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be "Robert the waggoner," and not coachman ; and surely it is waste of print and space in such a book as this to give notes explanatory of the meaning of terms like "chasuble and "corporal"; but as a whole the work is well done, interesting to those acquainted with the places, and possessing a real value for the general antiquary. In some valuable remarks on the open fields of the district, the author regrets that "the enclosure map for Great Bowden and Harborough is missing." This is often the case with the carelessly kept and easily purloined records of a parish, but local historians should know that copies are almost invariably to be found with the Clerk of the Peace for the county, and that their inspection can be demanded. Pages 159-208 give annotated accounts of the actual records or deeds of the parish, taken chronologically, beginning with a dateless grant of the end of the twelfth century, and ending, so far as this volume is concerned, with 1520. The rest of the volume consists of extracts from Leicester Wills, 1516-1539: a Market Harborough inventory of 1509 found at Lincoln; interesting proceedings taken in 1407 against the rector of Little Bowden as to the provision of a chaplain for Little Oxendon; a brief grant of the advowson of Little Bowden, 1456; and a copious index.

BOOKS, ETC., RECEIVED.-Among books received, reviews or notices of which will subsequently appear, may be mentioned: Churchwardens' Accounts (4th vol. of Somerset Records), Blades' Books in Chains, Vestiges of Old Newcastle, and Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft; also various pamphlets and magazines of interest.

Correspondence.

HOLY WElls.

I am sure Mr. Hope wishes to be accurate in the legends associated with Holy Wells, and therefore I trust he will permit me to correct an error in his remarks on St. Gover's Well, Kensington Gardens. He writes: "St. Gover has been corrupted into Gorehence Kensington Gore"(Antiquary, vol. xxi., p. 267). In connection with Kensington, "Gore" is a much older name than " Gover "a gore is a threecornered patch, a word in common use among tailors and dressmakers, and, as Mr. Loftie (History of Kensington, 1888) points out, "when it was first applied to the now celebrated Kensington Gore, it had not lost its meaning as a geographical or topographical term." It described a triangular space intercepted between the parish boundary and the high-road. In the reign of Henry I. one of the abbots of Westminster gave the Gore to the little priory of nuns at Kilburn. Faulkner, in his History of Kensington, prints a copy of the charter-in loco qui GARA appellatur--and adds that when an inquisition was taken in 1270 it was called "Kinggesgor."

CLE

Now, with regard to the well in the Gardens, it first received the name of St. Gover when, in 1856, Lord Llanover, better known as Sir Benjamin Hall,

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Whilst writing about a Middlesex well, may I suggest that to the list should be added that of St. Loy's, or Eloy's Well, Tottenham, if for no other reason than the uncommonness of the name in England. It is frequently to be met with in Belgium. Bedwell, whose Brief History of Tottenham was printed in 1631, wrote: "St. Loy's Well, which nowe is nothing els but a deep pitte in the highway on the west side thereof, betweene his cell and the Crosse, almost midde way; it is always full of water, but neuer runneth ouer; the water thereof, as they say, doth farre excede all the waters nere vnto it; it was within the memory of man cast, to cleanse it, because it was almost fill'd vp with muddle; and in the bottome of it there was found a very fayre great stone, which had certaine characters or letters engrau'n vpon it, but it being by the negligence of the workmen broken and sorly defaced, and no man nere that regarded such things, it is vnknown what they were, or what they might signify." HARRY G. GRiffinhoofe.

St. Stephen's Club, S. W.

Referring to Mr. Hope's very interesting series of "Holy Wells," I perceive that in this month's issue of the Antiquary he gives in the county of Nottingham only St. Anne's Well. There is near Newark a well known as St. Catherine's, which was formerly very celebrated. It is situate near the earthwork called the Queen's Sconce, and the legend is, shortly, that a certain Sir Guy Saucimer, having in a fit of jealousy slain his rival, Sir Everard Bevercotes, a spring of water flowed from the spot where the murdered knight's head fell, in which Sir Guy was subsequently healed from the leprosy which befell him as a punishment for his crime. A chapel was built over the well, and dedicated to St. Catherine. This has since disappeared.

This well was formerly in the possession of my great-grandfather, who bought the site, on account of the extraordinary purity of the water, and established a linen manufactory there. The well still yields a copious supply of the purest water, and my father remembers that when he was a boy people from the town would send for the water on account of its quality.

Belvoir House, Hornsey Lane, N.

W. J. SCALES.

CAISTOR AND PRETORIUM.

(No. 129, p. 88.)

CAISTOR have been a Roman station, but not an may itinerary station, and the distance stated shows that it cannot be the ancient Pretorium.

