which the family derive it, is generally dated before the fifteenth century, some accounts even giving the date as that of the Saxon rule, but that is going back rather too early, and can hardly be considered as "proven.'

A reaper with reaping-hook, in the dress of the last century, is one of the supporters of Lord Lilford, and this closes the list of our country costumes; but two examples of the dress of a miner are given one, the crest of Chambers, of London, granted in 1723, gives a copper-miner, and another, granted to a Somersetshire family, gives a miner with pickaxe and bag for ore hanging at his back.

The numerous hermits are generally attired as pilgrims or palmers, with rosary and crutch, or palmer's staff and scrip; but Grey friars and Capucin friars, in their correct dress, are given in the crest and supporters of Lord Mowbray and Stourton, of Lord Abingdon, and in the crest of Thurland.

Lord de Freyne and Lord Waveney have each for a supporter an ancient Irish chief or warrior, and though these are late grants, the costume is more correct than would have been the case had the grant been in the last century, when heraldry and accuracy of costume were at a very low ebb.

The best examples of Highlanders in full

dress, with claymore and target, are shown in the supporters and crests of Mackenzie of Coul, Mackenzie of Gairloch, and that of a Highlander in hunting-dress is the crest of Burnett (Bart.).

In some instances portraits of celebrated historical characters have been given as especial marks of favour, such as the crest of Weldon, which is a portrait of Queen Elizabeth; the bust of Louis XV. of France on a medal appears as an honourable augmentation to the arms of James Hopkins, of Maryland, 1764; and a portrait of Surajud Bowla, Subah of Bengal, in his complete dress, was granted as a crest to John Zephain, formerly the Governor of Fort William, Bengal, in 1762.

The crest of Sykes (Bart., of Basildon, co. Berks) shows a Bengalese lady in the costume of her country, as far as the waist, of the date of 1763.

The only instance of a Kaffir, with mantle and spear, is to be seen in one of the supporters of Willshire (Bart.).

A Moor in heraldry is always a negro, but a Saracen is nearly the same as our more modern "Turk." Captain John Smith, in 1623, who served under the Earl of Mildrith in Transylvania, overcame three Turks and cut off their heads, and for this exploit was granted three Turks' heads, couped ppr., turbaned, etc. Mynshull has a Turk kneeling, in full costume, turban, with crescent and feather, scimitar, and legs and arms clothed in chained mail; and the family of Cullamore have nearly the same, but the figure holds a "Turkish sceptre."

Men in armour abound, as is only natural in a science which owes its creation to the age of chivalry, but the date is only given in a few instances in the form of the armour, most of them being merely a typical figure, and the armour more or less incorrect.

Dalison, of Kent, has for a crest a man in complete armour, with battle-axe; O'Loghlen the same, with a cross-bow; also Wheeler and Cutte. The crests of Gibson-Craig and Fitz Gerald give knights in armour on horseback, but Lake (Bart.) has the most interesting crest of this description, as it represents his ancestor, who served Charles I. gallantly "A man in armour, riding on a horse, holding the bridle in his mouth, his sinister

arm hanging broken." Lord Waveney has the only instance of a knight banneret as a supporter, this is in allusion to his ancestor being the last created on the field of battle, which took place in this instance at the Battle of the Boyne.

Representations of Canadian Indians, in full war-paint and feathers (in one case with scalps hanging to the waist-belt), occur in the supporters of Lord Amherst, in Seaton, and in the Baron de Longuëil.

A Malay soldier of the East India Company is one of the supporters of Lord Harris; Lord Keane has a Beloochee and an Afghan mounted soldier of 1839; another Beloochee (infantry) is one of the supporters of Willshire (Bart.); whilst Lord Lawrence's supporters show an officer of the Oude cavalry, and one of the Sikh irregular cavalry of 1858. Lord Napier, of Magdala, has a Sikh Sirdah, and Roberts (Bart.) a Ghoorka of 1881; Lord Amherst a Malay soldier; Campbell of Genurchy (Bart.) a Burmese warrior and a Scinde soldier, which also is one of Sir Henry Pottinger's (Bart.) supporters, whilst his other is a peaceful Chinese Mandarin in full

costume.

As to the regular army, the list of knights and peers created during this century and the last give numerous examples, but in the case of knights, many are lost yearly by their death, and the costume or uniform has to be searched for amongst the older lists. A few of those given for valour in the field to our officers of both services, are noticed in the following lists:

CAVALRY.

5th Dragoons, trooper, supporter of Lord Rossmore. 3rd Light Dragoons, trooper, supporter of Viscount Combermere.

14th Dragoons, trooper, supporter of Kerrison (Bart.), 18th Dragoons (Hussars), supporter of Lord Vivian. 7th Light Dragoons (Hussars), supporter of Vivian (Bart.).

10th Hussars, 1789, supporter of Marquis of Londonderry. 7th Hussars, 1821, supporter of Kerrison (Bart.). 12th Lancers, supporter of Vivian (Bart.).

INFANTRY.

2nd Foot, 1841, supporter of Willshire (Bart.). 10th Foot, supporter of McMahon (Bart.). 28th Foot, a grenadier, 1818, supporter of Johnson (Bart.).

27th Foot, supporter of Lord Clarina.

38th Foot, 1841, supporter of Willshire (Bart.). 52nd Foot, 1839, supporter of Seaton (Bart.).