It is plain by the Ordnance Survey that the dis

tance from York to Caistor, as the crow flies, is 49 Roman miles, therefore Caistor cannot be Pretorium at only 45 miles, the iter distance, from York; and it is also necessary to show where Derventio and Delgovitia are on the route. But it is not difficult to point out three places which answer to Derventio, Delgo. vitia, and Pretorium, all at the exact distances given by Antonius in Iter I., and at spots where Roman remains have been found to confirm them as localities to be depended upon. These three places are Stam ford Bridge, Fimber, and Flamborough, and it will be seen that this route lies in line with a portion of Iter II., between York and Manchester. This may be considered very strong, if not conclusive evidence, as to the true site of Pretorium.

EDINBURGH.

(Vol. xxii., p. 136.)

H. F. NAPPER.

The word-forms of Edinburgh in the Holyrood chartulary are of exceptional, approaching to paramount, importance. It is there, if anywhere, that one would expect to find authenticity. Dealing with the documents it records, Mr. Miller had said: "Out of eight charters in King David's time, from 1124 to 1153, Edwinesburg and Edenesburg occur five times, and Edeneburg three times." Hence the remark (which I quite admit was insufficiently qualified) in my critique, that in the oldest charters the name is spelt oftener with the s than without it. These s spellings in David's day do not stand alone, nor are they confined to the Holyrood chartulary, in which they crop up frequently in the reigns of Malcolm IV. and of William the Lion. Although there is a distinct and growing tendency to disappearance, the survival of the form in even a round dozen of charters of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries constitutes a problem of which the place-name student should show himself conscious. S's are like other things, they don't generally come by chance.

I reserved my opinion on the etymology of Edinburgh, except that I believed Mr. Miller's argument was not conclusive, and did not effectually disprove the derivation it assailed. The subject is of historical interest, and Mr. Miller is welcome to the following suggestion should he again be dealing with it at any future time. The s and the Edwin may perhaps be explained as a bit of popular etymology like the g that transformed the northern parish of Kynedore, Kinedar, or Kinnedward, into King Edward-a truly marvellous place-name for Scotland! That Edwinsburgh is an effort of ignorant, would-be learned popular etymology is not an unreasonable view, although there is a heavy case against it. The authority of the Holyrood chartulary and of its corroborations is certainly not to be set aside with a light heart. There are dozens of places in England and Scotland whose names have the genitival s sometimes, and sometimes dispense with it. These are almost invariably from personal names. Examples from the thirteenth cen. tury are Roberdestone, now Roberton; Oswaldeskirk, now Oswaldkirk; Ayleford, now Aylesford; Tatinton, now Tattingston; Rugeleslegh, now Rugeley: Dickles wurthe, now Dickleborough. Towns named

from rivers usually have not the possessive s, though occasionally it appears. Thus Eden as a stream name gives both Edenshead and Edentown, and I rather think Edenstown, too. The ways of rivers are a trifle peculiar. My last remark is, that if it be assumed that Edwinsburgh was the primitive wordin other words, if we accept the evidence from Holy. rood as sound-then there is no phonetic or grammatical difficulty in the view that Edenburgh, Edinburgh, and Edensburgh, would result. The dropping of w in such cases happens every day. Maxwell, for example, always sounds "Maxel." An older instance of one of these dropped w's may kill two birds with one stone. Seven centuries ago a place in Roxburghshire bore the name of Lessedewyn, or Lessedwynmeaning, I believe, the lis, or fortified camp of Edwin. Antiquaries have assigned it to King Edwin. That matters little, however, for kings' names make the same phonetic progress as those of other folk. After passing through various forms, of which Lesudwin is one type, the spelling is now settled as Lesudden. Instances in that precise shape go back to the thirteenth century. In the adjoining county of Berwick is a dry built round tower known as Edinshall. also (see Antiquary, 1882, vol. v., p. 173) has been assigned to King Edwin, and its generally accepted etymology is Edwin's hall.

REVIEWER.

A STAFFORDSHIRE PULPIT.

It

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Manuscripts cannot be returned unless stamps are enclosed.

Foreign and Colonial contributors are requested to remember that stamps of their own country are not available for use in England.

It would be well if those proposing to submit MSS. would first write to the Editor stating the subject and manner of treatment.

Whilst the Editor will gladly be of any assistance he can to archæologists on archæological subjects, he desires to remind certain correspondents that letters containing queries can only be inserted in the "ANTIQUARY" if of general interest, or on some new subject; nor can he undertake to reply privately, or through the ANTIQUARY," to questions of the ordinary nature that sometimes reach him.

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The Antiquary.

NOVEMBER, 1890.

Notes of the Month.

ARTISTICALLY there is a good deal to interest the antiquarian visitor to the Arts and Crafts Exhibition now open at the New Gallery in Regent Street, although he will not find much of antiquity wherein to revel. The South Gallery is devoted to cartoons, decorative panels, and designs, amongst which Nos. 2 and 54 are specially worthy of notice. The West Gallery is chiefly filled with embroidery and art needlework, and several of the

exhibits are adapted from old designs of various countries, of which the Royal School of Art-needlework has some good examples.

In the West Gallery is a collection of artistic furniture, frequently showing traces of reproductions from earlier periods. No. 333, an old mantelpiece in teak and copper, the decoration of which is adapted from old Egyptian examples, is one of the most remarkable. No. 416, a case of vases of lustre ware, rich in colour and bold in design, has probably its origin in the old lustre ware of the sixteenth century. In the Gallery are some excellent specimens of printing and bookbinding, many in the old style. Case 604, the work of the Chiswick Press, is especially noticeable, and the catalogue of the Exhibition, containing articles by several writers on furniture and embroidery, is a creditable specimen of their work. whole, the Arts and Crafts Society may look upon their third exhibition as a success.

As a

Since our last issue, the labours of Messrs. Fox and St. John Hope, at Silchester, have

VOL. XXII.

been rewarded by the most interesting find yet uncovered, namely, a discovery of workmen's tools. In another column Mr. Hope describes for our readers the concluding phase of the exploration for this season.

Meanwhile Mr. G. L. Gomme, F.S.A., has put forward an ambitious and thoroughly comprehensive scheme for the treatment of buried Silchester, in order to preserve excavations already completed, and to prevent the necessity of again filling in those now being undertaken. Briefly, his proposals are these: to purchase the land, about 100 acres, from the owner, the Duke of Wellington; to excavate thoroughly every inch of the ground, carting completely away all the surplus soil; to erect a wooden shed over every fresh site as it is uncovered, so as to preserve intact upon the site all discoveries; and to purchase from the Duke the mosaic pavement, the eagle, and other antiquities stored up at Strathfieldsaye, removing them again to Silchester. If all should have a Roman city before us, the fit this were done, Mr. Gomme thinks that we object for visits from thousands of educated Englishmen, Americans, and foreigners, and, above all, the proper place for field clubs, antiquarian societies, schools, and educational establishments to go down to in order to learn on the spot more than can be taught in an infinite number of books. It is proposed that an influential committee be appointed to draw up a scheme, setting forth the probable cost (1) of purchase, (2) of maintenance, and to prepare a Bill for presentation to Parliament, enabling the Government on behalf of the nation and the County Council of Hampshire (under whose jurisdiction this. ancient city is) to provide the funds necessary for this undertaking.

During the past summer Mr. Hugh W. Young has been making some excavations upon his property at Burghead, near Elgin, in order to ascertain by whom the extensive fortifications at this place were constructed. Burghead, as the name implies, is a fortified headland, similar in some respects to others found on different parts of our coast, but

having defensive works of surpassing magnitude. The ramparts which cut off the headland have been entirely destroyed, and the material used to build the present town of Burghead. Notwithstanding the wholesale. use of the walls as a quarry for building materials, a great portion of the ancient fortifications still remain untouched. Fortunately a plan showing the original condition of Burghead is preserved in General Roy's Military Antiquities. Mr. Young has discovered that the rampart along the sea-face of the headland is built of dry rubble, faced with dressed stone on each side, and bonded together with oak timbers. The front of the wall, as it stands now, is 9 feet high, and the back 4 feet high, but when perfect it must have been quite 20 feet high. The bottom is paved with large boulder stones. The oak timbers are placed at intervals of 3 feet apart, and fastened together with iron bolts.

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Burghead is a place of very exceptional interest for the archæologist. Here the "Burning of the Clavie" still takes place every year, and there seems little doubt that this extraordinary rite is one of the last surviving relics of Pagan fire worship in these islands. A full description of the ceremony is given in Sir Arthur Mitchell's The Past in the Present. The fire altar called the "Dourie" may be seen covered with pitch from the barrel that was burnt on it last year. In pulling down the ramparts to build the harbour, as many as forty stones with bulls incised upon them were found. Most of these were lost; two are still at Burghead; others are in the Elgin Museum; and one is in the British Museum, placed as far out of sight as possible at the top of one of the cases in the Saxon room. If such a valuable relic is not appreciated in London, it had better be sent back to Scotland.

The existence of stones with Celtic ornament in the churchyard at Burghead shows that it was an early Christian site, and a remarkable cistern, filled with water from a spring, and cut in the solid rock, is claimed by some to be a holy well, although others believe it to be a Roman bath.

In the last volume of the Antiquary, there was an illustrated account of the highly interesting old manor-house of South Wraxall, Wilts. Some works of repair are now being carried out under the supervision of that scrupulous architect, Mr. C. E. Ponting, F.S.A. It is proposed to make it a habitable house, without any addition, and without any material alteration. During the work several noteworthy finds have been made. At the south-east angle of the hall, under the gallery, a fifteenth-century doorway has been opened out, which led to a turret staircase that seems to have communicated with a bedroom over the kitchen. At the south-west angle of the hall, part of a similar but smaller doorway has been found, with a very steep and narrow stair leading to the room over the porch, which may have been an oratory. It may be mentioned that within 200 yards of the house, though usually overlooked by visitors, stands a farm-house containing the remains of the chapel of St. Andoens or St. Owen, of early fourteenthcentury date, which was a wayside chapel for pilgrims, but which may also have served as the chapel for the manor-house. In the course of the repairs, Mr. Ponting has opened out the roofs, and all the fifteenth and sixteenth century portions of the manor-house have been found to retain their original roofs, although in a dilapidated state. Walker, in his Examples of Gothic Architecture, only refers to a small portion of these roofs.

When the British Association were recently holding their meetings at Leeds, a daily evening paper brought out a sensational article entitled "Kirkstall Abbey Ruined" It was illustrated with two clumsy and inaccurate cuts, one labelled "The abbey as it was," and the other "The abbey as it is." The gist of the article was to try and get up an outcry against the removal of the pretty but deadly ivy which had for so long been permitted to drag the old abbey to bits, and to rend still further its roofless walls. accordance with Mr. St. John Hope's suggestions, a Corporation committee most wisely cleared the walls of the destructive ivy. The work may have been done in rather too hasty and thorough a manner, though we

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by no means admit that that has been the case; but we sincerely hope that no amount of tall writing about picturesque ruins will prevail with abbey owners in suffering them to be rent to pieces for the sake of a little knot of artists and photographers. Ivy is a parasite that does not only clothe an old wall, but lives upon it, and draws all the life out of it to feed itself. It forces its tender, innocent-looking shoots into the tiny crevices, and there they grow until they become great trunks, and at last inevitably rend the masonry asunder, and eventually bring down the noblest work of man's skill into a decayed stone-heap.

*

Where

Some little time ago the Yorkshire Archæological Association succeeded in persuading the owners of Byland and Rievaulx Abbeys to remove a good deal of the ivy. this has been done the improvement has been great. Where the ivy still remains the decay of these two ruins can readily be traced year by year. Mr. Micklethwaite, F.S.A., contributed a brief but excellent article on ivy to our contemporary, the Reliquary, about four years ago. In it, when referring to the removal of the ivy from the east end of Rievaulx, he said: "It was one huge mass of green, and I do not deny that it was beautiful. But the infinitely more beautiful old architecture was entirely hidden, and might, for aught that could be seen, have been the end of a ruined cotton-mill. Now, I contend, and I think most men of taste will agree with me, that the remains of old English architecture which have come down to our time can be put to a better use than to make of them frames whereon to grow greenery. The painter may find his ivy anywhere, and an old barn is as good a vehicle for it as the noblest work of architecture. But the beauty of an old abbey is its own, and the loss of one cannot be made up by the existence of others."

While excavating for the new railway on the Great Northern system at Shipley, Derbyshire, about the end of September, the workmen found a red clay urn, twelve inches high,

embedded in the clay. The urn was full of Roman coins. The workmen, not knowing the value of the coins, distributed them freely among the miners working in the pits in the vicinity. A great number of the coins appear to have been disposed of by the navvies for small considerations. Mr. Sebastian Smith, agent to Mr. E. M. Mundy, Shipley Hall, has fortunately secured many of the coins, together with the urn in which they were found buried. It is expected that there will be a description of as many as can be recovered in the next volume of the Derbyshire Archæological Society's Transactions. Our correspondent, Mr. Bailey, has obtained several of the coins, and describes them as much corroded. Moreover, the specimens he was able to secure were damaged by having been filed on the surface to see if they were gold. These are all of the third

century, Probus, Claudius Gothicus, and Tetricius, so that probably the coins were buried about the year A.D. 275. The local papers, however, tell their readers that these coins had been buried for "800 years"!

The Builder has been most justly severe on Lord Grimthorpe "for amusing himself by disfiguring St. Albans Abbey," and says that the "silly knot of persons who thought it worth while to propose a testimonial or monument to Lord Grimthorpe have got the snub they might have expected from their genial idol." Lord Grimthorpe's reply was an application to himself of Wren's epitaph, "Si monumentum requiris circumspice," only pointing out that Wren "did not pay for the building." "It appears, therefore," says the Builder, "that Lord Grimthorpe seriously imagines that his work at St. Albans has set him on a level with the designer of St. Paul's! Such vanity would be a spectacle for amusement if unfortunately the results of it were not so permanent. That it will be there for many centuries' is probably true, for it is solid building enough; but it will be there for the laughter and not for the admiration of posterity."

But fame has already come to the great Chancellor of York diocese. In the January

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